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Mathematics in Action 4B Ch7
Mathematics in Action 4B Ch7
7 Logarithmic Functions
Activity
∴
∵
∴
∵
∴
∵
2. (a) (i)
x>1 positive
(b)
(c) increases
(b)
4.
28
7 Logarithmic Functions
(c)
(d)
= 8−3
2.
(a)
To Learn More
Classwork
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(e)
29
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
(f) ∴
(a)
(b)
(b)
then
(b) If ,
(a)
then
Quick Practice
∴ log 0.0001 =
(b)
∴ =
30
7 Logarithmic Functions
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
Quick Practice 7.6 (p. 7.13)
Quick Practice 7.9 (p. 7.18)
(a) ∵ The corresponding sound intensity level
(b) ∵
∴
∴ has no solutions.
and
31
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
(1) – (2):
∴
∴ It takes at least 14 months for the value of the mobile phone
to become less than half of its original value.
∴
Quick Practice 7.12 (p. 7.22)
(b) ∵
(a)
∴ ∴
(a)
(b)
(b)
32
7 Logarithmic Functions
(c) (b)
Alternative Solution
(c)
(a)
(a)
(i) From the graph, when x = 2.3, y = –1.2.
(b)
(ii)
Quick Practice 7.19 (p. 7.34) From the graph, when x = 3.5, y = –1.8.
(a)
∴
33
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
(b)
(ii)
From the graph, when y = 1.3, x = 0.4. 1. (a)
∴ The solution of is x = 0.4.
Further Practice
(b)
∴ has no
1. (a) solutions.
(b)
2. (a)
2. (a)
34
7 Logarithmic Functions
(b)
Alternative Solution
(b)
Exercise
1. ∵
∴
1. (a)
2. ∵
(b) 3. ∵
(c) 4. ∵
5.
(d)
6.
2. (a) 7.
8. ∵
35
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
9. ∵
10. ∵ 18.
11. ∵
∴ 19.
12. ∵
∴
20.
13. ∵
21.
14.
22.
15.
23.
16.
24.
17.
36
7 Logarithmic Functions
28. (a)
25. (b)
26. (a)
(b)
(c)
Level 2
(c)
29.
(d)
30.
(b) 32.
33.
(c)
37
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
39.
34.
40.
35.
41.
36.
42. (a)
37. (b)
(c)
38.
43. (a)
38
7 Logarithmic Functions
1. ∵
2. ∵
∴
(b)
3. ∵
4. ∵
(c) 5. ∵
6. ∵
44.
∴
45. ∵ and
∴ and
7.
∴ for b = 8.
9.
47. No, for a = 2 and b = 5,
log a + log b = log (ab) = log 10 = 1
which is a rational number.
10.
11.
16.
12.
13.
17.
14.
18.
15.
19.
40
7 Logarithmic Functions
Level 2
26.
20.
21.
27.
∴ has no solutions.
22.
28.
23.
29.
24.
30.
25.
41
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
31.
35.
32.
36.
From (2),
33.
∴
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
37.
From (2),
34.
∴
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
42
7 Logarithmic Functions
43
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
∴ The ratio of the energy released in the earthquake in ∴ The original value of the television
town P to that in town Q is 5.62 : 1. is $15 000.
9. (a)
∵
∴
∴
∴ It takes at least 23 months for the
value of the LCD television to become less
than half of its original value.
Level 2
13. Let I W/m2 be the original sound intensity of the Hi-Fi,
then the sound intensity is 0.6I W/m2 after adjustment.
∵ The original sound intensity level is 90 dB.
10. (a)
∴
∴
Let β dB be the sound intensity level of the Hi-Fi after
(b) ∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at
adjustment.
(0, 3).
∴
(2) – (1):
∴
and
(2) – (1):
∴
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at
∴ The sound intensity in restaurant B is 3.16 times of the (0, 2).
sound intensity in restaurant A.
∴
15. Let E1 and E2 be the energy released (in J) by the Hiroshima
atomic bomb and in the Indian Ocean Earthquake (b) From (a),
respectively.
(2) – (1):
(ii) When y = 0.1,
and
∵
∴
By substituting E2 = 8E1 into (2), we have
∴
45
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
respectively.
i.e.
∴
∴ It takes at least 7 minutes for the number of
bacteria in the test tube to become more than
triple of its original number.
22. Suppose more than 80% of the food intake will pass
through the stomach after n hours.
∴ ∵
∴
∴
∴ It takes at least 26 years for the population to
be less than 1000. 2. ∵
∴
20. Suppose Jenny receives an amount exceeding $30 000 after
n years.
3. ∵
∵
∴
∴
4. ∵
∵
6.
46
7 Logarithmic Functions
7.
8.
15.
9.
16.
10.
17.
11.
18.
12.
19.
13.
20.
21. (a)
14.
47
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
27.
(b)
∴ , or ,
(or any positive numbers a and b with ab = 2)
Level 2
(c)
29.
(b)
(c)
23.
24.
30.
25.
31.
26.
48
7 Logarithmic Functions
32.
36.
33.
34. 37.
38.
35.
39.
49
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
40. (a)
(b)
(b)
(c) 43.
44.
41.
45.
46.
∴ has no
solutions.
42. (a)
50
7 Logarithmic Functions
5. (a)
47.
(b)
48.
2. (a) (1, 0)
(b) yes; y = 0
6. (a), (b)
7. (a) (0, 1)
4. (a)
(b), (c)
(b) 8. (a)
51
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
∴ (b)
(ii) From the graph, when x = 9, y = 1.35. (i) From the graph, when y = 0.6, x =
1.5.
∴ ∴ The solution of
is x = 1.5.
(b)
(ii)
From the graph, when y = –1.4, x =
0.4.
∴ The solution of
is x = 0.4.
10. (a)
(i) From the graph, when x = 2.5, y = –1.8.
9. (a)
(i) From the graph, when x = 2.6, y =
1.4.
(ii)
From the graph, when x = 7, y = −3.8.
(ii)
From the graph, when x = 4.3, y =
2.1.
∴ ∴
52
7 Logarithmic Functions
(b)
(c)
6. (a)
(i)
From the graph, when y = −1.8, x = 2.5.
∴ The solution of is x = 2.5.
(b)
(ii)
From the graph, when y = −6, x = 21.5.
∴ The solution of is
x = 21.5. 7. (a)
3. (1, 0)
4.
8.
(b) ∵
53
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
(c) ∵
2. (a) ∵
(b)
(b) ∵
(c) ∵
(c)
3. (a)
(b)
(d)
5. (a) ∵
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
4. (a) 6.
54
7 Logarithmic Functions
11. (a)
7.
(b)
8.
(c)
12.
13.
9.
10. (a)
14.
(b)
15.
(c)
55
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
16.
17.
∴ has no solutions.
22. Let I1 and I2 be the sound intensities (in W/m2) in the study
room and at home respectively.
18.
and
(1) − (2):
∵
∴ The Pakistan Earthquake was more likely to cause more
serious damage.
20.
56
7 Logarithmic Functions
28. (a)
(b) yes; y = x
25. Suppose the value of the car depreciates to less than
$366 000 after n years.
Level 2
∵
29.
∴
∴ It takes at least 4 years for the value of the car to
depreciate to less than $366 000.
30.
∴
∴ It takes at least 12 years for Mr Wong’s salary to be
more than double his salary in 2012.
31.
27. (a)
(b) yes; y = 0
57
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
(c)
32.
37.
33.
34.
38.
35.
36. (a)
39.
∴ has no solutions.
(b)
58
7 Logarithmic Functions
44.
40.
45.
41.
46.
42.
47.
From (2),
∴
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
43.
59
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
∴
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
49. (a) ∴
∴ It takes at least 37 years for the number of black people
to exceed the number of white people.
∴ , where a, b > 0 and a, b ≠ 1
∴ The number of black people will exceed the number of
white people starting from year 2050.
(b) or or or
(any two of the answers) 53. (a) Let m be the number of years for the radioactive
substance to decay to half of its initial weight.
50. (a) ∴
60
7 Logarithmic Functions
∴
∵
(ii)
From the graph, when x = 1.8, y = 0.4.
∴
∴ It takes at least 16 years for the radioactive
substance to lose more than 10% of its initial
weight.
(ii)
From the graph, when y = 0.6, x = 2.3.
55. (a)
(i) From the graph, when x = 3.5, y = 0.9.
61
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
∴
(ii)
∵ Slope of the line =
∴
(b) (i)
From the graph, when y = 0.8, x = 3.6.
(b) (i) From (a)(ii), we have
∴ The solution of is x = 3.6.
57. (a) ∴
2. Answer : C
From the graph,
when x = 3,
when x = 4, 3. Answer : C
∴
∴ The time taken is 0.3 minutes.
62
7 Logarithmic Functions
When
9. Answer : C
∴
∵ Intercept on the vertical axis = 1
5. Answer : B ∴
10. Answer : B
6. Answer : A
∵
∵
∴ ∴
i.e. is the smallest.
∴ The answer is B.
11. Answer : A
For I:
7. Answer : B
For I:
∵ a > 0 and b < 0 The graphs of and show reflectional
∴ ab < 0 symmetry with each other about the line y = x.
i.e. log(ab) is undefined. ∴ I is true.
∴ I must be true. For II:
For II:
The graphs of and show reflectional
symmetry with each other about the x-axis.
∴ II is true.
Let For III:
63
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
∴
∴ II is true.
For I:
The larger the value of a, the flatter is the graph of
for a > 1.
∵ The graph of is flatter than the graph of
.
∴ and . 3.
∴ I is false.
For III:
The graphs of logarithmic functions cut the x-axis at (1, 0).
∴ III is true.
For IV:
∵ is undefined for .
∵ The domain of g(x) is all positive real numbers.
∴ IV is true.
∴ The answer is D.
4.
Exam Focus
2. Given that α and β are the roots of the equation Consider the graph of .
. From the shape of the graph, we know that .
∵
∴ ,
i.e. the intercept on the vertical axis of the required graph is
positive.
∵
∴ ,
i.e. the slope of the required graph is negative.
∴ The answer is C.
64
7 Logarithmic Functions
2. Answer : A
∵ Slope of the line 7. Let K be the number of radioactive ions (in billion) found in
the substance.
3. Answer : A
4. Answer : D
5. Answer : C
∵
∴
∵
∴
6. Answer : C
65