THERMODYNAMICS

Course no. ME22002

Section 1
Dr. Sourav Mitra
Room No. 204 (first floor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

1
Thermodynamic Cycles:
Gas Power Cycles

2
Gas Turbine Cycle

3
Gas turbine cycle

4
Gas turbine cycle
Jet Propulsion

4
 Gas turbine cycle
Jet Propulsion

Power generation

Courtesy: Alstom

Courtesy: GE 4
Air standard Brayton cycle
(power generation)

5
Air standard Brayton cycle
(power generation)

5
Air standard Brayton cycle
(power generation)

Idealization

5
Air standard Brayton cycle
(power generation)

Idealization

5
Air standard Brayton cycle
(power generation)

Idealization
Assumptions
• The working fluid is air, which circulates in a closed loop
and always behaves as an ideal gas.
• All the processes that make up the cycle are internally
reversible.
• The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition
process
• The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process
that restores the working fluid state.
5
 Air standard Brayton cycle
• 1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
• 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
• 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

6
Ideal Brayton cycle

 P2 
Pressure ratio: rp   
 1
P

7
 Ideal Brayton cycle

 P2 
Pressure ratio: rp   
 1
P

h4  h1
  1
h3  h2

7
 Ideal Brayton cycle

 P2 
Pressure ratio: rp   
 1
P

h h Assume constant air properties:

  1 4 1 c p T4  T1 
h3  h2  T1  T4 T1  1
  1  1  
c p T3  T2   T2  T3 T2  1

7
 Ideal Brayton cycle

 P2 
Pressure ratio: rp   
 1
P

h h Assume constant air properties:

  1 4 1 c p T4  T1 
h3  h2  T1  T4 T1  1
  1  1  
c p T3  T2   T2  T3 T2  1
 1  1
T2  P2  
 P3  
T3   1
1
      1
T1  P1   P4  T4 r 
p


7
 Example 1
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. The air
pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
1100°C. Determine (a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine,
(b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency (d) thermal efficiency assuming
constant air properties.

8
 Example 1
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. The air
pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
1100°C. Determine (a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine,
(b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency (d) thermal efficiency assuming
constant air properties.
Ans:
a) T2 = 279.3°C, T4 = 497.8°C
b) bwr= 38.83 %
c) η = 45.2 %
d) η = 48.2 %

8
{inputs}
f$='air' Example 1
t[1]=15;t[3]=1100
p[1]=100;p[2]=1000;

{cycle conditions}
s[1]=s[2]; s[3]=s[4]
p[2]=p[3]; p[1]=p[4]

{properties}
h[1]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[1]); s[1]=entropy(f$,t=t[1],p=p[1]);
h[2]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[2]); s[2]=entropy(f$,t=t[2],p=p[2]);
h[3]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[3]); s[3]=entropy(f$,t=t[3],p=p[3]);
h[4]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[4]); s[4]=entropy(f$,t=t[4],p=p[4]);

{compressor}
dw_c=h[1]-h[2]
{combustion chamber}
dq_in=h[3]-h[2]
{turbine}
dw_t=h[3]-h[4]
{gas cooler}
dq_out=h[1]-h[4]

{output parameters}
bwr=-dw_c/dw_t
dw_net=dw_c+dw_t
neta=dw_net/dq_in
neta_2=1-1/(p[2]/p[1])^(0.4/1.4) {assuming constant Cp and γ of air}
9
 Multi-stage: Brayton cycle
Ideal Brayton cycle with Multi-stage compressor and
Intercooler

• 2-stage typically used when pressure ratio is high

• “Intercooler” reduces compressor work input
• Additional “heat input” is needed for this cycle

10
 Example 2
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. A 2-
stage compressor with ideal inter-cooler is used in the cycle with inter-stage pressure of 300
kPa. The air pressure leaving the second compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum
temperature in the cycle is 1100°C. (a) the gas temperature at the exit of each compressor
and the turbine, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.

11
 Example 2
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. A 2-
stage compressor with ideal inter-cooler is used in the cycle with inter-stage pressure of 300
kPa. The air pressure leaving the second compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum
temperature in the cycle is 1100°C. (a) the gas temperature at the exit of each compressor
and the turbine, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.

T1 = T3
T2 ≠ T4

11
 Example 2
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. A 2-
stage compressor with ideal inter-cooler is used in the cycle with inter-stage pressure of 300
kPa. The air pressure leaving the second compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum
temperature in the cycle is 1100°C. (a) the gas temperature at the exit of each compressor
and the turbine, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
Ans:
a) T2 = 120.9°C, T4 = 132.9°C, T6 = 497.8°C
b) bwr= 32.55 %
c) η = 43.44 % T1 = T3
T2 ≠ T4

11
{inputs}
f$='air'
t[1]=15;t[5]=1100
p[1]=100;p[2]=300;p[4]=1000
Example 2
{cycle conditions}
s[1]=s[2]; s[3]=s[4]; s[5]=s[6]
p[2]=p[3]; p[4]=p[5]; p[1]=p[6]
t[3]=t[1] {intercooler cools till inlet condition}

{properties}
h[1]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[1]); s[1]=entropy(f$,t=t[1],p=p[1]);
h[2]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[2]); s[2]=entropy(f$,t=t[2],p=p[2]);
h[3]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[3]); s[3]=entropy(f$,t=t[3],p=p[3]);
h[4]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[4]); s[4]=entropy(f$,t=t[4],p=p[4]);
h[5]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[5]); s[5]=entropy(f$,t=t[5],p=p[5]);
h[6]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[6]); s[6]=entropy(f$,t=t[6],p=p[6]);

{compressor1}
dw_c_1=h[1]-h[2]
{intercooler}
dq_out_1=h[3]-h[2]
{compressor2}
dw_c_2=h[3]-h[4]
{combustion chamber}
dq_in=h[5]-h[4]
{turbine}
dw_t=h[5]-h[6]
{gas cooler}
dq_out_2=h[1]-h[6]

{output parameters}
dw_c=dw_c_1+dw_c_2
bwr=-dw_c/dw_t
dw_net=dw_c+dw_t 12
neta=dw_net/dq_in
 Improving efficiency: Brayton cycle
Ideal Brayton cycle with Regenerator
4
6 5

2 3 4
3
1 5

2
6

• T5>T2; hence scope for internal heat recovery

• Regenerator helps reduce the heat input needed in the combustion
chamber
• Decrease in “heat input” and decrease in “heat rejection”
• Ideal regenerator T3=T5, T2=T6
13
 Example 3
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. The air
pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
1100°C. An ideal regenerator is used after turbine exit exchanging heat with air from
compressor exit. Determine the thermal efficiency.

14
 Example 3
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. The air
pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
1100°C. An ideal regenerator is used after turbine exit exchanging heat with air from
compressor exit. Determine the thermal efficiency.

h2 = h6
3
h3 = h5 5

2
6

14
 Example 3
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. The air
pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
1100°C. An ideal regenerator is used after turbine exit exchanging heat with air from
compressor exit. Determine the thermal efficiency.
Ans:
4
a) η = 61.17 %

h2 = h6
3
h3 = h5 5

2
6

14
{inputs}
Example 3
f$='air'
t[1]=15;t[4]=1100
p[1]=100;p[2]=1000;
4
{cycle conditions}
s[1]=s[2]; s[4]=s[5]
p[2]=p[3]; p[3]=p[4]; p[5]=p[6]; p[1]=p[6]

{properties}
3
h[1]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[1]); s[1]=entropy(f$,t=t[1],p=p[1]); 5
h[2]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[2]); s[2]=entropy(f$,t=t[2],p=p[2]);
h[3]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[3]); s[3]=entropy(f$,t=t[3],p=p[3]); 2
h[4]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[4]); s[4]=entropy(f$,t=t[4],p=p[4]);
6
h[5]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[5]); s[5]=entropy(f$,t=t[5],p=p[5]);
h[6]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[6]); s[6]=entropy(f$,t=t[6],p=p[6]);
1
{compressor}
dw_c=h[1]-h[2]
{regenerator}
h[2]=h[6]; h[3]=h[5]
{combustion chamber}
dq_in=h[4]-h[3]
{turbine}
dw_t=h[4]-h[5]
{gas cooler}
dq_out=h[1]-h[6]

{output}
bwr=-dw_c/dw_t
dw_net=dw_c+dw_t
neta=dw_net/dq_in
15
 Example 4
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. A 2-
stage compressor with ideal inter-cooler is used in the cycle with inter-stage pressure of 300
kPa. The air pressure leaving the second compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum
temperature in the cycle is 1100°C. An ideal regenerator recovering heat from the turbine
exit air to preheat the air entering combustion chamber. Determine the thermal efficiency
of this cycle.

16
 Example 4
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. A 2-
stage compressor with ideal inter-cooler is used in the cycle with inter-stage pressure of 300
kPa. The air pressure leaving the second compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum
temperature in the cycle is 1100°C. An ideal regenerator recovering heat from the turbine
exit air to preheat the air entering combustion chamber. Determine the thermal efficiency
of this cycle.
6
T1 = T3
T2 ≠ T4

4
2

3
1

16
 Example 4
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. A 2-
stage compressor with ideal inter-cooler is used in the cycle with inter-stage pressure of 300
kPa. The air pressure leaving the second compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum
temperature in the cycle is 1100°C. An ideal regenerator recovering heat from the turbine
exit air to preheat the air entering combustion chamber. Determine the thermal efficiency
of this cycle.
6
T1 = T3
T2 ≠ T4
5
h4 = h8 7
h5 = h7 4
2

3
1

16
 Example 4
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa and 15°C. A 2-
stage compressor with ideal inter-cooler is used in the cycle with inter-stage pressure of 300
kPa. The air pressure leaving the second compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum
temperature in the cycle is 1100°C. An ideal regenerator recovering heat from the turbine
exit air to preheat the air entering combustion chamber. Determine the thermal efficiency
of this cycle.
Ans: 6
a) η = 67.45 % T1 = T3
T2 ≠ T4
5
h4 = h8 7
h5 = h7 4
2

3
1

16
{inputs}
f$='air'
t[1]=15;t[6]=1100
p[1]=100;p[2]=300;p[4]=1000; Example 4
{cycle conditions}
s[1]=s[2]; s[3]=s[4];s[6]=s[7] 6
p[2]=p[3]; p[4]=p[5]; p[5]=p[6]; p[7]=p[8];p[8]=p[1]
t[3]=t[1] {intercooler cools till inlet condition}

{properties}
h[1]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[1]); s[1]=entropy(f$,t=t[1],p=p[1]);
h[2]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[2]); s[2]=entropy(f$,t=t[2],p=p[2]); 5
h[3]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[3]); s[3]=entropy(f$,t=t[3],p=p[3]); 7
h[4]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[4]); s[4]=entropy(f$,t=t[4],p=p[4]);
h[5]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[5]); s[5]=entropy(f$,t=t[5],p=p[5]); 4
h[6]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[6]); s[6]=entropy(f$,t=t[6],p=p[6]);
2
h[7]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[7]); s[7]=entropy(f$,t=t[7],p=p[7]);
h[8]=enthalpy(f$,t=t[8]); s[8]=entropy(f$,t=t[8],p=p[8]); 3
1
{compressor1}
dw_c_1=h[1]-h[2]
{intercooler}
dq_out_1=h[3]-h[2]
{compressor2}
dw_c_2=h[3]-h[4]
{regenerator}
h[5]=h[7]; h[4]=h[8]
{combustion chamber}
dq_in=h[6]-h[5]
{turbine}
dw_t=h[6]-h[7]
{gas cooler}
dq_out_2=h[1]-h[8]

{output parameters}
dw_c=dw_c_1+dw_c_2
bwr=-dw_c/dw_t
dw_net=dw_c+dw_t 17
neta=dw_net/dq_in
 Ideal Brayton cycle with Intercooler,
Reheater and Regenerator

• Intercooler reduces compressor work input and outlet temp of gas

• Regenerator helps reduce the heat input in the combustion chamber
• Reheater increases turbine work output and outlet temp of gas
18
 Jet Propulsion Engine
2 3 4
1

• Turbine power needed to just run the compressor (wt = wc)

• Nozzle at downstream converts the high pressure exhaust gas to low
pressure high velocity gas (high momentum) leaving the engine

19
 Homework Problem
Consider an ideal jet propulsion cycle in which air enters the compressor at 100 kPa and
15°C. The pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature is
1100°C. The air expands in the turbine to a pressure at which the turbine work is just equal
to the compressor work. On leaving the turbine, the air passes through an isentropic nozzle
and released to 100 kPa pressure. Determine the velocity of the air leaving the nozzle.

20
 Homework Problem
Consider an ideal jet propulsion cycle in which air enters the compressor at 100 kPa and
15°C. The pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature is
1100°C. The air expands in the turbine to a pressure at which the turbine work is just equal
to the compressor work. On leaving the turbine, the air passes through an isentropic nozzle
and released to 100 kPa pressure. Determine the velocity of the air leaving the nozzle.

20
 Homework Problem
Consider an ideal jet propulsion cycle in which air enters the compressor at 100 kPa and
15°C. The pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and the maximum temperature is
1100°C. The air expands in the turbine to a pressure at which the turbine work is just equal
to the compressor work. On leaving the turbine, the air passes through an isentropic nozzle
and released to 100 kPa pressure. Determine the velocity of the air leaving the nozzle.
Ans: 920 m/s

20
Ericsson cycle

21
 Ericsson cycle

Regenerative Brayton cycle with

many Reheaters and Intercoolers

21
 Ericsson cycle

Regenerative Brayton cycle with

many Reheaters and Intercoolers

Regenerative Brayton cycle with isentropic expansion/compression

replaced with isothermal processes

21
 Ericsson cycle

Regenerative Brayton cycle with • Isothermal compression (with heat rejection)

many Reheaters and Intercoolers • Isobaric heat addition (regeneration)
• Isothermal expansion (with heat addition))
• Isobaric heat rejection (regeneration)

Regenerative Brayton cycle with isentropic expansion/compression

replaced with isothermal processes

21
Reciprocating Engine Cycle

22
SI Engine: Otto cycle

23
SI Engine: Otto cycle
Actual cycle

23
SI Engine: Otto cycle
Actual cycle

Air standard cycle assumptions

• The working fluid is air, which circulates in a closed loop
and always behaves as an ideal gas.
• All the processes that make up the cycle are internally
reversible.
• The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition
process
• The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process
that restores the working fluid state.
23
SI Engine: Otto cycle
Actual cycle

23
 SI Engine: Otto cycle
Actual cycle

Otto cycle

23
SI Engine: Otto cycle

24
SI Engine: Otto cycle
Vmax v1
Compression ratio : r  
Vmin v2

24
 SI Engine: Otto cycle
Vmax v1
Compression ratio : r  
Vmin v2

 w12  u1  u2  q23  u3  u2  w34  u3  u4  q41  u1  u4

24
 SI Engine: Otto cycle
Vmax v1
Compression ratio : r  
Vmin v2

 w12  u1  u2  q23  u3  u2  w34  u3  u4  q41  u1  u4

u4  u1
  1
u3  u2

24
 SI Engine: Otto cycle
Vmax v1
Compression ratio : r  
Vmin v2

 w12  u1  u2  q23  u3  u2  w34  u3  u4  q41  u1  u4

u4  u1
  1
u3  u2
1
Assume constant air properties :   1
r  1

24
 SI Engine: Otto cycle
Vmax v1
Compression ratio : r  
Vmin v2

 w12  u1  u2  q23  u3  u2  w34  u3  u4  q41  u1  u4

u4  u1
  1
u3  u2
1
Assume constant air properties :   1
r  1
Wnet w
Mean Effective Pressure: MEP   net
V2  V1 v2  v1 24
 Example 5
The compression ratio of an Otto cycle is 8. At the beginning of compression stroke P =100
kPa, t=15°C. Heat input to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. Find the MEP, Efficiency, Net
work output per cycle.

{input}
p[1]=100; t[1]=15; v[1]/v[2]=8
dq23=1800

{cycle conditions}
s[1]=s[2]; s[3]=s[4]
v[2]=v[3]; v[4]=v[1]

{properties}
v[1]=volume(air,p=p[1],t=t[1]); s[1]=entropy(air,p=p[1],t=t[1]); u[1]=intenergy(air,t=t[1]);
v[2]=volume(air,p=p[2],t=t[2]); s[2]=entropy(air,p=p[2],t=t[2]); u[2]=intenergy(air,t=t[2]);
v[3]=volume(air,p=p[3],t=t[3]); s[3]=entropy(air,p=p[3],t=t[3]); u[3]=intenergy(air,t=t[3]);
v[4]=volume(air,p=p[4],t=t[4]); s[4]=entropy(air,p=p[4],t=t[4]); u[4]=intenergy(air,t=t[4]);

{strokes}
dq23=u[3]-u[2]; dq41=u[1]-u[4]
dw12=u[1]-u[2]; dw34=u[3]-u[4]

{output parameters}
dw_net=dw12+dw34;
eff=dw_net/dq23;
mep=dw_net/(v[1]-v[2])
25
 Example 5
The compression ratio of an Otto cycle is 8. At the beginning of compression stroke P =100
kPa, t=15°C. Heat input to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. Find the MEP, Efficiency, Net
work output per cycle. Ans:
a) MEP = 1238 kPa
b) η = 49.79 %
c) 896.5 kJ/kg
{input}
p[1]=100; t[1]=15; v[1]/v[2]=8
dq23=1800

{cycle conditions}
s[1]=s[2]; s[3]=s[4]
v[2]=v[3]; v[4]=v[1]

{properties}
v[1]=volume(air,p=p[1],t=t[1]); s[1]=entropy(air,p=p[1],t=t[1]); u[1]=intenergy(air,t=t[1]);
v[2]=volume(air,p=p[2],t=t[2]); s[2]=entropy(air,p=p[2],t=t[2]); u[2]=intenergy(air,t=t[2]);
v[3]=volume(air,p=p[3],t=t[3]); s[3]=entropy(air,p=p[3],t=t[3]); u[3]=intenergy(air,t=t[3]);
v[4]=volume(air,p=p[4],t=t[4]); s[4]=entropy(air,p=p[4],t=t[4]); u[4]=intenergy(air,t=t[4]);

{strokes}
dq23=u[3]-u[2]; dq41=u[1]-u[4]
dw12=u[1]-u[2]; dw34=u[3]-u[4]

{output parameters}
dw_net=dw12+dw34;
eff=dw_net/dq23;
mep=dw_net/(v[1]-v[2])
25
CI Engine: Diesel cycle

26
 CI Engine: Diesel cycle

• Fuel injection process in diesel engines starts when the piston approaches TDC and
continues during the first part of the power stroke.
• Combustion process in these engines takes place over a longer interval
• The combustion process in the ideal Diesel cycle is approximated as a constant-pressure
heat-addition process

26
 CI Engine: Diesel cycle

• Fuel injection process in diesel engines starts when the piston approaches TDC and
continues during the first part of the power stroke.
• Combustion process in these engines takes place over a longer interval
• The combustion process in the ideal Diesel cycle is approximated as a constant-pressure
heat-addition process

26
 CI Engine: Diesel cycle

• Fuel injection process in diesel engines starts when the piston approaches TDC and
continues during the first part of the power stroke.
• Combustion process in these engines takes place over a longer interval
• The combustion process in the ideal Diesel cycle is approximated as a constant-pressure
heat-addition process
Vmax v1
Compression ratio : r  
Vmin v2

26
 CI Engine: Diesel cycle

• Fuel injection process in diesel engines starts when the piston approaches TDC and
continues during the first part of the power stroke.
• Combustion process in these engines takes place over a longer interval
• The combustion process in the ideal Diesel cycle is approximated as a constant-pressure
heat-addition process
V v v3
Compression ratio : r  max  1 Cut off ratio : rc 
Vmin v2 v2

26
CI Engine: Diesel cycle
v1
Compression ratio : r
v2
v3
Cut off ratio : rc 
v2

27
 CI Engine: Diesel cycle
v1
Compression ratio : r
v2
v3
Cut off ratio : rc 
v2

 w12  u1  u2  q23  h3  h2  w34  u3  u4  q41  u1  u4

 w23  P2  v3  v2 

27
 CI Engine: Diesel cycle
v1
Compression ratio : r
v2
v3
Cut off ratio : rc 
v2

 w12  u1  u2  q23  h3  h2  w34  u3  u4  q41  u1  u4

 w23  P2  v3  v2 
u4  u1
  1
h3  h2

27
 CI Engine: Diesel cycle
v1
Compression ratio : r
v2
v3
Cut off ratio : rc 
v2

 w12  u1  u2  q23  h3  h2  w34  u3  u4  q41  u1  u4

 w23  P2  v3  v2 
u4  u1 1  rc  1 
  1 Assume constant properties:   1   1  
h3  h2 r    rc  1 

27
 CI Engine: Diesel cycle
v1
Compression ratio : r
v2
v3
Cut off ratio : rc 
v2

 w12  u1  u2  q23  h3  h2  w34  u3  u4  q41  u1  u4

 w23  P2  v3  v2 
u4  u1 1  rc  1 
  1 Assume constant properties:   1   1  
h3  h2 r    rc  1 
Wnet wnet
Mean Effective Pressure: MEP  
V2  V1 v2  v1
27
 Example 6
The compression ratio of a Diesel cycle is 18. At the beginning of compression stroke the
conditions are P =100 kPa, t=15°C. Heat input to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. Find the Cut
off ratio, MEP, Efficiency and Net work output per cycle.

28
 Example 6
The compression ratio of a Diesel cycle is 18. At the beginning of compression stroke the
conditions are P =100 kPa, t=15°C. Heat input to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. Find the Cut
off ratio, MEP, Efficiency and Net work output per cycle.

28
 Example 6
The compression ratio of a Diesel cycle is 18. At the beginning of compression stroke the
conditions are P =100 kPa, t=15°C. Heat input to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. Find the Cut
off ratio, MEP, Efficiency and Net work output per cycle.
{input}
p[1]=100; t[1]=15; v[1]/v[2]=18;
dq23=1800

{cycle conditions}
s[1]=s[2]; s[3]=s[4]
v[4]=v[1];
p[2]=p[3]

{properties}
v[1]=volume(air,p=p[1],t=t[1]); s[1]=entropy(air,p=p[1],t=t[1]); u[1]=intenergy(air,t=t[1]);
v[2]=volume(air,p=p[2],t=t[2]); s[2]=entropy(air,p=p[2],t=t[2]); u[2]=intenergy(air,t=t[2]);
v[3]=volume(air,p=p[3],t=t[3]); s[3]=entropy(air,p=p[3],t=t[3]); u[3]=intenergy(air,t=t[3]);
v[4]=volume(air,p=p[4],t=t[4]); s[4]=entropy(air,p=p[4],t=t[4]); u[4]=intenergy(air,t=t[4]);

{strokes}
dq23=u[3]-u[2]+p[2]*(v[3]-v[2]); dw23= p[2]*(v[3]-v[2]); dq41=u[1]-u[4]
dw12=u[1]-u[2]; dw34=u[3]-u[4]

{output parameters}
dw_net=dw12+dw34+dw23
eff=dw_net/dq23
mep=dw_net/(v[1]-v[2])
rc=v[3]/v[2]

28
 Example 6
The compression ratio of a Diesel cycle is 18. At the beginning of compression stroke the
conditions are P =100 kPa, t=15°C. Heat input to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg. Find the Cut
off ratio, MEP, Efficiency and Net work output per cycle.
{input}
p[1]=100; t[1]=15; v[1]/v[2]=18;
dq23=1800

{cycle conditions}
s[1]=s[2]; s[3]=s[4]
v[4]=v[1];
p[2]=p[3]

{properties}
v[1]=volume(air,p=p[1],t=t[1]); s[1]=entropy(air,p=p[1],t=t[1]); u[1]=intenergy(air,t=t[1]);
v[2]=volume(air,p=p[2],t=t[2]); s[2]=entropy(air,p=p[2],t=t[2]); u[2]=intenergy(air,t=t[2]);
v[3]=volume(air,p=p[3],t=t[3]); s[3]=entropy(air,p=p[3],t=t[3]); u[3]=intenergy(air,t=t[3]);
v[4]=volume(air,p=p[4],t=t[4]); s[4]=entropy(air,p=p[4],t=t[4]); u[4]=intenergy(air,t=t[4]);
Ans:
{strokes}
dq23=u[3]-u[2]+p[2]*(v[3]-v[2]); dw23= p[2]*(v[3]-v[2]); dq41=u[1]-u[4] a) rc= 2.7
dw12=u[1]-u[2]; dw34=u[3]-u[4] b) MEP = 1230 kPa
{output parameters} c) η = 53.39 %
dw_net=dw12+dw34+dw23 d) 961.5 kJ/kg
eff=dw_net/dq23
mep=dw_net/(v[1]-v[2])
rc=v[3]/v[2]

28
Dual cycle

29
Dual cycle

More accurate model

29
Dual cycle

More accurate model

• Isentropic Compression
• Constant Volume Heat Addition
• Constant Pressure Heat Addition
• Isentropic Expansion
• Constant Volume Heat Rejection

29
 Dual cycle

More accurate model

• Isentropic Compression
u5  u1 • Constant Volume Heat Addition
  1
 u3  u2    h4  h3 
• Constant Pressure Heat Addition
• Isentropic Expansion
• Constant Volume Heat Rejection

29
Stirling cycle
• Isothermal Compression
• Constant Volume Heat Addition
• Isothermal Expansion
• Constant Volume Heat Rejection

30
Stirling cycle
• Isothermal Compression
• Constant Volume Heat Addition
• Isothermal Expansion
• Constant Volume Heat Rejection

Otto cycle with isentropic expansion/compression

replaced with isothermal process

30
 Stirling cycle
• Isothermal Compression
• Constant Volume Heat Addition
• Isothermal Expansion
• Constant Volume Heat Rejection

Otto cycle with isentropic expansion/compression

replaced with isothermal process

Homework problem
Consider an ideal Stirling cycle where the beginning of isothermal compression is at 100
kPa, 25°C. Compression ratio is 6 and max temp is 400°C. Compute the maximum
pressure, thermal eff and all other state points for the cycle. If the

30
 Stirling cycle
• Isothermal Compression
• Constant Volume Heat Addition
• Isothermal Expansion
• Constant Volume Heat Rejection

Otto cycle with isentropic expansion/compression

replaced with isothermal process

Homework problem
Consider an ideal Stirling cycle where the beginning of isothermal compression is at 100
kPa, 25°C. Compression ratio is 6 and max temp is 400°C. Compute the maximum
pressure, thermal eff and all other state points for the cycle. If the
EES code to compute integral Pdv on an isothermal line:
w=integral(pressure(air,t=t1,v=v), v, v1,v2)

30
p[1]=100;t[1]=25
t[3]=400
v[1]/v[2]=6

{cycle conditions}
t[1]=t[2]
t[3]=t[4]
v[2]=v[3]
v[4]=v[1]

{state points}
u[1]=intenergy(air,t=t[1]); v[1]=volume(air,t=t[1],p=p[1]); s[1]=entropy(air,t=t[1],p=p[1])
u[2]=intenergy(air,t=t[2]); v[2]=volume(air,t=t[2],p=p[2]); s[2]=entropy(air,t=t[2],p=p[2])
u[3]=intenergy(air,t=t[3]); v[3]=volume(air,t=t[3],p=p[3]); s[3]=entropy(air,t=t[3],p=p[3])
u[4]=intenergy(air,t=t[4]); v[4]=volume(air,t=t[4],p=p[4]); s[4]=entropy(air,t=t[4],p=p[4])

{process}
dq12=(t[1]+273.15)*(s[2]-s[1])
dw12=dq12 {ideal gas hence u[2]=u[1]}

dq23=u[3]-u[2]
dw23=0

dq34=(t[3]+273.15)*(s[4]-s[3])
dw34=dq34

dq41=u[1]-u[4]
dw41=0

{output}
dw_net=dw12+dw23+dw34+dw41
dq_in=dq23+dq34
neta_th=dw_net/dq_in
neta_c=1-(t[1]+273.15)/(t[3]+273.15)
31
p[1]=100;t[1]=25
t[3]=400
v[1]/v[2]=6

{cycle conditions}
t[1]=t[2]
t[3]=t[4]
v[2]=v[3]
v[4]=v[1]

{state points}
u[1]=intenergy(air,t=t[1]); v[1]=volume(air,t=t[1],p=p[1]); s[1]=entropy(air,t=t[1],p=p[1])
u[2]=intenergy(air,t=t[2]); v[2]=volume(air,t=t[2],p=p[2]); s[2]=entropy(air,t=t[2],p=p[2])
u[3]=intenergy(air,t=t[3]); v[3]=volume(air,t=t[3],p=p[3]); s[3]=entropy(air,t=t[3],p=p[3])
u[4]=intenergy(air,t=t[4]); v[4]=volume(air,t=t[4],p=p[4]); s[4]=entropy(air,t=t[4],p=p[4])

{process}
dq12=(t[1]+273.15)*(s[2]-s[1])
dw12=dq12 {ideal gas hence u[2]=u[1]}

dq23=u[3]-u[2]
dw23=0

dq34=(t[3]+273.15)*(s[4]-s[3])
dw34=dq34

dq41=u[1]-u[4]
dw41=0

{output}
dw_net=dw12+dw23+dw34+dw41
dq_in=dq23+dq34
neta_th=dw_net/dq_in
neta_c=1-(t[1]+273.15)/(t[3]+273.15)
31
Air Standard Refrigeration
Cycle

32
 Reverse Brayton cycle
• 1-2 Isentropic compression
• 2-3 Constant-pressure heat rejection (space heating)
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion
• 4-1 Constant-pressure heat addition (space cooling)

h1  h4
COPC 
 h2  h3    h1  h4 

33
 Homework Problem
Consider the simple air-standard refrigeration cycle. Air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa
and −20°C and leaves at 0.5 MPa. Air enters the expander at 15°C. Determine (a) The COP for
this cycle (b) The rate at which air must enter the compressor to provide 100 kW of
refrigeration.

34
 Homework Problem
Consider the simple air-standard refrigeration cycle. Air enters the compressor at 0.1 MPa
and −20°C and leaves at 0.5 MPa. Air enters the expander at 15°C. Determine (a) The COP for
this cycle (b) The rate at which air must enter the compressor to provide 100 kW of
refrigeration. Ans: COP = 1.712, m = 1.398 kg/s

34