Work on it

1. Connecting gate keeping to journalists

2. Gatekeeping in internet
3. Conclusion

 Understanding the Identity of a Journalist

Abstract: There are several views and debates explaining the meaning of the word journalist
and its role in society. A journalist could have many professional identities, Journalists are
“gatekeepers” who sort multiple sources of information, discard much, and let some through
onto pages or screens. Journalists organize and explain, the events, news reports to their
audience that fits on a newspaper page or television screen. Mere collection of information is
not sufficient but understanding the situation and then interpreting the event in their own
words is also an important asset of a journalist. Without understanding the issue, incidents or
the motive of event a journalist cannot involve his readers or audience in his/her news stories
and empathize with their concerns. A journalist can identify possible solutions to the
problems, faced by people, provide examples of such solutions, and tell the audience where
to go for further information or how to get involved

Introduction

There are several views and debates explaining the meaning of the word journalist and its
role in society. A journalist could have many professional identities (Surgue,1997).
Traditionally, a journalist’s job is to present the facts, diverse views, interpretation of facts as
objectively as possible in the form of news. Lucy Dalglish, head of the Reporters Committee
for Freedom of the Press, suggested that a journalist is “someone who is collecting
information with the purpose of disseminating it to the public” (Barton,2002, p11). But a
journalist’s role is not being a volunteer or an activist or a blogger but the one is one way or
other employed by the news media; an editorial or reportorial employee, who receives or has
received income” for newsgathering (Ugland, Erik, Henderson, Jennife, 2007).

The identity of a journalist is formed with understanding and accepting a series of competing
and sometimes contradictory values, behaviors and attitudes but upholds the fourth estate
style, within the constraints of the competing corporate values of most newsrooms. (Samuel
& Stephen 2000). The other thing that differentiates a journalist from a content writer, or a
fiction writer is that they can have an independent opinion of the events s/he covers but not
express it in the news story, but the facts have to speak for themselves.  A Journalist must be
able to gauge whether the information provided by the source is factual or not (Ragunathan,
2013)

Journalists are “gatekeepers” who sort multiple sources of information, discard much, and let
some through onto pages or screens. Journalists organize and explain, the events, news
reports to their audience that fits on a newspaper page or television screen. Mere collection of
information is not sufficient but understanding the situation and then interpreting the event in
their own words is also an important asset of a journalist. Without understanding the issue,
incident or the motive of the event, a journalist cannot involve his readers or audience in
his/her news stories and empathize with their concerns. A journalist can identify possible
solutions to these problems faced by people and provide solutions and tell the audience where
to go for further information or how to get involved. But while writing a news story or
reporting the journalist cannot impose their opinion but leaves it to the audience.

Journalists are News gatherers and News disseminators, which they sift from the bulk
of issues concerning the people and inform their audience. Richard Saul Wurman in his book,
Information Anxiety, writes that most news could be divided into three categories: hope,
absurdity, and catastrophe. Journalists typically emphasize absurdity and catastrophe.40

FRAMEWORK

To understand the working conditions of journalists, the researcher has used theoretical lenses

of Gate keeping theory (Shoemaker, 1991). The theory has been chosen by the researcher

because gate-keeping can best explain the behaviour of journalist and their news work than

any other theory of communication.

The theory was first instituted by the social psychologist, Kurt Lewin, in 1943 (Lewin,

1943).1 He coined the term “Gate-keeping” to describe the action of blocking unwanted, or

useless, things by using a gate. Here, the person who makes a decision is called “Gatekeeper”.
1
Lewin, Kurt (1943), Forces behind food habits and methods of change, Bulletin of the National Research
Council.
Gate-keeping occurs at all levels of the media structure – from a reporter deciding which

sources to choose to include in a story, to editors deciding which stories are to be carried , and

includes media outlet owners and even advertisers.

It is a process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for

publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication. The first

‘player’ in the gate-keeping model is the journalist or reporter who is responsible for

gathering information that will later on shape into news story or article for the information

and knowledge of public (Shoemaker & Vos, 2009). 2 According to Pamela

Shoemaker and Tim Vos, gate-keeping is the “process of culling and crafting countless bits of

information into the limited number of messages that reach people every day”, and it is the

media’s central role in modern public life (Shoemaker & Vos, 2009). 3 Bennett (2004)4 used a

modified approach to gate-keeping theory to argue television news (and print, to a lesser

degree) has shifted from hard to soft news, mostly for economic reasons. He brought out four

news gates, which were driven by: (i) the reporter, (ii) the news organisation, (iii) its

economics, and (iv) the newsgathering technology.

David Manning White (1961)5 was probably the first person to seize upon Lewin’s comments

and turn it solidly toward journalism in 1950. White took to Schramm’s “source – message –

receiver” approach to mass communication research, the dominant paradigm and one that fits

nicely with the “channel” theory of gate-keeping. Later on, Bass (1969) 6 introduced the

2
Shoemaker, Pamela J. and Tim P. Vos (2009), Gate-keeping Theory, New York: Routledge. 
3
Ibid.
4
Bennett, W.L. (2004), Gate-keeping and press-government relations: A multi-gated model of news
construction, in L.L. Kaid (ed.), Handbook of political communication research, Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum.
5
White, D.M. (1950), The “gate-keeper: A case study in the selection of news, Journalism Quarterly, 27: 383-
390.
6
Bass, A.Z. (1969), Redefining the gatekeeper concept: A U.N. radio case study, Journalism Quarterly, 46: 59-
72.
“double-action internal news-flow” model that showed the flow from “raw news” into the

“completed product” for news consumers. Bass posited: “News gatherers” (reporters and line

editors) are different from “news processors. He argued that researchers should devote more

attention to the news gathering than on news processing, since stories that are not reported

will never reach a point where these can be processed.

The first level of gate-keeping occurs when the reporter makes a daily choice of which parts

of the conflict to cover among the number of events – to decide what is important and

interesting in the field. Kim (2010)7 found that journalists “rated their own individual

judgment as an individual level gate-keeping force, as highly important in their news

reporting”. There are different influences that have an impact on journalists on what they

cover. These include: the time of day the event takes place, the dangers involved in covering

the story, as well as the access to sources. These factors play a part in the gate-keeping

process at the media worker level. For instance, if the reporter does not have enough money to

hire a driver to go to one part of the conflict, he or she might decide to tag along with another

reporter for budgetary concerns, therefore passively deciding what messages will be available

to the public. The location of the news story is extremely relevant in conflict scenarios.

These findings coincide with those of Gieber’s (1956) study that posits that routines are

strong gate keeping forces.8 Manheim (1998) indicates that there are four types of processes

through which journalists collect news: hunter-gatherer, cultivation, investigative, and

enterprise.9 The hunter-gatherer process of news coverage refers to the collection of surface

level ideas as potential stories. Cultivation refers to the practice of using a beat system and

familiar sources to gather news. These are the processes that most journalists in this study
7
Kim, H.S. (2010), Forces of gate-keeping and journalists’ perceptions of physical danger in post-Saddam
Hussein’s Iraq, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(3): 484-500.
8
Gieber, W. (1956), Across the desk: A study of 16 Telegraph editors. Journalism Quarterly, 33: 423-433.
9
Manheim, J.B. (1998), The news shapers: Strategic communication as third force in news making, in D.
Graber, D. McQuail, and P. Norris (ed.), The Politics of News (pp. 94-109). Washington, D.C.: Congressional
Quarterly Press.
have used to gather news about the conflict. They rely on sources that they have an

established relationship with, as well as news ideas that come from what other news

organisations have covered. While the reporter collects and shapes the news message, it must

pass through another gate, before being presented to an audience. In this way, more than one

entity is involved in the gate-keeping process, interacting and shaping the message (Westley

& Maclean, 1957).10 This is different from White’s (1950)11 idea that one person operates as a

gatekeeper. Westley and Maclean (1957) argued that the media workers and the media

organizations operate together as gatekeepers.

Data in this dissertation study show that, in a conflict scenario, the work of the reporter is

influenced by the decision of the editors about what to cover, because the journalist has a goal

to sell his or her work. One of the nuances of this study is to find out if the stories covered by

journalists have been moulded, or reshaped, by an editor before publishing. Some journalists

are of the opinion that editors usually do not mould their stories. This happens only when they

have to publish editorials. Everyday reporting is not much affected. However, many reporters

feel that their stories are reshaped a bit, like the language, or terminology, could be changed.

The reporter, who covers the story, as demanded by editor of his/her organization, is relying

on the editor’s decision and guidance to collect certain messages for the audience. This

process has a major influence on what gets covered in a conflict scenario. Ibrahim (2002)12

found that, in this way, the gate-keeping process works to curtail the journalists’ individual

influences on content. However if the reporter publishes work through his or her website and

social media accounts, in such rare cases, the reporter acts as the final “gate.”

10
Westley, B., & M. Maclean (1957), A conceptual model for mass communication research, Journalism
Quarterly, 34: 31-38.
11
White, D.M. (1950), The Gatekeeper: A case study in the selection of news, Journalism Quarterly, 27 (3):
383-390.
12
Ibrahim, D. (2003), Individual perceptions of international correspondents in the Middle East: An obstacle to
fair news? Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 65 (1): 87-101.
Editors from media companies have numerous reporters sending news story ideas to them

from conflict scenarios. Traditionally editors (White, 1950)13 perform gate-keeping by

sometimes throwing away wire stories that do not meet his/her standards for news

worthiness. Then the editors select what they want from incoming story ideas, shape the

messages they accept, and pass on other ideas to reporters (Tumber, 2006).14 Reporters cover

what they are able to, influenced by routines and values, as well as beliefs, and editors choose

from different pools of information. News stories that come out of conflict do not come from

just one channel. This is a weakness of early ideas about Gate-keeping Theory (McQuail,

2000).15 While journalists select news stories and send them to the editors, the editors have an

influence on the content that is presented to the audience. Reporter’s and editors’ decisions

about what to cover in conflict are also influenced by ideological bent about what is a news:

violence, peace efforts, success of democratic governments, and the plight of victims

(D’Arcy, 2015).16

Gate-keepers have the power to represent certain perspectives and voices in society

(McQuail, 2000) and do so since they pick and choose the messages to filter to the audience.

Many reporters who cover conflict believe that their role is to expose injustices to “innocent

victims” such as women and children. But editors are influenced by the cost of producing a

story, advertisers, public relations, and the owners of the media company (Berkowitz, 1990;

Shoemaker, 1991).17 Routines at the editorial level are also part of gate-keeping, as Lippmann

(1922: 123) wrote, “Without standardization, without stereotypes, without routine judgments,

13
White, D.M. (1950), The Gatekeeper: A case study in the selection of news, Journalism Quarterly, 27 (3):
383-390.
14
Tumber, H. (2006), The fear of living dangerously: Journalists who report on conflict, International Relations,
20: 439-451.
15
McQuail, D. (2000), McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, London: Sage.
16
D’Arcy, Danae Lynn (2015), Freelancers on the Frontline: Influences on Conflict Coverage, Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, ddarcy@vols.utk.edu.
17
Berkowitz, D. (1990), Refining the gate-keeping concept for local television news, Journal of Broadcasting
and Electronic Media, 34 (1), 55-68.
without a fairly ruthless disregard of subtlety, the editor would soon die of excitement”. 18

These judgments happen every day, every hour, as the editors work with reporters in conflict

coverage.

How journalists choose their news

Location of the news is also relevant to news since stories that have proximity to an audience

are more likely to be noticed (McQuail, 2000).19 News stories have different elements of

newsworthiness; but if an item is deemed newsworthy, it is more likely to pass a gate

(Shoemaker, 1991).20 News stories that are timely, unusual, have proximity to the audience,

or “excite the imagination” are also likely to be passed on to the audience (Nisbett & Ross,

1980).21 As previous studies have shown, there are patterns for news coverage of events, and

gatekeepers have a perception about what an audience wants (McQuail, 89 1977; Shoemaker

and Reese, 1996; Hetherington, 1985).22 Reporters are socialised through working with

editors and come to the point where they know what stories will be accepted by their

organisations. There are many influential factors, channels, and “gates” in the selection,

gathering, and publication of news stories from the field of conflict. Ibrahim (2003: 90)

wrote: “News, as a product, comes through an assembly line, where individual reporters

contribute to the final product without taking ownership or full responsibility”. 23 Lasorsa

(2002) identified gate-keeping as the process by which the media decide what to emphasise

and neglect.24

18
Lippmann, W. (1921), Public Opinion, New York: Macmillan.
19
McQuail, D. (2000), McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, London: Sage.
20
Shoemaker, P.J. (1991), Gate-keeping: Communication Concepts 3, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
21
Nisbett, R.E., & L. Ross (1980), Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
22
Hetherington, A. (1985), News, newspapers and television, London: Macmillan.
23
Ibrahim, D. (2000), Individual perceptions of international correspondents in the Middle East: An Obstacle to
fair news? Gazette: The International Journal for Communication studies, 65 (1): 87-101.
24
Lasorsa, D. (2002), Diversity in mass communication theory courses, Journalism & Mass Communication
Educator, 57 (3): 244-259.
Gate Keeping in the age of digital Journalism

The latest research involving gate-keeping theory continues to improve upon to be adapted to

the Internet technology. The arrival of the Internet as a mass communication tool has further

sparked considerations of gate-keeping in both scholarly research and in the popular press.

Singer (2001)25 studied how traditional newspapers (now referred to as “mainstream” media,

or MSM in some Internet parlance) chose to link or not to link to Websites, and how those

decisions forced more decisions by gate-keepers.

According to Shoemaker et al. (2001),26 gate-keeping continues to exist, despite the new

technology and the new gate-keepers, but only much faster. And studying the issue of how

gate-keeping has changed with the Internet – and how the Internet may be changing

traditional news gate-keeping – is a subject that will bear much fruit for the current and next

generations of gate-keeping researchers.

In conflict areas, the process of gate-keeping can influence the coverage in substantial
ways. Journalists who work in situations without conflict will most probably select the same
types of news that reporters gather in conflict, because of Western, socialized news values
(D’Arcy, 2015).27 However, media routines by the media worker, such as specific safety
concerns, and financial challenges, and the ability to get the product to the media organisation
may be more influential on the gate-keeping process in conflict, than in non-conflict,
situations.

  Discussing A Good Journalist.

There is no official answer to that question because journalists are not licensed and do
not adopt a specific creed. Starting with a simple list, Dayton Daily News’ newspapers-in-

Singer, J.B. (2001), The metro wide web: Changes in newspapers’ gate-keeping role online, Journalism and
25

Mass Communication Quarterly, 78 (1): 65-80.

26
Shoemaker,Pamela J.; Martin Eichholz; Eunyi Kim; and Brenda Wrigley (2001), Individual and routine forces
in gate keeping, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 78 (2): 233-246.
27
D’Arcy, Danae Lynn (2015), Freelancers on the Frontline: Influences on Conflict Coverage, Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, ddarcy@vols.utk.edu.
education program stresses about five bedrock principles of journalism: objectivity, accuracy,
fairness, moral duty to society (ethics), and watchdog for society Dayton daily News, 2014).

The Society of Professional Journalists recommends standards for journalists

emphasizing seeking the truth, comprehensiveness, awareness of privacy rights, loyalty of the
journalists towards their audience, care in choosing sources, accuracy and using journalism to
help preserve freedom (such as by ensuring public access to government records and
activities) (SPJ 2014). Kovach and Rosenstiel (2001) challenged traditional ideas of good
journalism, insisting that the purpose of journalism is to provide people with the information
they need to be free and self-governing and created a new list including a few familiar and
even useful ideas, like fairness and balance as an essential element of the profession.

Combining various suggestions, studies and research done on the profession of

journalism below are the ten pointers that make a good journalist or nine ways that journalists
should do:

Reporting Truth & Objectivity: This is the foremost quality of a journalist, a mainstream
media journalist. The reporting of incidents or events is based on truth. The journalists are not
stenographers, a blogger, content writers whose work is to generate content for the audience.
But the news report should be based on facts and not on fake news. Objectivity is the cement
of good journalism, the cornerstone of the professional ideology of journalists in liberal
democracies’ (Lichtenberg 1991a:216)

 However, Journalists find it to bring objectivity in their reporting (Myrick 2002:52) (Myrick,
H.A. (2002) The search for Objectivity in Journalism. USA Today 131 (2690),  due to
organisational, commercial and pressures within the society where they operate. Despite the
controversy surrounding the concept, objectivity in news is valued by the audience, and it is
key to the trustworthy ness and reliability of the media in the public (Siebert et al 1956).
Siebert, F, Peterson, T & Schramm, W. (1956) Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian,
Libertarian, Social Responsibility and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should
Be and Do. University Illois Press, Urbana

Nose for News: What differentiates the journalist from the rest of the professionals is their
ability to sift information worthy to report, which is known as ‘nose for news. It is the
newsworthiness of events, which journalists acquire with the passage of time and with
experience (Ericson et al, 1987). News Organisations receive information of events through
press releases, in telegrams, in newspapers, Internet services, WhatsApp, social media etc.
All events happening can potentially become news stories but only a few end up in the
newspaper, on the Web page or in the news broadcast.  But journalistic practice involves
sifting only the newsworthy incidents which are self-evident and self-explaining, due to the
journalistic gut feeling (Schultz, 2007).

Verify and Cross-check: News written by journalists is considered as literature in hurry but
it should never be compromised in terms of filling the space. The journalists work
differentiates from a fiction writer, and his/her work is based on facts that need to be checked
and cross-checked. Craig Silverman, in his book ‘Regret the Error’ advises aspiring
journalists on the legitimacy of verifying the facts, to remove any errors which can result in
losing public interest in the media.

Ability to Write or Report News :  After accessing the news sources, getting the facts
verified, and having all details does not make a news story, unless everything is packaged,
presented in an interesting manner. A journalist should be able to make significant
information interesting and relevant to readers.  A good news story is written after fact-
checking, verifying the sources, and presenting it in a way that engages the audience. The
ability to tell good stories that engage audiences /Readers is an element that makes a
journalist different from others good stories are part of what makes journalism different (API
2022). 

 Giving voice to the voiceless:  The traditional journalists focus mainly on the news beats
assigned by their organisations routinely gathering information from the same official
voices–lawmakers, bureaucrats, spokespeople. But a good journalist always figures out
within their beat structure, the best stories that are not being told.  The majority of Journalists
organisations stress that the guiding principle of this profession is its ability to “ stress that
journalists should “give voice to the voiceless” (Poynter) Journalists are the voice of
marginalised, religious and ethnic minorities, etc who are unable to represent themselves.  It
is an obligation of journalists to provide the perspective of nonhuman, animals in their stories
that influence the animals’ and human lives (Freeman, Berkoff, Bexell, 2011)

 Being Independent of People They Cover: Independence from the faction they cover
means a journalist should be able to report and write the news without getting influenced by
the personal experience of being hostage to it. This journalistic independence from faction
should be prioritised above all the culture and personal history journalists bring to their job
(Kovach, Rosensteil 2014)

Serve as a Watchdog: Journalist has a special obligation to serve as a watchdog over public
affairs and government.  They must inform the public about the goings-on in institutions and
society, especially in circumstances where a significant portion of the public would demand
changes in response. It also involves seeking to ensure that the public’s business is conducted
in the open and that public records are open to all. (SPJ 2022). A journalist is a guardian who
supplies the citizens with the information they must have "to prevent the abuse of
power", and to "warn citizens about those that are doing them harm (Coronel 2008)

Avoid Stereotyping: Stereotypes are collective constructs transmitted and learned during
socialization (Legal, Delouvee, 2015). They are based on the representation of the individuals
or groups in history, which contribute to the categorical distinctions, negative relationships
between the categories of individuals represented and thus legitimisation of the relationship
of domination over these categories. Stereotypes contribute to the symbolic social categories
of groups and individuals and the essentialization of social relationships in status (Croiset,
2010) The content of media is presented in the most appealing manner, reinforcing the
images involving stereotyping of people, gender or minorities. But journalists while
presenting their news stories should examine the ways and values that shape their reporting,
the unprivileged, and minority groups.

Balance the Stories to Minimise the Harm: The Poynter Institute, a journalism training
organization, offered three “guiding principles” for the profession: Seek truth and report it as
fully as possible; act independently; and “minimize harm” to subjects of stories (Steele,
1994). While writing a news story or reporting news about a suspect. Consider their right to
free trial, before they face legal charges from courts.  Intense media coverage of a high
profile like celebrities, demonising the suspecting criminals belonging to Minority groups.
These cases offer entertainment more than news, as anchors and members of the panel resort
to bashing. This brings conflict between the constitutional rights the right to free trial and the
right to freedom of speech an opportunity was taken for granted. Thankfully our courts pass
judgments on the basis of fair trials and evidence, and not on popular public opinion or media
reporting.

Act independently: A good journalist while working in a field while keeping the public in
mind should work without any biases, avoiding conflict of interest real or perceived. Be
aware of Sources offering favours or money, gifts, favours, free travel or special treatment, or
political mileage in return for access to news.

 Empathy for Sources:  Empathy is considered one of the fundamental resources of

emotional and social intelligence (Goleman 1995). It is central to journalistic work routines
while covering human trauma and emotions. A journalist without a well-developed empathy
might excel in fields like stock market analysis or data journalism but would presumably face
difficulties in more translating emotions (Glück, 2016). The journalist acts as a mediator
between the news event and the audience. But while reporting the incidents that involve
heightened sensitivity who may get affected by news coverage, a journalist should consider
the state of the victims or sources.  When dealing with juveniles, victims of sex crimes, and
sources or subjects who are inexperienced or unable to give consent, journalists should show
compassion.

Ability to work under Organisational Pressure : Journalists are harbingers of freedom of

expression and cherish their representatives of the fourth estate ideal of the role of journalism
(Henningham, 1993b; Schultz, 1998). But journalists have to fulfil their role within the
constraints of commercial realities, which run the organisations they work for. (Schultz,
1998). They cannot work alone nor can sustain themselves without getting paid for their
services. A number of studies reveal that journalist’s capabilities are affected by the pressures
from organisations they work for, which in turn are commercial entities and are influenced by
people in power.

Journalism studies reveal the concerns of excessive commercialisation, organisational

demands, use of New Communication Technologies are “sapping the confidence of
professionals” (White, 2005, p.652) which in turn is constraining the journalist's ability to
fulfil their democratic function in society (de Bruin,2000) But it is the talent of a good
journalist to investigate stories, provide a forum of discussion for public criticism and
compromise.

Conclusion

The present article studies journalism in the spectrum of passion and profession.
Journalists worldwide carry the ideology of professional journalism values as public service,
objectivity, autonomy, immediacy, and ethical conduct that provides validation and meaning
for their work (Deuze, 2005). This list at first seemed obvious, even simplistic, and some of
the items were only a little more specific than the principles. Nevertheless, these rules did
seem subject to testing a journalist’s ability.  The ability to break news, find newsworthy
events and write or report a news story in an interesting manner cannot be acquired overnight.
This ability comes to the journalists with experience, training and following the ‘New Cycle.’
There is number of studies done to find out what makes a good journalist, which usually
revolves around the journalist's ability to strike a balance, gripping the interest of the
audience, enduring business pressures and adhering to journalist’s values. This paper is an
attempt to understand some of the qualities of a journalist, although the list is not
comprehensive yet is presented in a lucid manner. In the end, the importance of freedom of
journalists to present facts and news is an essential prerequisite for a healthy democracy
operating society for its citizen who deserves to enjoy the privileges of a transparent
democratic society. 

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(https://www.cjr.org/first_person/buttry_story.php.
 Sugrue, C. (1997). Student Teachers’ lay theories and teaching identities. European
Journal of Teacher Education, 20(30), 213-225
 The Missouri Group. Brain S. Brooks, G. K. (1988). News reporting and writing
(Sixth ed.). New York. St. Martins Press. p. 8.
 Ugland, Erik,  Henderson, Jennife, 2007/10/29, Who Is a Journalist and Why Does it
Matter? Disentangling the Legal and Ethical Arguments, VL  - 22, DO  -
10.1080/08900520701583511, JO  - Communication Faculty Research and
Publications
 White, A. (2005). Truth, Honesty and Spin. Democratization, 12 (5), 651-667