Student Book 2 DATurner, | A Potts, W R J Waite, BV HonyPablished by Pearson Education Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales, having it registred office at Bainburg Gate ariow,Fssex, CM20 2]E. Registered company number 872828 ‘wwwheinemann co.uk Blexcel sa registered trade mark of Edexcel Liited ‘Text GD ATumer IA Potts, WR] Waite and BV ony ‘This edition frst published 2009 1512111009 10987654521 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue recor or this bork i available from the British Library ISBN978045596692.8 Copyright notice Allright reserved. 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Any onsesons willbe rectified in subsequent printings If notices ven tothe publishers. In some instances we have been unable to trace the owners of copyright material, and we would appreciate any information that would enable us todo so, Websites ‘The websites usedin this hook were corzect and upto date a the time of publication. It essential or tars to preview cach website before using tin class so aso ensure thal the URL is sll accurate, relevant and appropriate. We suggest ‘hat ters boekmark sefl websites and consider enabling students to access them through the schoel/cllegeintranel Disclaimers ‘This Edexcel publication offers high-quality suport forthe delivery of Edexcel qualifications. Edexcel endorsement does ‘ot mean tht this materia is essential to acieve any Edexcel quaicatin, ner does it mean that his isthe ely suitable tater avaiable to support any Edexcel qualiicatio, No endorsed teil wil be used verbati a setng any Edexcel ‘xaminalionslasessment and any resource list reduced by Edexcel shall inclae this and ether apprprite exis Copies of olivia speciation for all Edexcel qualifications may be found onthe Edexcel website, wwcedensel com(eoy al etalk] Course structure iv Preface vi Unit 1 1 Unit 2 60 Unit 3 160 Unit 4 244 Unit 5 (Revision)* 333 Specimen examination papers 408 ry A Numeracy practice 424 iB Challenges 428 Fact finders 433 Index 441 “Each section of Unit 5 starts with a summary of all topics. ‘The revision exercises then test all topics of the IGCSE syllabus followed,NUMBER ALGEBRA GRAPHS SHAPE AND ‘SPACE HANDLING DATA SUMMARY EXAMINATION PRACTICE Unit 1 Number if + Inverse proportion + Recurring decimals Algebra 8 + Proportion Graphs 19 + Cubic graphs yar tbe tertd + Reciprocal graphs y =“ Shapeand space 28 + circles + Intersecting chords and tangents Sets 45 + Problems involving sets + Identifying sets by shading + Set-builder notation Summary 54 Examination practice 58 Allwith caleulator Unit 2 Number 60 + Converting measurements + Negative and fractional indices Algebra n + Solving quadratic equations + Problems leading to quadratic equations + Solving quadratic Inequalities Graphs 85 + Using graphs to solve equations Shapeand space 98 + Circles, semicircles and quadrants + Surface areas and volumes of solids + Areas of similar shapes + Volumes of similar shapes Handlingdata 140 + Compound probability Summary 152 Examination practice 158 Allwith calculator Unit 3 Number 160 + Financial arithmetic Algebra 176 + Solving two simultaneous equations, one linear and onenonlinear + Functions + Composite functions Graphs 198 + Tangents to a curve Shapeand space 210 + Vectors + Vector geometry Handlingdata 226 + Histograms + Calculation tables Summary 236 Examination practice 241 Allwith calculatorUnit 4 Number 244 + lnvational numbers + Surds Algebra 255 + Algebraic fractions + Equations with fractions Graphs 268 + Differentiation + Tangents + Tuning points + Motion of aparticlein a straight line Shapeandspace 288 + Trigonomettc ratios for angles up to 180° + Sine rule + Cosine rule + Mixed questions + Area of a triangle + 3D trigonometry Handlingdata 315 + More probability Summary 326 Examination practice 331 All with calculator Number (Revision) 333 + Directed numbers + BIDMAS + Estimation + Standard form + Percentages + Ratio Algebra (Revision) 346 + Algebraic manipulation + Formulae + Functions + Linear equations + Inequalities Graphs and sequences (Revision) 364 + Straightline graphs + Distance/speed time graphs + Sequences + Gradients of curves Shape and space (Revision) 377 + Compass constructions + Transformations Circle theorems Graphs of sin 8, cos 8, tan6 + Arcs, sectors and segments + Vectors Handling data (Revision) 395 + Sets + Probability + Handling data + Histograms + Cumulative frequency Specimen Examination Papers 408 + Paper 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B Numeracy practice 424 + Numeracy practice 1-4 Challenges 428 Fact finders 433 + World population + Mount Vesuvius + The human body + Wimbledon. 34Nnj}3INnA}s vsinosacres) TThe two-book series is written for students following the IGCSE Higher tier specification for the Edexcel examination board, It comprises a Students Book for each year of the course. ‘The course has been structured to enable these two books to be used in a sequential manner, both in the classroom and by students working on their own, Each book contains five units of work. Bach unit contains five sections in the topic areas Number, Algebra, Graphs and Sequences, Shape and Space, and Handling Data. In each unit, there are concise explanations and worked examples, plus numerous exercises that will help students to build up confidence, Paired questions, with answers to odd-numbered questions provided on the ActiveBook CD, allow students to check their answers and monitor their own progress. More dificult questions, to stretch the more able student, appear at the end of some exercises, and are identified by blue question numbers, Parallel exercises are provided, allowing sttxdents to consolidate basic principles before being challenged with more difficult questions. @ Non-starred exercises are designed for students working towards IGCSE grades B/C. Starred exercises are designed to challenge students working towards IGCSE grades A/A* ¢ Paired questions are designed to be used in class and for homework. Only odd numbered questions have answers on the ActiveBook CD Real data have been used where possible to make questions meaningful. Within the sections, activities and investigations encourage stuclents to think for themselves. ocd 4 Activities lead pupils to discover mathematical principles for themselves. ¢ Investigations prepare students for independent thought. Students can refer to the ‘How to Tackle Investigations’ section at the end of Book I before embarking on any of these investigations. Consolidation is a recurring theme throughout the course and general skills are reinforced at the end of each unit. ¢ Pairs of parallel revision exercises appear at the end of each of the five sections within each unit, Summaries précis the major points of each unit. Examination practice papers test students’ understanding of material and terminate ceach of the units in Book 1 and the four units of Book 2 In addition, at the end of each book there are the following sections. @ Numeracy practice exercises provide basic skills practice in number and algebra. Challenges provide thought-provoking, fun questions. 4 Fact finders test mamerical comprehension of real data. Students use the information supplied to answer thought-provoking questions, The shaded questions are more challenging, Revisions vital to the success of every student and has been covered in Unit 5 of Book 2. Summaries of all the IGCSE topics plus 10 Revision exercises. ¢ Four examination papers covering the entire syllabus,Unit 1: Number 1 Inverse proportion An example of direct proportion is: when one Cost of apples quantity is mite by two, the other quantity is also multiplied by two. For example, if 2kg of apples cost $3, then 4g of the same type of apple costs $6 Wight (xa) ‘This relationship produces a straight line graph through the origin. 2 costs) However, with inverse proportion, when one “imo to produce quantity is multiphedby two, the other quantity is y4 —10Dlamp shades divide by two. For example, if one machine produces 100 lamp shades in one hour, then it will take two machines half an hour to produce the same number of identical lamp shades. Ta Number of machines ‘This relationship produces a hyperbola, Cs Time (hours) Activity 7 Fora distance of 160km, a tain travels at a constant sped of 8Okm/hour for 2 hours. Clearly if the speed were halved, the same journey would take twice as long. This is an example of inverse proportion. This can be written as It takes 2 hours to travel 160km at 80kmn/hour It takes 4 hours to travel 160km at 40km/hour Copy and complete this table for the train journey over x kan: ‘Time (hours) 1[2];4[e6][7][8 Speed (kim/hour) 80 | 40 To find the speed for 6 and 7 hours, look at the product of the speed and time for the other entries, Plot the points on a suitable graph of speed against time. Join the points with a smooth curve. Comment on the shape of the curve.Example 1 Last year, a farmer used 3 ploughs to plough a field and it took 17 hours. "This year the same job must be done in less than 5 hours. How many ploughs willbe needed? Ittook 17 hours to plough with 3 ploughs Soin 1 hour it will require 3 X 17 ploughs - = 3x17 Soin 5 hours will require ploughs = 10.2 ploughs ‘Therefore to plough the field in less than 5 hours the farmer will need to use 11 ploughs. Exercise 1 1 Ittakes 1 person 8 days to dig a trench. To dig a similar trench, how long would it take with ‘a 2 people? 1b 4 people? © 3 people? 2 It takes 2 people 12 days to build a wall. To build a similar wall, how long would it take with: ‘a I person? 1b 4 people? © S people? 3 Using the facts in Question 1, how many people are required to dig a similar trench in a 1day? b halfaday? © aquarter of aday? 4 Using the facts in Question 2, how many people are required to build a similar wall in a 2 days? b 3 days? © days? 5 [thas been estimated that it took 4000 men 30 years to build the largest pyramid, at Giza in Egypt, over four and a half thousand years ago. How long would it have taken with a 2000 men? b 8000 men? © 100men? 6 Using the facts in Question 5, how many men would have been required to build it in a 3 years? b Gyears? © 300 years? 7 Over a given distance, a train travels at a constant speed of 120km/houe for 3 hours. ‘a. Over the same distance, how long will it take a train travelling at 30km/hour? b Find the speed of another train that takes 5 hours to travel the same distance 8 A.car’s average fuel consumption is 40km/litre (kim per litre) and, over a certain distance, it ‘uses 4 litres of fuel ‘a Over the same distance, another car uses 5 litres. ind its fuel consumption in km/litre. 'b The fuel consumption of another caris 8 kun/litre, How much fuel did this car use to travel the same distance?Exercise 1* 1 In an exam room, the total power of all the light bulbs has to be 3000 watts, Copy and complete this table. ‘Number of light bulbs (N) | Power of each bulb (P) 6 600 100 1b Write down the relationship between Nand P. 2 ‘The construction of the Channel Tunnel created about 100000 man-years of employment in the UK. in theory. this meant that it could have been built by 20000 men in 5 years. ‘a Copy and complete this table, Number of years (N) ‘Number of men (M) 1 50000 4 10000 1b Write down the relationship between N and M. 3 Inascientific experiment three different substances, A, Band C, each of the same mass, are used. Substance A has a density of 4g/em! and a volume of 3cm! a Find the density of 1 cm of substance B b Find the volume of substance C with a density of 8 g/cm 4 Awater tank is filled in 8 minutes with a rate of flow of 40 litres/minute, a How long will t take to fill at 32 ltres/minute? 1b What rate of flow will lit in 25 minutes? Using the facts for Question 2, copy and complete this table, Number of men | Number of tunnels | __Timein years 100000 4 100000 2 20000 86 One mosquito can produce 9 million young in 500 hours. Copy and complete this table. Number of mosquitoes | Number of young Time 1 18000 1 second 9 million Thour 500 500 hours 7 One cow belches 2008 of methane in a day. Copy and complete these statements, aL cow belches 1 kg of methane in... days. b cows belch 1000kg of methane in 5 days. ‘© 3100 million cows belch .. tonnes of ‘methane in 365 days. (itis estimated that there are about 3100 million cows in the world.) ‘8 On average, an urban household in Europe produces 2.5kg of waste per day. ‘a Calculate, in kilograms, correct to 2 significant figures, the amount of waste produced by each household in 1 year. b Calculate, in tonnes, correct to 2 significant figures, the amount of waste produced by a small town of 3000 households in 1 year. ‘© Calculate, in tonnes, correct to 2 significant figures, the amount of waste produced by a city of 200.000 households in 1 year 9 During the University Boat Race, a ‘commentator said, Every member of the crew does the equivalent amount of work of someone who lifts a 25kg sack of potatoes, from the floor to shoulder hheight, 36 times a minute for 18 minutes ‘a What total massis ‘lifted’ by fone crew member during the 18-minute race? Give your answer to 2 significant figures, b Allorry isto be loaded with sacks of potatoes each of mass 25g, ‘Work out, correct to I significant figure, how long it should take (i) Lerew member to load 4 tonnes (i) 8 crew members to load 4 tonnes (ii) 4 crew members to load 4 tonnes (iv) 8 crewmembers to load I tonneRecurring decimals Remember 4 Allfractions can be written as decimals wisich either terminate or produce a set of recurring digits. ¢ Fractions that produce terminating decimals have, in their simplest form, denominators with only 2 or 5 as factors. This is because 2 and 5 are the only factors of| 10 (decimal system), # The dot notation is used to indicate which digits recur, For example 0.232323 ... = 0.28, 0.056056056 ... = 0.056. Example 2 Change 0.5 to a fraction. x= 0.5555555 (Multiply both sides by 10) 1Ox=5.5555555....__ (Subtract the top from the bottom) 9e=5 {Divide both sides by 9) xy Example 3 Change 0.79 toa fraction. x= 0.797979... (Multiply both sides by 100) 100x = 79.797979... (Subtract the top from the bottom) 99x=79 (Divide both sides by 99) Example 4 Change 0.125 to a fraction. x= 0.123123... (Multiply both sides by 1000) 1000x = 123.123123... (Subtract the top from the bottom) 999x = 123 (Divide both sides by 999) ms 38 Key Point ‘To change a simple recurring decimal to a fraction No.of repeating digits | First, multiply by 10Exercise 2 For Questions 1-6, change the fraction to a terminating decimal. la 256 35 4 ie 5 6 i For Questions 7-14, change the fraction to a recurring decimal, writing your answers using the dot notation, 73 8 rt Re 1B For Questions 15-18, without doing any calculation, write down the fractions that produce terminating decimals, 1S Gries 17%, For Questions 19-30, change each of these recurring decimals to a fraction in its simplest form, 19 03 2004 2105 2206 2307 24 09 25007 26001 270.03 28 0.02 290.05 300,06 Exercise 2* For Questions 1-8, change each fraction to a recurring decimal, writing your answers using the dot notation, lis 20 3 ie 5 212 64s 7 For Questions 9-12, without doing any calculation, write down the fractions that produce terminating decimals, 9 ie bdo ks 0 jap wae F Aeneas fe tonGks 2028 602 Tis be sb size For Questions 13-24, change each of these recurring decimals to a fraction in its simplest form. 13034 14048 = 15.030 16.084 17 901918 8.028 19 0037 20 0048 210412. 22 OLol— 23 0.484 24 0474 For Questions 25-28, change each recurring decimal to fraction 25 01d 26 0.86 27 0.086 28 0.156 For Questions 29-30, write each answer asa recurring decimal 29 0.73 x 0.05 30 0.07 x 0.3142857Exercise 3 (Revision) 1 Atounders fed can be out with 2 mowers in 3 hours 4 How long would it take to cut the field with 3 mowers? bb How many mowers would be required to cut the fel in Those? 2. A.car's average fuel consumption is 30lan/litr and, over a certain distance. i uses 3 ites of fue a Over the same distance, another car uses 12 litres. Find its fuel consumption in kate. 'b ‘The fuel consumption of another caris 15 knn/litre. How ‘much fuel did this car use to travel the same distance? 3 Write these fractions as terminating decimals al b 4 Change these fractions to recurring decimals, writing your answers using the dot notation, al bi e3 5 Change these recurring decimals to ractions a 0d b 007 © 088 Exercise 3* (Revision) 1. ‘The average fuel consumption of Mrs Singh’ used 48 litres of fuel. caris 15km/litre. On a particular journey, she a If she had used 45 litres, find her fuel consumption, bb If the fuel consumption had been 18 km/litre, how much fuel would she have used? 2 One honey bee has to travel 75000km to produce 500g of honey. Copy and complete these statements. a. honey bees would each have to travel 3000km to produce a total of 500g. b 25 honey bees would each have to travel 60/km to produce a total of ...g © 25 honey bees would each have to travel ..km to produce a total of 1 tonne. 3 Given that } = 0.676923, write 2 as arecurring decimal 4 Which ofthese produce terminating decimals? 2.5.25 slots 5 Write these recurring decimals as fractions in their simplest form. ao? b 001 © 067 a 3.045 6 Change?! toa recurring decimalUnit 1: Algebra 1 Proportion If two quantities are related to each other, given enough information, itis possible to write a formula describing this relationship. Activity 2 ‘Copy and complete this table to show which paired items are directly related. Variables Related? Y/N y ‘Area of aciele (A) and its radius (r) Circumference of a circle (C) and its diameter (d) ‘Volume of water in a tank (V) and its weight (w) Distance travelled (D} at constant speed and time taken (t) ‘Number of pages in a book (N) and its thickness (t) ‘Mathematical ability (M) and a person's height (it) ‘Wave height in the sea (WV) and wind speed (s) 3 ce) Ed Grill temperature (7) and time to toast bread (1) Direct proportion Linear relationships ‘When water is poured into an emply fish tank, each litre poured in increases the depth by a fixed amount, Depth Voune Agraph of depth, y, against volume, x, isa straight line through the origin, showing a linear relationship. In this case. y is directly proportional tox. I y is doubled, so is x. If y is halved, so is x, ete‘This relationship can be expressed in any of these ways. © yis directly proportional to. vy varies directly with x © varies asx All these statements mean the same. In symbols, direct proportion relationships can be written as y o¢ x. The o sign can then cP be replaced by ‘= k' to give y = kx, where kis the constant of proportionality. Lirecth ‘The graph of y = kx is the equation of a straight line through the origin, with gradient k. pee proportional tox is wniten as y 2x and this means y = ke, Example 1 if for some fixed value k The extension, y cm, of a spring is direetly proportional tothe mass, x kg, hanging from it, orignal Ify= emwhen x= 3kg, find tergth athe formula for yin terms of x yem b_theextension yem when a 7kg massis attached - € themass rkg that produces a 20cm extension B ley peepee] ae eon eet 2 y= 12when x3 < The formula is therefore iS y b When x=7 yr 4x7 ‘The extension produced from a 7kg mass is 28 cm, 3 © When y= 20cm 20= 4 5 ae xa5 d ‘The extension produced froma Skg massis 20cm. c= Exercise 4 1 yisdirectly proportional tox. If y= 10 when x = 2, find ‘a the formula for yin terms of x b ywhenx=6 © xwheny = 25 2 disdirectly proportional to tf d = 100 when t = 25, find a the formula for din terms of t b dwhent=15 © twhend= 1802 ac) Fd = 5 3 An elastic string's extension y cm varies as the mass + kg that hangs from it. "The string extends 4cm when a 2kg mass is attached. ‘a Find the formula for yin terms of x: 15 b Find y when x © Find xwheny 4 A bungee jumping rope’s extension em varies as the mass Mkg of the person attached to it. Ife=4mwhen M = 80kg, find ‘the formula for ein terms of M B theextension fora person with amass of 100k’) © themass of aperson when theextension is 6m = hi 5 An ice-cream seller discovers that, on any particular day, the number of sales (1) is directly proportional to the temperature (tC). 1500 sales are made when the temperature is 20°C. How many sales might be expected on a day with a temperature forecast of 26°C? 6 ‘Thenumber of people in a swimming pool (N) varies as the daily temperature (°C) 175 people swim when the temperature is 25°C. The pool's capacity is 200 people. Will people have to queue and wait if the temperature reaches 30°C? Exercise 4* 1 The speed of astone, ym/s, falling off aclif is directly proportional to the time, t seconds after release Its speedis 4.9 m/s after 0.5s ‘a Find the formula for vin terms oft b Whats the speed after 5s? ‘€ Atwhat time is the speed 24.5:m/s? 2 The cost, ccents, of atin of salmon varies directly wit ts mass, mg, The cos of a 450 tin is 150 cents ‘a Find the formula for cin terms of m b How much does a 750g tin cost? ‘€ What isthe mass of a tin costing $2? 3 The distance a honey bee travels, dkm, is directly proportional to themass of honey. meg, itproduces. A bee travels 150000km to produce 1kg of honey. ‘a Find the formula for din terms of m. 1b What distanceis travelled by a bee to produce 10 of honey? ‘© What mass of honey is produced by a bee traveling once around the world, a distance of 40000km? 4 Themass of sugar, mg, used in making oat-meal cookies varies directly as the number of cookies, n.3.25kg are used to make 500 cookies ‘a Find the formula for m in terms of n Db Whatmass of sugarismeeded for 150 cookies? ‘€ How many cookies can be made using LOkg of sugar?5 The height of a tree, hm, varies directly with its age. years, A9m tree is 6 years old Find the formula for hin terms of y. b What height isa tree that is 6 months old? © What is the age of a tree that is 50cm tall? 6 The yearly profit ($P million) made by an Internet company, ‘Line-On’, is directly proportional to the annual amount spent ($2 million) on its advertising on TV, radio, newspapers and the Internet. Its profit in one year from TV advertising alone amounts to ‘S6 million at a cost of $1.5 million, @ Copy and complete this table. Advertising medium $+ million SP million v 1s 6 - iaiio as 5 Newspapers 5 ce Fs Intemet | 04 | B b How much total profit was made by ‘Line-On' in this particular year? ‘© What was the total amount spent by the company on advertising itself in this year? Express x asa percentage of P. Comment on your answer: Nonlinear relationships Water is poured into an empty inverted cone. Bach litre poured in will result in a different depth increase. A graph of volume, y, against depth, x, wll illustrate a direct nonlinear relationship. Volume Depth %‘This relationship can be expressed in either of these ways. yisdirectly proportional to x cubed. @ yvaries as x cubed Key Point “y varies as x squared’ is written as ocx and this | Both these statements mean the same means y = ke? for some fixed value k. Insymbols, this relationship is written as y « x7.'The x sign can then be replaced by ‘= K’ to sive y = kx’, where kis the constant of proportionality Example 2 Express these relationships as equations with constants of proportionality a yisdirectly proportional to x squared. yoo = yake b__mvaries directly with the cube ofn maw => m=kP € sisdirectly proportional tothe squareroot of, sect = skit 4 ysquared varies asthe cube of w, Paw = Poke Example 3 ‘The cost of Luciano’s take-away pizzas (Ccents) is directly proportional to the square of S the diameter (dem) of the pizza. A 30cm pizza costs 675 cents a ic 4 = —a woom a Whatis the price of a 20cm pia? 1b What sizeof pizza should you expect for $4.50? a Cis proportional tod, so C xd? ke C= 675 when d= 30 675 = K30)" 0.75 ‘The formulais therefore C = 0.75¢. When d= 20 0.75(20 = 300 ‘The cost of a 20cm pizza is $3. b When c=450 o.75e = 600 1600 = 24.5 (354) ‘A $4.50 pizza should be 24.5emin diameter.Exercise 5 1 yisdirectly proportional to the square of x. If y = 100 when x = a the formula for yin terms of x b ywhenx=6 © xwhen y = 64 2. pvaries directly as the square of q.Ifp = 72 when q= 6, find athe formula for pin terms of ¢ b pwheng=3 © qwhenp = 98 3 vis dixectly proportional tothe cube of w. If v= 16 when w a theformulaforvintermmsof wb vwhen w= © wwhen v= 128 find 4 mvaries directly as the square root of n. If m = 10 when n = 1, find the formula for min terms of n bo mwhenn © nwhenm=50 5 The distance fallen by a parachutist, ym, is directly proportional to the square of the time taken, t sees. If 20m are fallen in 2s, find the formula expressing yin terms of tb the distance fallen through in 35 © the time taken to fall 100m 6 ‘Espirit’ perfume is available in bottles of diferent volumes of similar shapes. ‘The price, $P, is directly proportional to the cube of the bottle height, hem, ‘A 10cm high bottle is $50. Find the formula for Pin terms of ht b theprice of a 12cm high bottle € the height of a bottle of Espirit’ costing $25.60 Exercise 5* I If fis directly proportional to ¢, copy and complete this table. em o2z t+ {| | i | 2 | | 108 2 If mis directly proportional to n*, copy and complete this table mol fs 3 Theresistance to motion, R newtons, of the ‘Storm’ racing car is directly proportional to the square of its speed, « kon/hour, When the car travels, at 160km/hour it experiences a 500 newton resistance. ‘a Find the formula for Rin terms of s 'b What isthe car’s speed when it experiences a resistance of 250 newtons? A Fy ef < = 34 a) ca = 5 4 ‘The height of giants, Hmetres, is directly proportional tothe cuberoot of their age, years. An 8-year-old giant is 3m tall ‘a Find the formula for Hin terms of y. b What ageisa 12m tall giant? 5 The surface area of a sphere is directly proportional to the square of its radius. Acsphere of radius 10 ci must be increased to a radius of em if its surface area is tobe doubled. Find «. 6 ‘Themass of spherical cannon balls is directly proportional to the cube of their diameter ‘Acannon ball of diameter 10cm must be decreased to a diameter of ycm fits mass is tobe halved, Find y, ‘The German astronomer Kepler (1571-1630) devised three astronomical laws. Kepler's third law gives the relationship between the orbital period, t days, of a planet around the Sun, and its mean distance, dkmn, from the Sun, In simple terms, this law states that tis directly proportional tod’ Pind a formula relating t and d, given that the Earth is 150 million km from the Sun, © Copy and complete this table. Planet | d (million km) | Orbital period around Sun t (Earth days) Mercury 579 Jupiter 4315 ¢ ‘Try to find the values of d and t for other planets inthe Solar System, and see if they fit the same relationship.Inverse proportion r = Key Point ‘The temperature of a cup of coffee decreases as timeincreases. g IC yis versely 8 proportional tox, the graph of temperature (7) against time (t) shows 5 Paar ieiid en an inverse relationship : s looks ike this ‘This can be expressed as: Tis inversely proportional tot Im symbols, this is writen as ° a 7 Txt t "The oc sign can then be replaced by "= K,s0 rk t where kis the constant of proportionality Example 4 Expres these equations as relationships with constants of proportionality. ay isinversely proportional to x squared yxk = ook Orreenes neers er renee mel me a ” ¢ © sisinversely proportional tothe squareroot of, sx > s Fs wv & ee rearel vers meet es aennect al = g& Fs Example 5 Fe = Sound intensity, 14B (decibels) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, dm, from the source. At a music festival, it is 110dB, 3m away from a loudspeaker. a Find the formula relating I and d Tis inversely proportional to 1 k @ 1= 110 when d The formulas therefore = °F0 'b Calculate the sound intensity 2m away form the speaker. When d= 2 1-28-2475 ‘The sound intensity is 247.5 4B, 2m away (enough to cause deafness) © Atwhat distance away from the speakers is the sound intensity 50dB? ‘When I= 50 30-9 @=198 d= 445 (382) ‘The sound intensity is 50dB, 4.45 m away from the speakers.2 J Ed = 5 Exercise 6 1 yisinversely proportional to x. If y = 4.when x ~ 3, find ‘athe formula for yin terms of x b ywhenx=2 © xwheny 2 dvaries inversely with t.If d= 10 when t = 25. find ‘a the formula for din terms of ¢ b dwhent=2 ¢ twhend=50 3 mvaries inversely with the square of n. If m= 4 when n = 3, find a the formula for m in terms of n b mwhenn=2 © nwhenm=1 4 V varies inversely with the cube of w. If V = 12.5 when w = 2, find ‘a the formula for Vin terms of w b Vwhenw=1 © wwhen V 08 5 Light intensity, feandle-power, from a lighthouse is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, dim, of an object from this light source. If T= 10 when d = 2m, find the formula for Fin terms of d b thelight intensity at 2m 6 Thelife-expectancy, days, of a cockroach varies inversely with the square of the density, «ipeople/t?, of the human population near its habitat. If L = 100 when d = 0.05, find a the formula for Lin terms of d b thelife-expectancy of a cockroach in an area where the human population density is 0.1 people/m? Exercise 6* 1 If aisinversely proportional to H, copy and complete this table, b 2] 5 fm 50 2 2 Asscientist gathers this data, t 1[4 10 mm 20 4 2 ‘a Which of these relationships describes the collected data? red pet roe h w t e 1b Copy and complete the table 3 The electrical resistance, R ohm, of a fixed length of wire is inversely proportional to the square of its radius, rmm, If R = 0.5 when r= 2, find the formula for Rin terms of r b theresistance of a wire of 3mm radius4 Thecost of Mrs Janus's electricity bill $C, varies inversely with the average temperature, over the period of the bill Ifthe bill $200 when the temperatures 257°C, find the formula expressing Cin terms of b the bill when the temperature is 18°C © the temperature generating a bill of $400 5 The number of people shopping at‘Tang's Cornershop per day. N, varies inversely with the square root of the average outside temperature, °C. Copy and complete this table. Day N t Mon 400 25 Tues 20 Wed 500 1b Theremainder of the week (Thurs to Sat) has a hot spell with a constant daily average temperature of 30°C. What is the average number of people per day who shop at Tang's for that week? (The shop is closed on Sundays.) 6 The time for a pendulum to swing, 7s, is inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration duc to gravity, ymv/s?, On Rarth g = 9.8, but on the Moon g = 1.9. Find the ‘time of swing on the Moon of pendulum whose time taken to swing on Earth is 2s, ‘This graph shows an inverse relationship between the body mass, M kg, of mammals and their average heart pulse, P beats/min. 4 Use the graph to complete this table. P (beats/min) | M (ke) 5 135 Horse 65 ‘@ An unproven theory in biology states that the hearts of all mammals beat the same number of beats in an average life-span, If man lives on average for 75 years, calculate the total number of heart beats in an average life-span, 00 180 ‘Test out this theory by calculating the oat pulse (oeatsiin) expected life-span of the creatures in the table above, A Fy ef < = 3i rt a) Ed ES 5 Exercise 7 (Revision) 1 yis directly proportional to x. If y= 12 when x ~ 2. find the formula for y in terms of x bo ywhenx=7 © xwheny = 66 2 pvariesas the square of ¢.1f p = 20 when q = 2, find the formula for pin terms of ¢ b pwheng=10 © qwhenp= 605 3 The cost, Sc, of laying floor tiles is directly proportional tothe square of the area, am, tobe covered. Ifa 40m: kitchen floor costs $1200 to tile, find ‘a the formula for ein terms of « b the cost of tiling a floor of area 30m? © the area of floor covered by these tles costing $600 4 The time taken, t hours, tomake a set of 20 curtains is inversely proportional to the number of people, n, who work on them. One person would take 80 hours to finish the task. Copy and complete this table, " 172 74] t | 80 [10 Exercise 7* (Revision) 1_y squared varies as z cubed. If y = 20 when z = @ the formula relating ytoz b ywhenz=4 100 © zwhen y 2_ mis inversely proportional to the square root of n. I m= 2.5 x 107 whenn = 1.25 x 10~?, find a the formula for min terms of n b mwhenn=7.5 x 10- © nwhen mis one million 3 ‘The frequency of radio waves, /MElz, varies inversely as their wavelengths, » metres. If Radio 1 hhas/= 99 and y= 3, whats the wavelength of the BBC World Service on 198 kiiz? 4 If yis inversely proportional to the nth power of x, copy and complete this table. * | 025[ 1 | 4 | 25 4” wo | 5 Find the formula for yin terms of».Cubic graphs y = ax? + bx? + cx+d Incubic curves the highest poweraf xis» ‘Those curves have distinctive shapes and can be used to model real-life situations. Example 1 Draw the graph of y = 28° + 2x? ~ 4x for 2 3]4] ss 3 | Set Se +5 4 The curve represents a cross-section of a hillsde,'The top of the curve (R) represents the top of a hill and the bottom of the curve (S) represents the bottom of a valley. State the co-ordinates of R and. ¢ Draw the graph of yUnit 1: Shape and space 1 Circles Remember Radii, tangent, chord A # ABisachord # The letter 0 will always indicate the 8 centre of acitcle # AOABis isosceles @ XVisatangent to the circle at T # ZyTO =90° x. + a : NS LN Angles in the same segment are equal Activity 7 P Use the diagram to prove that the angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference, and use this to prove that f angles in the same segment are equal © opposite angles of a eyelic quadrilateral sum to 180” | in +Remember ‘When trying to find angles or lengths in circles: Use the basic facts of geometry (as summarised on pages 28 and 379), A figure is cyclic if a circle can be drawn through its vertices, The vertices are concyelie points. Always draw ancat diagram, and include all the facts. Use a pair of compasses to draw all circles. Give areason, in brackets, after each statement. Example 1 Find ZPNM. ZNPM = 35° (Angles in the same segment) ZENM = 90° (Angle at centres 180°) ZMNO = 90° (ALMN is right-angled) so. ZPNM~ 30° (Angle sum of triangle PNO} Example 2 Prove that XY meets OZ atright angles. ZOXY = 30° (Alternate to 27YX) ZOYX = 30° (AOXY is isosceles) ZYZ0 = 60° (AYZ0 is isosceles) LUNY 10° (Angle sum of triangle ZNY) fe FS a - fa & = EIOD-e, earee ic AW13 LK and MN are two equal chords of a circle. X and Y are their mid-points. By considering the shape of LKMN, prove that XY makes equal angles with LK and MN, 14 Two circles of different radii and with centres P and Q intersect at X and Y, By considering the shape of XPYO, prove that XY meets PQ at right angles. Exercise 11* For Questions 1-8, find the coloured angles, fully explaining your reasoning. 1 ; i ; . i a bv) ‘ 7 4 5 S 6 u 7 > 4 7 : aS <= 9 Find, in terms of x, 2 AOX. x fe FS a z fa & = FIfe & z Ea = 5 10 Find, in terms of x, 2BCD. 11 ABCDis a quadrilateral in which AB = AD and BD = CD. Let ZDBA = x° and ZDBC = 2°, Prove that A, B, Cand D are concycli. 12. ABCDEF isa hexagon inseribed in a circle. By joining AD, prove that ABC + ZCDE + ZEFA = 360°. 13 Prove that 2CEA = ZBDA, ° 7 A 14 In the figure, OXis the diameter of the smaller circle, which cuts XY at A. Prove that AX = AY. 15. WXYZis acyclic quadrilateral. The sides XY and WZ, produced meet at 0. ‘The sides XW and YZ produced meet at P ZWPZ= 30° and ZYOZ = 20° Find the angles of the quadrilateral, 16 PQand PR are any two chords of a circle, centre O, The diameter, perpendicular to PO, cuts PR at X. Prove that the points Q, 0, X and R are coneyelic.Angles in the alternate segment Copy and complete the table one row at a time by calculating the sizes of the angles on each diagram. G c. cy x Add reasons for your answers in circle C, to form a proof of the Alternate Segment ‘Theorem, Exercise 12 In this exercise, 0 indicates the centre of a circle and T indicates a tangent to the circle. For Questions 1-8, find the coloured angles, fully explaining your reasons. Key Point "The angle between chord ‘and tangent is equal to the angle in the alternate segment, ‘Thisis called the ‘Alternate Segment ‘Theorem’ Cuenca10 Find a Z0TR bb Zorc =e «ocr: ds ZITA 11 Copy and complete these two statements to prove NPT = / PLT. Ww A 8 t T wr ef & ZNTM =... (Alternate segment) 3 ZPLI =... (Corresponding angles) A 12 Copy and complete these two statements to prove / ATF = BAR A 2ATE= ZED...) a ZEDT= ZBAP(...) x 13 Copy and complete these two statements to prove ZATC = ZBI. ZAIC =... (Alternate segment) ZABT = ZBTD(.,..) 14 Copy and complete these two statements to prove af 7 WZ T T o ‘hat triangles BCT and TRD are similar 2CTB =...” (Alternate segment) cy T e > = e T iscommon. *fe & z Ea = 5 Exercise 12* In this exercise, 0 indicates the centre of a circle and T indicates a tangent to the circle. For Questions 1-4, find the coloured angles, fully explaining your reasons, 5 Prove that ABis the diameter, 6 Given that BCT = ZTCD, prove that ZTBC = 90°. + ¢| Io »7 The inscribed circle of triangle XYZ. touches XY at A, YZ at Band X7Zat C.If L7XY = 68° and Z7YX = 44°. find a ZABC b ZAcB 8 PRY and POX are tangents to the circle RSQ. If ZSRY = 154° and 2SOX = 136°, find a ZRS0 b ZRPQ 9 Find a ZDAE b 2BED © Prove that triangle ACD is isosceles. . 10 Bind Z es a 2DTA 3 b cBeT y Ey € Prove that triangles BCT and BID are similar 3 Fs A i é T A s 11 CDand AB are tangents at T Find ETF 3 3 12. ABand CD are tangents at T and DTB is less than 90°, Find ZDEB,13 a Explain why ZACG = ZABF = 15°, b Prove that the points CFGB are coneyclic. ¢ 14 ABandDEare tangents to the circle, centre 0. \ on NY (i) 70° (ii) 20° iT b brow that Bisthe mld pont of Dt, A 15 a Giving reasons, find, in terms of x, the D £ angles EOC and CAE. Use your answers to show that triangle ABEis isosceles. g SS b If BE = CE prove that BE will be the tangent to the larger circle at E fe & z Ea = 5 Intersecting chords and tangents ‘wo chordsintersectinginsidea circle APXPB= CP XPD 8 AbD = 8c Vercally opposite anaes) iS> 0 BA = CBA (Anglesin same segment; chord AC) ¢ AP PA = AP? AP=CP Now, C and D ‘become’ the same point s0 cP x PD>cP x PC= cP? AP? = cP! Example 3 AP = 120m, PD = 8emand CP = 9em, Find BP Let BP Now, AP X PB = CP x PD so 12Xx=9X8 9x8 80, Example 4 (CD = 7am, DP = SemandBP = 6em.Find AB. A, Let AB = x. Now, AP X PB = CP x PD AP = AB+BP =x +6 cP=cp+pP So (x +6) x6 So x+6=10 So x fe FS a - fa & = EIfe & z Ea = 5 Exercise 13 1 AP=15cm,PB=6cmandDP=4em. 2 CP = 20cm, PB= 7emand AP = I5em, Find cP Find DP. 3 AB=10cm,PB=3emandDP=2em. 4 Find cP 5 AP=15cm,BP=6cmandDP=Sem. 6 AB=8cm,BP = 12cmandDP = 10cm. Find CP Find CD. A, A 8 e Pe P 15 ° ° 7 EX=8cm,HX=6cmandGH= 10cm, 8 QR=5em,PQ= 7emandRS = 4em Find BR Find ST, P9 PTisatangent tothe circle, PS =9em 10 PQisatangent to the circle. PQ = 20cm and SR = 7em. Calculate the length PT. and OR = 16cm. Calculate the length SR. L P o Example 5 AP = Sem, PB = Sem and CD = 14m, Find PD. < (x= 10-4) =0 50 4or 10cm. Example 6 AB = 7em,PB = Semand CD =4em.FindPD. 4, Let PD = x, then CP = 4+ x. Now, cP XPD 60 = 4x4 x? 44x 60=0 (x— 6x + 10) =0. so x= 6m Exercise 13* 1 PR=10em,RT=4emandQT=8em. 2 VP = 7em, VX = 16emand PY = 6em. Find ST. Find WY. e, W o 9 LetSQ=x,RO=yandtheradius=r. 10 PQisatangent to the circle, PS passes ‘a. Show that the Intersecting Chord through the centre of the circle at 0 ‘Theorem and Pythagoras’ Theorem. SR = 64mm and RQ = 36mm. in ASQ give the same equation a Calculate the length PO. in x, andr. b Hence calculate the radius of the b Calculate ewhen y = 8 and cirele Cpe SExercise 14 (Revision) For Questions 1-4, find the coloured angles, fully explaining your reasoning, > oS ‘ ‘ > A A ja / LI e 6 s 6 HF = Sem, EG = I4emandGHt = Som Calculate II fe FS a - fa & = EIfe & z Ea = 5 Exercise 14” (Re 1 Find 2 PQisatangent to the circle a ZEID a Forman equation in x, b ZTEB b Solve the equation tofind © Prove that ECis the diameter of length RO. the circle 300m 3 AP=9em,AD=13em,BC=15em, 4 PB = xand CP = y. Bind x and y. 5 ABisthe common tangent. a Find 2X71. b Find 2wvT, © Prove that XZis parallel to WY. 6 ABCis any triangle inscribed in a circle. The bisector of angle A meets CB at X and the circle at ¥. Draw a neat diagram, then prove that ‘a triangle BCY is isosceles. b ZABY = ZBXYRemember A set is a collection of objects, deseribed byallist or arule, Bach object is an element or member of the set. Sets are equal if they have exactly the same elements. ‘The number of elements of set Ais given by n(A). ‘The empty set isthe set with no members, ‘The universal set contains all the elements being discussed in a particular problem, Bisa subset of A if every member of Bisamember of A. ‘The complement of set A isthe set of, all elements not in A. ‘The intersection of A and Bis the set of elements which are in both AandB ‘The union of A and Bisthe set of elements which are in A or B or both, A= (1.3.5) 1EA2EA B= (5.3.1},B=A nia) {yore ‘ « ROA seers) CO) x * C ) Mo = A 8 AUB ¢ A 8Problems involving sets Entering the information from a problem into a Venn diagram usually means the numbers in the sets can be worked out. Sometimes itis easier to use some algebra as well, Example 1 Imaclass of 23 students, 15 lke coffe, 13 ike tea and 4 students don't ke either drink How many like a teaonly b coffee only © both deinks? Enter the information into a Venn diagram in stages. Let Ce the set of coffee drinkers and Ttheset of tea drinkers. Let x be the number of students who like both. | & ¥ ‘The 4 students who don’t like either drink can be put in, along with « for the students who like both. Now the other information can be added. ‘The number who hike coflee, tea or both is 23-4=19. 4} ‘This means nl€ UT) = 19. So(1S—x)+x+(13—x)=19 28-x=19 9 S09 students like both, ‘The number liking tea only is 13 — x= 4. ‘The number liking coffee only is 15 — x = 6. a = S Exercise 15 1 Inaclass of 40 students, 18 had watched ‘Next Door' last © night, 23 had watched ‘Westenders’ and 7 had watched both programmes. How many students did not watch either programine? ND w 2 There are 182 spectators at a football ‘match. 79 are wearing a hat, 62 are ‘wearing a scarf and 27 are wearing a hhat but nota searf, How many are ‘wearing neither a hat nor a searf? oie 83° Inone form in a school, 13 students are studying media, 12 students are studying sociology, 8 students are studying both and 5 students are doing neither subject. ‘How many students are there in the form? 4 Inatown, 9 shops rent out videos, 12 shops rent out DVDs, 7 shops rent out both and 27 shops rent out neither videos nor DVDs, How many shops are there in the town? 5 Ayouth group has 31 members. 15 like skateboarding, 13 like roller skating and 8 don't like either. How many like a. skateboarding only: b rollerskatingonly both? 6 52 students are going on a skiing trip. 28 have skied before, 30 have snowboarded before, while 12 have done neither: How many have done both sports before? Exercise 15* 1A social club has 40 members. 18 like singing, 7 like both singing and dancing, while 6 like neither, How many like dancing? 2 At'Tom's party there were both pizzas and burgers to eat, Some people had one of each ‘The number who had a burger only was seven more than the number who had both. ‘Twice as many people ate a pizza only as the number who had both. The number who ate neither was the same as the number who had both. If there were 57 people at the party, how many people ate both? 3 Inthe end-of-year exams, 68 students took Mathematics, 72 took Physics and 77 took, Chemistry. 44 took Mathematics and Physics, 55 took Physics and Chemistry, 50 took ‘Mathematics and Chemistry, while 32 took all three subjects. Draw a Venn diagram to represent this information and hence calculate how many students took these three 4 A group of 40 teenagers have all seen the film ‘Parry Hotter’. 22 have seen it on DVD, 23 have seen it on video and 17 have seen it at the cinema. 12 have seen it on DVD and video, 6 have seem it on video and at the cinema, and 7 have seen it on DVD and at the cinema. How many have seen it on DVD, on video and at the cinema? (Hint —in the Venn diagram let be the number who have seen it on DVD, on video and at the cinema.) 5 Inaformof 25 students, 19 have scientific calculators and 14 have graphic calculators. If x students have both and y students have neither, what are the largest and smallest possible values of x and y? 6 Itisclaimed that 75% of teenagers can ride a bike and 65% can swim. What can be said “about the percentage who do bath?a = S a 8 baAuBNG 4 On copies of diagram 3 shade the following sets a (auByNe a Identifying sets by shading Sometimes itean be dificult to find the intersection or unlon of sets in a Venn diagram. If one sets shaded in one direction and the other st in another direction, then the intersection is given wherever there is cross shading: the union is given by any shading at all. Example 2 Show on a Venn diagram a v'nB bo vUB ‘The diagrams show first the sets A and B, then the set A’ shaded one way, then the set B shaded the other way: co os Ses A and SeLA’ shaded one way Set B shaded the ler way * : p ° Stang hows A AB Stang shows A UB Exercise 16 “ 4 ° 1 Oncopes of diagram I shade the follwing sets ane b AUB eank ____ Dingo 1 d AUB nee 2 On copies of diagram 2 shade the following sets: uy A ane b aun ean’ aun Diagram 2 3. Oncopies of diagram 3 shade the following sets: a ANBNC * b AUBUC’ a Diagram 35 Describe the shaded sets using set notation. « © s 8 68 6 Describe the shaded sets using set notation: « « Exercise 16* 1 Oncopies of diagram 1 shade the following sets: acanBy s b (AUBY © (AMBY a (auBy at = 5 2 On copies of diagram 2 shade the following sets: a (AnBy a b (AuBy any d (A UBy Diagram 2 3 On copies of diagram 3 shade the following sets: * a ANBNC y 7 Bb ANBNCY © (AMB)UC a (auBync e Diagram 3 4 On copies of diagram 3 shade the following sets: a AUB OG banBuUC © AUBNG) a (AUB)NCct = S 5 Describe the shaded sets using set notation: * * * A 3 A 8 a 8 3 e e 6 Describe the shaded sets using set notation: « « « A 8 a 8 a 8 e e e 7 This question is about De Morgan's Laws. ‘These state that (A UB)’ = A’ NB’ and (A BY’ = AUB. ‘Shade copies of diagram 4 to show the following sets: A UB, (A UB)’, A’, B’ and A’ NB and thus prove the first law. Use a similar method to prove the second law. « Diagram 4 Set-builder notation Sets can be described using set-builder notation: A= {xsuch that x> 2} means ‘is the set ofall x such that «is greater than 2" Rather than write ‘such that’, the notation A = (x: x> 2} is used. B = {xix > 2}, wis a positive integer} means the set of positive integers x such that «is greater than 2. This means B = (3,4, 5, 6,..}. Certain sets of numbers are used so frequently that they are given special symbols. Nis the set of natural numbers or positive integers {1, 2, 3,4, «). Zis the set of integers {... -2, ~1,0, 1,2...) {Qiis the set of rational numbers. Ris the set of real numbers.Example 3 ‘The set (3,4, 5, 6, ...} is written as B = (x: x > 2, x € Ni}. ‘The set A = {x: x > 2, x € R} is the set of all real numbers greater than two. Note that 3.2 € A but 3.2 €B, so A +B. ‘The set {x: x is even, x € N} is the set {2, 4, 6, ...}. ‘The set {x: x = 3y, y EN} is the set (3, 6, 9, 12, Exercise 17 1 List the following sets: ‘a (cis a weekday beginning with T} b {:2isacolourin traffic lights} © (ex<7,2EN} d (w-2 2, x © U8} means A is the set of all x such that xis greater than 2, Unit 1: Summary 1A E 5 rd Unit 1: Examination practice 1 "The average fuel consumption of a Boeing 757 is: 0.4mpg (miles per gallon) and in flying from London to Nice it uses 2400 gallons. ‘a One the same route another plane uses 800 gallons. Find ts fuel consumption, 1b ‘The fuel consumption of another plane is 0.5 mpg, How much fuel would it use on the same route? ‘Change these recurring decimals to fractions. a 058 b 0.567 Which of these fractions produce terminating decimals? vis directly proportional tox. Ix= 10 andy = 5, find aa formula for yin terms of x 5 © xwheny =} b ywhen pis directly proportional to 4 squared. If q= 10. when p = 20, find: aformula for pin terms of q pwhenq= 20 © qwhen p= 20 ‘A machine produces coins, of a fixed thickness, from a given volume of metal, ‘The number of coins, N, produced is inversely proportional to the square of the diameter, d a 4000 coins are made of diameter 1.5em. Find the value of the constant of proportionality, k b Find the formula for Nin terms of d ¢ Find the number of coins that can be produced of diameter 2em. 4 If 1000 coins are produced, find their diameter. ‘x varies directly as the cube root of When y = 27, x = 12. Find a formula connecting x and y. b Find the value of y when x = 32. 8 Dave launches a model aeroplane. The height, lima, of the plane t seconds after launch is given by f ha Gr-ers a valid foro = t= 5. a Make a table of values giving h for 0 = t = 5 and draw a graph of h against t b Use your graph to find the height above the ground at the launch, © What is the minimum height above the ground and, the time at which this occurs? Between what times is the plane less than one metre above the ground? 9a Drawthe graph of yax + 3x? x 3 for-5 7 50 8 60 9 9x 10° 10 8x10" uw 4 12 7 13. Ananometre is 10-* metres. ‘a How many nanometres are there in 200km? 1b How many km are there in 10° nanometres? 14 Amicrometre is 10~* metres. a How many micrometres are therein 5000 km? 1b How many km are there in 10" micrometres? s FS E Ei F rrConverting areas ‘A diagram is useful, as shown in the following examples. Example 3 Arectangle measures Im by 2m. Find the area in mm? Imis 1000mm, 2m 2mis 200mm. So the diagram is as shown on the right. 100mm tm So the area is 1000 x 2000 mm? = 2000000mm? =2X 10° mm? 2000 Example 4 Change 30000cm? to m? = mx Im = 100em x 100em 00cm tm 10000em? 30000 So Jom? = m Tooem $0 30000em! = T5599 eee Exercise 20 Fillin the gaps in the following table. Jem? om 1 2 2 4 3 r 4 3 5 50 6 80 7 6x 10° 8 3x10? 9 108 10 10# un 4x 108 2 5x 10°Exercise 20* Fillin the gaps in the following table Jan? an! om: mm? 1 80 2 90. 3 6000 4 4000 5 6x 10% 6 3x 10 7 2x 10% 8 5x 10% 9 7x 107 10 9x 10-4 u 4 12 5 Converting volumes Remember Litre = 1000em* Again diagrams are very helpful Example 5 A cuboid measures 1m by 2m by 3m. Find the volume in mun’ Amis 100mm. 2mis 2000mm, 3mis 300mm, 200mm 000 x 2000 x 300mm? = 6 x 10%mm* 000mm 000mm So the volume isChange 107 cm? tom’, Im! = 1m X Im X 1m s00em 100¢m X 100em x 100em Aooem = 10cm? To00m So 1O"em? = Tgsm* 10m’ Exercise 21 Fill in the gaps in the following table. mt mi em? mm? 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 5 8 6 6 7 4x 10° 8 5x10 9 10% 10 108 n 7x10? 12 3x10 13. How many litres are there in 1m‘ 14 How many litres are there in 1 km"? 15 How many m’ are there in 10.000 litres? 16 How many mm! are there in 10 litres?Exercise 21* Fillin the gaps in the following table, we wee aL 12 LB 4 16 17 18. km? m 70 80 600 500 3x 108 6 x 10% 5x 108 4x 10-* 8x Lo 3 8 How many litres are there in 512m"? How many litres are there in 12k"? How many mare there in 10* litres? How many mm’ are there in 100 litres? A picometre is 10-"*m. How many cubic picometres are there in I km"? Light travels at about 300000km/s. A light year is the distance light travels in one year How many mm? are there in 1 cubic ight year?Negative and fractional indices % Rules of indices 32x B= 325 = 35 = 243 (Ada the indices: a X a" = a") 3 # (218 = 2° = 64 (Multiply the indices: (a”" = a" = ar) 1 ) Bhs gts ght gt o4 (Subtract the indices: «= a" = a") ant (FD #107? = 67 (w 3x3 aso! =F («= Wand similarly a = 1) Single negative and fractional indices Example 7 ‘Without using a calculator, evaluate these and, where appropriate, leave the answer as a fraction. Example 8Example 9 ‘Simplify these. a dxdxcedneg 6 bo Bax 20 = 6 x a = Get =O 3 Exercise 22 Without using a calculator, evaluate these. Where appropriate, leave the answer as a fraction, 13 2a 3 1071 52 65 79 9st 10 64! 4 13 27! 14 8! 4s 22x27 17 212 18 2-7 +25 19 -1P 212? x 2? 22 stx at 2322221 26 (3~) Use your calculator to work out these, correct to 3 significant figures. 27 58 2s 29 23% 31 x o> 32 33 39x30 35 6s 64 36 37 3a # 39 337 40 41 (82! Simplify these. aa 48 Bix pre 43 axa a7 exexe PRPXPE 49 4107 8127 1230 16 x27 20 24 30 a4 a8 42 24 axa 2 ory Pa 46 50 WyExercise 22* Without using a calculator, evaluate these. Where appropriate, leave the answer as a fraction, 12-6 234 3 125' 481 5 6 638° 7 Wx BH XI ER 9 200x«! 10 9003-9? an A 2 1B 01x01 1402x027 As > 16 7 18 2} 19 (67 20 Use your calculator to work out these, correct to 3 significant figures. 2a lat 24 14.64 Simplify these 27 axa 30 (274)? 33 3a? x da 36 Webi Solve these for x 39:93 a2 si=2" — 1 45 Findkif = (= Simplify these. a7 1sa 506 a 56 8b x 2b x (2b)? ( 59 (i 22 1.02-* 23 362° 25 KSSH 26 A KAS as 28 XI 29 (0)? BL at bate 32 I aI 2 34 4B x 20 35 axa 37 eh 38 (dy 41 gia se aaa} 46 Find kit ot = “T 48.1 49 peed m siete 3d 52 det 4 54 (2m)-? X 2m? 55 (3a) 2 54 2m) 5 Ga" se 57 (—3a)' = (3a-*) 58 (8d-*) = (2d-1) 60 Find aand bif 2* = 64nd 10'= 0.001