Topic 2 Textbook Ex Solutions

HKDSE CHEMISTRY  A Modern View (Second Edition) Coursebook 1
(Reprinted with minor amendments 2019)
Chapter 5 Atomic Structure
Class practice
A5.1 (p.5-7)
1. (a) P is a non-metal because it is brittle and does not conduct electricity.
Although Q conducts electricity, it is brittle. Hence, Q is a non-metal. R is a
semi-metal because it conducts electricity only when heated or slightly
impure. S is a metal because it is hard and strong. Moreover, it conducts
electricity.
(b) Q could be graphite.
2. (a) Mercury. All are metals. Mercury is a liquid, while others are solids at room
conditions.
(b) Sulphur. Sulphur is a non-metal, while others are metals.
(c) Iodine. All are non-metals. Iodine is a solid, while others are gases at room
conditions.
(d) Graphite. All are non-metals. Graphite conducts electricity, while others are
non-conductors of electricity.
(Accept other reasonable answers.)
A5.2 (p.5-10)
1. A, B, D
2. (a) D
(b) A
3. Diameter of an atom = 2 × 10–10 × 2 × 1000 mm = 4 × 10–7 mm
1 mm
Number of atoms = = 2.5 × 106
4  10  7 mm
A5.3 (p.5-12)
(a) (i) Mg (ii) O (iii) He
(b) (i) N (ii) Na (iii) Br
(c) (i) fluorine (ii) chlorine (iii) mercury
A5.4 (p.5-15)
(a) Hydrogen atom
(b) 91 electrons. The number of neutrons cannot be predicted from the given data.
(c) It is not an atom. The numbers of protons and electrons are not equal.
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 1

A5.5 (p.5-19)
1. (a) Aluminium
27
(b) 13Al
(c) (i) 13
(ii) 13
(iii) 27 – 13 = 14
2.
Atomic Mass Number of
Element
number number protons neutrons electrons
Neon 10 20 10 10 10
Potassium 19 39 19 20 19
Gold 79 197 79 118 79
Iron 26 56 26 30 26
3. B
4. D
A5.6 (p.5-22)
1. (a) 3
16
(b) 8O
2. A and D are isotopes because they have the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons.
A5.7 (p.5-26)
1. (a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 235
(e) We cannot tell from the given data because the mass number is not given.
2. Relative atomic mass of magnesium
= 24 × 78.6% + 25 × 10.1% + 26 × 11.3% = 24.3
3. Let the relative abundance of 85Q and 87Q be y% and (100 – y)% respectively.
85.5 = 85 × y% + 87 × (100 – y)%
8550 = 85y + 8700 – 87y
y = 75
Thus, the relative abundance of 85Q is 75% and that of 87Q is 25%.

A5.8 (p.5-29)
1. (a) 2
(b) 2,5
(c) 2,8,7
(d) 2,8,8,1
2. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
Self-test
Self-test 5.2 (p.5-25)
Relative atomic mass of boron = 10 × 19.7% + 11 × 80.3% = 10.8
Self-test 5.3 (p.5-25)

Let the relative abundance of 63X be y% and that of 65X be (100 – y)%.
63.5 = 63 × y% + 65 × (100 – y)%
6350 = 63y + 6500 – 65y
∴ y = 75
(100 – y) = 100 – 75 = 25
Thus, the relative abundance of 63X is 75% and that of 65X is 25%.
Think about
Think about (p.5-2)
1. Yes. The smaller particles present in an atom are protons, neutrons and electrons.
2. Refer to Section 5.2.
3. Refer to Section 5.3.
Think about (p.5-4)
The brown solid is copper. It is a metal.
Try it now (p.5-19)

40 40
○
1 Atomic number of 18Ar = 18; mass number of 18Ar = 40
40
○
2 Number of protons in 18Ar = 18

40
○
3 Number of electrons in 18Ar = 18
40
○
4 Number of neutrons in 18Ar = 40 – 18 = 22
Chapter exercise (p.5-35)

1. metals; semi-metals
2. bromine; mercury
3. metals; graphite
4. atom
5. element
6. atoms
7. symbol
8. nucleus; neutrons; electrons
9. proton; electron; neutron
10. atomic
11. mass
12. Isotopes; protons
13. carbon-12
14. relative isotopic masses
15. electron shells
16. electronic arrangement
17. (a)
Atomic Mass Number of Electronic
Atom
number number protons neutrons electrons arrangement
7Li 3 7 3 4 3 2,1
24Mg 12 24 12 12 12 2,8,2
40Ar 18 40 18 22 18 2,8,8
39K 19 39 19 20 19 2,8,8,1
(b)
18. B

19. A
20. D
21. A
1
The atom of 1H has no neutron.
22. C
13
An atom of the 6C isotope contains 6 electrons.
23. C
24. B
In the nucleus of an oxygen atom, there are 8 protons and 8 neutrons.
1
In the nucleus of an atom of 1H, there is 1 proton but no neutron.
25. C
69 71
Let the relative abundance of 31X be y% and that of 31X be (100 – y)%.
69.7 = 69 × y% + 71 × (100 – y)%
6970 = 69y + 7100 – 71y
y = 65
69 71
Thus, the relative abundance of 31X is 65% and that of 31X is 35%.
26. B
The innermost shell holds two electrons and the outermost shell holds five
electrons. The atomic number of Q can be 2 + 5 = 7.
27. (a) True. This is because there is no gaseous metal or semi-metal under room
conditions.
(b) False. This is because mercury is a liquid metal under room conditions.
(c) False. This is because carbon (graphite) is a non-metal which can conduct
electricity. /This is because pure semi-metals cannot conduct electricity
under room conditions.
(d) False. This is because some non-metals (e.g. diamond and graphite) have
high melting points and boiling points.
(e) True. This is because non-metals are not malleable and not ductile.
28. (a) Q and R

(b) Carbon
(c) Carbon-13 and carbon-14
13 13 14 14
(d) 5 P, 6 Q, 6 R, 7 S
29. (a) 235

(b) Neutron
(c) It has 56 protons, 56 electrons and 88 neutrons.
(d) Relative atomic mass of uranium
= 234 × 0.0055% + 235 × 0.72% + 238 × 99.27% = 238
30. (a) Making transistors/computer chips.

(b) The electrical conductivity of silicon can be increased by heating it.
(c) (i) Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, with the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
(ii) 28
(iii) Relative atomic mass of silicon
= 28 × 92.23% + 29 × 4.68% + 30 × 3.09% = 28.1
(d) (i) Atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the atom.
Mass number of an atom is the sum of the numbers of protons and
neutrons in the atom.
(ii)
Number of Number of Electronic
Atom
protons neutrons arrangement
28
14 Si 14 14 2,8,4
29
14 Si 14 15 2,8,4
30
14 Si 14 16 2,8,4

Chapter 6 The Periodic Table
Class practice
A6.1 (p.6-5)
(a) Period 4, Group VII
(b) Halogens
(c) Bromine
A6.2 (p.6-10)
1. (a) 2,8,8,2
(b) Yes, because it is a metal.
(c) 12R
2. (a)
(b) 3X has two occupied electron shells and 11Y has three occupied electron
shells.
(c) Yes, this is because they have the same number of outermost shell electrons.
A6.3 (p.6-19)
(a) (i) They both have one (the same number of) outermost shell electron.
(ii) Lithium atom has two occupied electron shells while sodium atom has three
/ they have different numbers of occupied electron shells.
(b) Both of them are soft metals. They can be cut with a knife.
Both of them have low densities.
(c) The reactivity of Group II elements increases down the group.
(d) Potassium. Group I elements are generally more reactive than Group II elements.
Moreover, the reactivity of Group I elements increases down the group.
(e) Both of them react readily with dilute hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen.
(f) Fluorine. The reactivity of Group VII elements decreases down the group.
(g) This is because Group 0 elements have a stable electronic structure/a duplet or an
octet of electrons.
A6.4 (p.6-20)
(a) 2
(b) They have the same number of outermost shell electrons in their atoms.
(c) The reactivity of Group II elements increases down the group.

(d) (i) Beryllium has no reaction with cold water.

(ii) Barium reacts vigorously with cold water.
(e) Hydrogen
(f) Barium is more reactive than strontium. It should be stored under paraffin oil.
Think about
Think about (p.6-2)
1. They are classified in categories according to their uses.
2. It would be very difficult for customers to find what they want in a short period
of time.
3. Yes. Elements with similar chemical properties are arranged in the same group in
the Periodic Table.

1. atomic number
2. period; group
3. metals; semi-metals; non-metals
4. electrons; outermost
5. alkali; one; increases
6. alkaline earth; two; increases
7. seven; halogens; decreases
8. eight; noble gases
9. octet rule
10. (a)
Electronic Period
Element Atomic Number Group number
arrangement number
P 5 2,3 2 III
Q 8 2,6 2 VI
R 10 2,8 2 0
S 11 2,8,1 3 I
T 14 2,8,4 3 IV
U 20 2,8,8,2 4 II
(b) Metals: S, U
Non-metals: Q, R
Semi-metals: P,T
(c) R

11. B
Refer to p.3 of chapter 6 for details.
12. B
The electronic arrangement of W is 2,5 and that of Y is 2,8,5.
13. C
The electronic arrangement of R is 2,8,1 and that of S is 2,8,8. They have the
same number of occupied electron shells in their atoms.
14. A
Elements of the same period have the same number of occupied electron shells in
their atoms.
15. C
The electronic arrangement of calcium is 2,8,8,2. Calcium has the same number
of outermost shell electrons as element X.
16. C
Helium atom has two electrons in the outermost shell.
17. C
Helium, instead of argon, is used to fill balloons and airships.
18. B
(1): Cl2(g), Br2(l) and I2(s) belong to the same group, but they have different
physical states.
(3): The reactivity of Group VII elements decreases down the group.
19. C
Potassium is more reactive than lithium. Fluorine is more reactive than bromine.
20. (a) Non-metal

(b) 2,8,5
(c) 5
(d) Group V, Period 3
21. (a) r = 18; s = 4

(b) 50
(c) Period 5
(d) Any TWO:
‒ It is a shiny solid at room temperature and pressure.
‒ It is hard and strong.
‒ It is malleable and ductile.
‒ It is a conductor of heat and electricity.
(Accept other reasonable answers.)
22. (a) Magnesium, silicon and chlorine. They are in Period 3.

(b) Chlorine, bromine and iodine. They are in Group VII.
(c) Magnesium and helium
(d) Oxygen, chlorine and helium
(e) Rubidium
(f) Iron and copper
(g) Helium
(h) Bromine and iodine
23. (a) Group 0

(b) Noble gases
(c) (i) 2
(ii) 8
(d) Xenon is a gas under room conditions.
(e) Xenon is unreactive. This is because it has a stable electronic structure/has
an octet of electrons/has 8 electrons in the outermost shell.
(f) The balloon falls to the ground because xenon is denser than air.
24. (a) 7
(b) Halogens
(c) The colours of elements become darkened down the group. They change
from greenish yellow gas (chlorine) to dark red liquid (bromine) and then
black solid (iodine).
(d) (i) Black solid
(ii) There is no reaction between iodine and hydrogen. The reactivity of
Group VII elements decreases down the group. Hence astatine should
have no reaction with hydrogen.

Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding and metallic

bonding
Class practice
A7.1 (p.7-3)
Conductors: calcium, lithium
Electrolytes: calcium chloride, sodium bromide
Non-conductors: nitrogen, glucose
A7.2 (p.7-8)
(a) Z
(b) W and X
(c) (i) X and Y
(ii) X: Y:
A7.3 (p.7-12)
1 (a) Simple ions: H+, Mn2+, O2, Cu2+
Polyatomic ions: NH4+, OH, MnO4
(b) H+: hydrogen ion, NH4+: ammonium ion, OH: hydroxide ion,
Mn2+: manganese(II) ion, O2: oxide ion, Cu2+: copper(II) ion,
MnO4: permanganate ion
2.
Group I II III V VI VII
Charge of ions +1 +2 +3 3 2 1
3. (a) strontium ion: +2; astatide ion: 1
(b) Sr2+, At
A7.4 (p.7-15)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

A7.5 (p.7-18)
1
Cation Anion Name of the compound Formula of the compound
(a) NH4 + Cl– Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
(b) Mg2+ OH– Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
(c) Li+ H– Lithium hydride LiH
(d) Zn2+ SO42– Zinc sulphate ZnSO4
(e) NH4+ NO3– Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
2. (a) Calcium nitrate
(b) Iron(III) oxide
(c) Aluminium hydroxide
(d) Magnesium sulphide
A7.6 (p.7-21)
(a) Colourless
(b) Purple
(c) Orange
(d) Pale green
A7.7 (p.7-24)
(a) Potassium ions migrate towards the negative electrode. Potassium ions are
positively charged and therefore they are attracted towards the negative
electrode.
(b) No. Potassium ions are colourless.
(c) A green spot would move slowly towards the negative electrode. Chromium(III)
ions are green in colour and positively charged. They are attracted towards the
negative electrode.
A7.8 (p.7-25)
(a) 3
(b) 3
(c) Metallic bonding
Think about
Think about (p.7-2)
1. An ion is an atom or a group of atoms having an overall electric charge.
2. Unlike ion, an atom is overall electrically neutral.
3. No. Ions can be produced by either losing or gaining electron(s).

Think about (p.7-24)

Ionic bonds are the attractions between oppositely charged ions. Metallic bonds are
the attractions between delocalized electrons and positively charged metal ions.
Try it now (p.7-18)

○1 Al3+ O2 –
○
2 Al3+ O2 –
○
3 Al3+ O2 –
= Al2 O3
○
4 Al2O3

1. conductors; electrolytes
2. ionic; covalent; metallic
3. electrons; noble gas
4. cations; anions
5. simple; polyatomic
6. group
7. 8
8. transferred; Calcium (Ca2+); oxide (O2); ionic bonds
9. formula
10. colourless
11. migration
12. delocalized; ions
13. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)

14. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
15.
Name of compound Formula of compound
(a) Lithium chloride LiCl
(b) Copper(II) oxide CuO
(c) Mercury(I) nitrate HgNO3
(d) Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7
(e) Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3
(f) Silver oxide Ag2O
(g) Barium sulphate BaSO4
(h) Aluminium hydride AlH3
(i) Zinc nitride Zn3N2
(j) Copper(I) bromide CuBr
16.
Formula of compound Name of compound Colour of solution
(a) KMnO4 potassium permanganate purple
(b) FeCl2 iron(II) chloride pale green
(c) NiSO4 nickel(II) sulphate green
(d) Fe(NO3)3 iron(III) nitrate yellow or brown
(e) CoCl2 cobalt(II) chloride pink
(f) NH4Cl ammonium chloride colourless
(g) KNO2 potassium nitrite colourless
(h) Na2CrO4 sodium chromate yellow
(i) CuSO3 copper(II) sulphite blue or green
17. A
Mg2+ ion has 12 protons and 10 electrons.

18. B
(1): Electronic arrangement of K+: 2,8,8
(2): Electronic arrangement of Al: 2,8,3
(3): Electronic arrangement of Cl–: 2,8,8
19. B
In particle X, the number of protons is larger than that of electrons.
20. A
21. A
Fe2O3 is the formula of iron(III) oxide.
The formula of potassium permanganate is KMnO4.
CuOH is the formula of copper(I) hydroxide.
22. C
The electronic arrangements of X and Y are 2,8,8,1 and 2,6 respectively.
23. D
K+(aq) is colourless.
24. C
25. B
26. C
27. (a) copper, gold, lithium, mercury

(b) iodine, water, oil, sugar
(c) sodium chloride, lead(II) bromide, copper(II) nitrate, calcium fluoride
28. (a) Charge on the ion of X = +2

(b) Charge on the ion of Y = 3
(c) X atom has 2 more electrons than X2+ ion, hence its electronic arrangement
is 2,8,2. Y atom has 3 less electrons than Y3 ion, hence its electronic
arrangement is 2,5.
(d) X is magnesium. Y is nitrogen.

29. (a) Calcium atom: Chlorine atom:
(b) Metallic bonding

(c) Calcium can conduct electricity/is a shiny silvery solid under room
conditions. (Accept other appropriate answers.)
(d)
(e) Ionic bonding

(f) Calcium chloride solution is colourless. Calcium chloride solid is white in
colour.
30. (a) To increase the electrical conductivity of the filter paper.

(b) Permanganate ion
(c) Electrode X is the positive electrode because negatively charged
permanganate ions are attracted towards the positive electrode.
(d) The purple spot would move towards electrode Y because negatively
charged permanganate ions are attracted towards electrode Y, which is now
the positive electrode.
31. (a) Calcium sulphate

(b) CaSO4
(c) Cation: calcium ion; Anion: sulphate ion
(d) Ionic bonding
(e) The coagulant is white in colour.
(f) Polyatomic ion. This is because it is derived from a group of atoms.
32. (a) Ionic bonding

(b) A strontium atom has 2 outermost shell electrons while a chlorine atom has
7 outermost shell electrons. To get the electronic arrangement of the nearest
noble gas, a strontium atom loses 2 electrons and each of the two chlorine
atoms gains 1 electron. By transfer of electrons, strontium chloride is
produced.

(c)
(d) SrCl2
(e) (i) Colourless
(ii) Colourless

Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding
Class practice
A8.1 (p.8-5)
1. CH3OH, I2, HCl
2. (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 2
(e) 5
A8.2 (p.8-11)
1. (a)
(b) Covalent bonding. It forms when each atom of X contributes two outermost
shell electrons for sharing.
(c) There are two bond pairs and two lone pairs on each atom of X.
2. (a)
(b) There are three bond pairs and one lone pair on the nitrogen atom.
(c) Molecular formula: NCl3
Structural formula:
A8.3 (p.8-13)
1. 2.
A8.4 (p.8-14)
(a) CF4 (b) H2S (c) PH3 (d) SiCl4
A8.5 (p.8-15)
(a) Hydrogen chloride (b) Carbon monoxide

(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Sulphur dioxide

(e) Sulphur trioxide
A8.6 (p.8-18)
1. (a) 12.0 + 1.0 × 4 = 16.0
(b) 12.0 × 2 + 1.0 × 6 = 30.0
(c) 12.0 × 12 + 1.0 × 22 + 16.0 × 11 = 342.0
2. (a) 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5
(b) 12.0 × 2 + 1.0 × 6 = 30.0 (same as relative molecular mass)
(c) 12.0 + 16.0 × 3 = 60.0
(d) 63.5 + (14.0 + 16.0 × 3) × 2 + 3 × (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) = 241.5
A8.7 (p.8-19)
(a) Molecule (b) Molecule
(c) Ion (d) Atom
(e) Molecule (f) Ion
(g) Molecule (h) Atom
Think about
Think about (p.8-2)
1. A covalent compound is a compound in which the atoms are held together by
covalent bonds.
2. An ionic compound is usually produced by combining a metal with a non-metal.
It consists of positive ions and negative ions held together by ionic bonds. In a
covalent compound, non-metal atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
3. Refer to Table 8.2 on p.9 of this chapter for more examples.
Try it now (p.8-14)

○1 C Cl
○
2 C Cl
2,4 2,8,7
○
3 C Cl
4 1
○
4 C Cl
4 1
= C1 Cl4
○
5 CCl4


1. molecule
2. atomicity
3. share; covalent
4. two; double
5. three; triple
6. molecular
7. structural
8. dative
9. Relative molecular mass
10. Formula mass
11. electrostatic; non-directional; directional
12. molecules; ions
13. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
14. Electron diagram of NH4Cl: Electron diagram of CHCl3:

15.
Molecular formula Name of the
Constituent elements
of the compound compound
(a) Carbon and oxygen CO2 carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrogen and hydrogen NH3 ammonia
carbon tetrafluoride/
(c) Carbon and fluorine CF4
tetrachloromethane
(d) Nitrogen and chlorine NCl3 nitrogen trichloride
(e) Carbon and hydrogen CH4 methane
(f) Phosphorus and chlorine PCl3 phosphorus trichloride
16. C
X is a metal. It reacts with W and Y to form ionic compounds instead of covalent
compounds.
Z is a noble gas. It does not form compounds with other elements.
17. D
(A): An ionic compound, NaF, forms when sodium reacts with fluorine.
(B): A covalent compound, CS2, forms when carbon reacts with sulphur.
(C): A covalent compound, NO2, forms when nitrogen reacts with oxygen.
(D): A covalent compound, Cl2O, forms when oxygen reacts with chlorine.
18. B
No. of bond pair of electrons
N2 3
H2 1
O2 2
NH3 3

19. A
No. of lone pair of electrons
HCl 3
NH3 1
N2 2
H2O 2
20. C
(A): It is the chemical symbol of hydrogen.
(B): It is the structural formula of hydrogen.
(D): It is the electron diagram of hydrogen.
21. C
22. A
An atom of element X needs three electrons to attain the stable electronic
arrangement while an atom of Y needs one.
23. B
Both relative molecular mass and formula mass carry no units.
24. (a) A: 2,1; B: 2,4; C: 2,6; D: 2,8; E: 2,8,2; F: 2,8,7

(b) Element D
(c) (i) (ii)
(d) BC2; C=B=C

(e) A diatomic molecule refers to a molecule of an element or a compound
which consists of 2 atoms (i.e. its atomicity is 2).
(f) (i) (ii)
25. (a) Chlorine, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, water, oxygen, helium

(b) Carbon monoxide, water
(c) Ammonium chloride, chlorine, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, water, oxygen
(d) Ammonium chloride
(e) Ammonium chloride, sodium chloride

26. (a)
(b) Covalent bonding is present in an ammonia molecule.

(c) There are three bond pairs and one lone pair of electrons in an ammonia
molecule.
(d) (i) Molecular formula: NH3; structural formula:
(ii) Molecular formula: HCl; structural formula: HCl

(e) Ammonium chloride
(f) In ammonium chloride, there are four NH covalent bonds, in which three
are normal covalent bonds and one is dative covalent bond.
Ionic bond is present between NH4+ and Cl ions.
Electron diagram of ammonium chloride:

Chapter 9 Structures and properties of substances
Class practice
A9.1 (p.9-8)
1. Iodine, bromine, chlorine and fluorine have simple molecular structures and their
molecules are held together by weak van der Waals’ forces. The larger the
molecular size, the stronger are the van der Waals’ forces. The molecular sizes of
the substances are: I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2. Therefore, the strength of the van der
Waals’ forces are: I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2.
2. (a) Covalent bonding
(b) Intermolecular forces/van der Waals’ forces
(c) Sulphur is a low-melting solid. This is because it has a simple molecular
structure. The sulphur molecules are held together by weak van der Waals’
forces. Only a small amount of heat energy is needed to separate the
molecules during melting.
(d) No. This is because there are no mobile ions or delocalized electrons in the
structure.
(e) No
A9.2 (p.9-12)
(a) Giant covalent structure
(b) Covalent bonding
(c) Quartz is a high-melting solid. This is because a lot of heat energy is needed to
break a large number of strong covalent bonds in the structure.
(d) Quartz is neither soluble in water nor heptane.
(e) No. This is because there are no mobile ions or delocalized electrons in the
structure.
A9.3 (p.9-15)
(a) Giant ionic structure
(b) Ionic bonding
(c) Caesium chloride is a high-melting solid. This is because a lot of energy is
needed to break the strong ionic bonds between the ions during melting.
(d) Caesium chloride is soluble in water. This is because when dissolved in water,
strong attraction exists between ions in caesium chloride and water molecules.
However, there is no such attraction between ions in caesium chloride and
heptane molecules. Hence, caesium chloride is insoluble in heptane.
(e) No

A9.4 (p.9-17)
(a) Tungsten has a very high melting point.
(b) This is because there are delocalized electrons in the structure.
(c) When a force is applied to a piece of tungsten metal, the layers of tungsten ions
can slide over one another without breaking the metallic bonds.
A9.5 (p.9-20)
(a) B. This is because it conducts electricity in the solid state.
(b) D. This is because it does not conduct electricity in the solid state but conducts
electricity when molten.
(c) A. This is because it has a low melting point and a low boiling point. Besides, it
does not conduct electricity no matter it is in the solid state or when molten.
(d) C. This is because it has a high melting point and a high boiling point. Besides, it
does not conduct electricity no matter it is in the solid state or when molten.
(e) A. This is because substances with simple molecular structure are usually soluble
in non-aqueous solvent.
A9.6 (p.9-21)
(a) (i) MgBr2
(ii) It has a giant ionic structure.
(iii) Its physical properties are: (1) High melting point and boiling point (2)
Solid at room temperature and pressure (3) Soluble in water but insoluble in
non-aqueous solvents (4) Non-conductor of electricity in the solid state;
conductor when molten or in aqueous solution
(b) (i) PCl3
(ii) It has a simple molecular structure.
(iii) Its physical properties are: (1) Low melting point and boiling point (2) Gas
at room temperature and pressure (3) Insoluble in water but soluble in
non-aqueous solvents (4): Non-conductor of electricity no matter it is in the
solid or liquid state.
Think about
Think about (p.9-2)
1. Graphite has lubricating property while diamond does not.
2. Refer to Section 9.3 on p.8 to 10 of this chapter for details.
3. The physical properties of a substance are closely related to its structure.
Substances composed of different elements may show similar physical properties
if their structures are similar.

Think about (p.9-10)

Diamond is commonly used for making jewellery, diamond cutter, diamond-tipped
drill, etc. Graphite is commonly used for making ‘wet’ lubricants, electrodes, pencil
lead, etc.

1. giant
2. molecules; covalent; intermolecular
3. giant lattice (or network)
4. low; non-conductor; water; soluble
5. solids; high; graphite; non-conductor; insoluble
6. high; molten; aqueous solution; soluble; non-aqueous
7. giant metallic
8. delocalized; malleable; high
9. structure
10. A
(2): Iodine has a low boiling point because iodine molecules are held together by
weak van der Waals’ forces.
(3): I2 has a simple molecular structure.
11. A
Substances with a giant covalent structure (except graphite) cannot conduct
electricity because there are no mobile ions or delocalized electrons in their
structures. Besides, they are neither soluble in water nor non-aqueous solvents.
12. C
Substance Structure
SiO2 Giant covalent structure
NO Simple molecular structure
SO2 Simple molecular structure
13. B
In this structure, each ion of X is surrounded by 8 ions of M and vice versa.
14. C
X shows the properties of ionic compounds.
15. B

P and S show the properties of ionic compounds or substances with giant

covalent structures.
Q shows the properties of substances with simple molecular structures.
R shows the properties of metals.
16. (a) I2
(b)
iodine molecule
(c) It has a simple molecular structure.

(d) Iodine atoms are linked together by covalent bond within each iodine
molecule. Iodine molecules in the lattice are held together by weak van der
Waals’ forces.
(e) The attractive forces between water molecules are quite strong. The weak
attractive forces between iodine and water molecules are not strong enough
to overcome the attractive forces between water molecules. On the other
hand, the attractive forces between ethanol molecules are similar to that
between iodine molecules in strength. Thus, iodine is more soluble in
ethanol than in water.
17. (a) Fractional distillation of liquid air

(b) Covalent bonding
(c) A nitrogen atom has five electrons in its outermost shell. To attain an
electronic arrangement of the nearest noble gas, each nitrogen atom shares
three of its outermost shell electrons with another nitrogen atom. As a result,
a triple covalent bond forms.
(d)
(e) There are three bond pairs and two lone pairs of electrons in a nitrogen
molecule.
(f) This is because to react with other substances, the strong triple covalent
bond between the nitrogen atoms has to be broken first, which requires a lot
of energy.

(g) Intermolecular forces/van der Waals’ forces
18. (a) B
(b) (i) E. This is because it conducts electricity in the solid state.
(ii) A. This is because it does not conduct electricity in the solid state but
conducts electricity when molten.
(iii) B and C. This is because both of them do not conduct electricity no
matter in the solid state or when molten. Besides, they have low
melting points.
(iv) D. This is because it does not conduct electricity no matter in the solid
state or when molten. However, it has a very high melting point.
(c) B and C
(d) C. Wax does not conduct electricity no matter it is in the solid state or when
molten. Besides, it is a low-melting solid.
19. (a) W: giant covalent structure; X: giant ionic structure; Y: giant covalent
structure; Z: simple molecular structure
(b) W: graphite; X: sodium chloride; Y: diamond; Z: iodine
(c) X: ionic bonding; Y: covalent bonding
(d) In solid W, the atoms within each layer are linked by strong covalent bonds.
The layers are held together by weak intermolecular forces. In solid Z, the
atoms within each molecule are linked by strong covalent bonds. The
molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces.
(e) X has a giant ionic structure while Z has a simple molecular structure. A
large amount of energy is needed to break the strong ionic bonds between
the ions during the melting of X. On the other hand, to melt Z, only a small
amount of energy is needed to separate the molecules. Hence, X has a higher
melting point than Z.
(f) In Y, each carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other carbon atoms.
All electrons are localized. In W, each carbon atom is covalently bonded
with only three other carbon atoms in its layer. Each carbon atom has one
delocalized electron. These delocalized electrons can move in the direction
of electric field.
20. (a) Covalent bonding

(b) Giant covalent structure

(c) Structure of diamond:
carbon atom
Structure of quartz:
silicon atom
oxygen atom
(d) Diamond. This is because it has a shiny beautiful appearance.

(e) Diamond. This is because it is very hard.

Part II Microscopic World I

Part exercise (p.9-33)
1. B
The mass number of Y is 18.
2. B
Relative atomic mass of copper = 63 × 69.09% + 65 × 30.91% = 63.62
3. C
The most reactive metals are found in the bottom left-hand corner of the table.
4. D
Metals do not decompose when conducting electricity.
5. D
Copper(II) sulphate conducts electricity when molten or in aqueous solution and
is decomposed at the same time.
6. A
(3): Electrons are responsible for the electrical conduction of metals.
7. A
The formula of this compound can be worked out as follows:
X 2+ Y 3
= X3 Y2
8. A
9. C
The correct electron diagram of a NO2 molecule is:
10. D
Ionic bond exists between NH4+ and Cl ions. Covalent bond and dative covalent
bond exist in NH4+ ion.

11. A
Refer to p.5 of chapter 9 for details.
12. A
Metallic bonds exist between mercury(II) ions and the ‘sea’ of delocalized
electrons in mercury. Covalent bonds exist between silicon and oxygen atoms in
quartz.
13. (a) (i) Isotopes are different atoms of the same elements, with the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
(ii)
Number of
Isotope proton(s) neutron(s) electron(s)
Protium 1 0 1
Deuterium 1 1 1
Tritium 1 2 1
(iii) 2
20 21 22
(b) (i) 10 Ne, 10 Ne, 10 Ne
(ii) Relative atomic mass of neon

= 20 × 90.48% + 21 × 0.27% + 22 × 9.25% = 20.2
14. (a) (1) B

(2) K
(3) C
(4) E
(b) This is because it has a stable electronic arrangement/an octet of electrons.
(c) This is because A has delocalized electrons in its structure while G does not
have any delocalized electrons or mobile ions for conducting electricity.
(d) K < L< M
15. (a) A purple colour gradually appears in the solution around the positive
electrode because negatively charged permanganate ions migrate towards
the positive electrode.
(b) There is no observable change at the negative electrode. Though the
positively charged ammonium ions migrate towards the negative electrode,
they cannot be seen as they are colourless.
(c) The gel slows down the mixing of dilute sulphuric acid and ammonium

permanganate.
16. (a) When a force is applied to a piece of strontium, the layers of strontium ions
can slide over one another without breaking the metallic bonds.
(b) Yes. This is because strontium has delocalized electrons in its structure.
(c) Giant metallic structure
(d) Alkaline earth metals
(e) Strontium reacts more vigorously with water than calcium does to give
hydrogen and strontium hydroxide.
17. (a) The electronic arrangements of C and D are 2,6 and 2,8,7 respectively.
Their atoms can attain electronic arrangements of the nearest noble gases by
sharing electrons with another atom of their own.
Electron diagram of C2: Electron diagram of D2:
(b) A. The atom of A can attain the electronic arrangement of a helium atom by
losing one outermost shell electron.
(c) (i) A2C; ionic bonding
(ii) AD; ionic bonding
(iii) BC2; covalent bonding
(d) A2C and AD have giant ionic structures while BC2 has a simple molecular
structure. When melting or boiling A2C or AD, a large amount of heat
energy is needed to break the strong ionic bonds between the ions in them.
On the other hand, only a small amount of heat energy is needed to
overcome the weak van der Waals’ forces between the molecules in BC2
during melting or boiling. Hence, BC2 has the lowest melting point and
boiling point.
(e) No. This is because the atom of E has a stable electronic arrangement.
18. (a) (NH4)2CO3

(b) Both of them are colourless.
(c) Ionic bonding
(d) (i)

(ii) Covalent compound

(iii) The molecular size of ammonia is small. The intermolecular forces
between the molecules are weak.
19. (a) KCl

(b) CCl4
(c) Electron diagram of potassium chloride:
Electron diagram of carbon tetrachloride:
(d) Potassium chloride has a giant ionic structure while carbon tetrachloride has
a simple molecular structure. A large amount of heat energy is needed to
break the strong ionic bonds between the ions in potassium chloride during
melting. On the other hand, only a small amount of heat energy is needed to
overcome the weak van der Waals’ forces between the molecules in carbon
tetrachloride during melting.
(e) The ions in potassium chloride become mobile when potassium chloride is
molten or in aqueous solution.
(f) The attractive forces between water molecules are quite strong. The weak
attractive forces between carbon tetrachloride and water molecules are not
strong enough to overcome the attractive forces between water molecules.
Thus, carbon tetrachloride is insoluble in water.
20. (a) A: giant ionic structure; B: giant covalent structure; C: simple molecular
structure
(b) A: caesium chloride; B: silicon dioxide; C: carbon dioxide
(c) (i) A
(ii) C
(iii) B
(iv) A

21. (a) Carbon

(b) Structure of graphite:
carbon atom
covalent bond
van der Waals’ forces
Structure of diamond:
carbon atom
(c) Giant covalent structure

(d) In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other carbon
atoms. All electrons are localized. In graphite, each carbon atom is
covalently bonded with only three other carbon atoms in its layer. Each
carbon atom has one delocalized electron. These delocalized electrons can
move in the direction of electric field.
(e) This is because a lot of energy is needed to break the large number of strong
covalent bonds between the carbon atoms in graphite and diamond during
melting.
22. (a) SiO2

(b) Giant covalent structure
(c)
silicon atom
oxygen atom
(d) It is transparent. It has a very high melting point (At high temperatures,
silicon dioxide can be drawn into fibres.). When light travels from air to
silicon dioxide, total internal reflection occurs.

Topic 2 Textbook Ex Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Topic 2 Textbook Ex Solutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 2 Textbook Ex Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HKDSE CHEMISTRY  A Modern View (Second Edition) Coursebook 1

(Reprinted with minor amendments 2019)

Chapter 5 Atomic Structure

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 1

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 2

Self-test 5.3 (p.5-25)

Try it now (p.5-19)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 3

Chapter exercise (p.5-35)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 4

28. (a) Q and R

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 5

29. (a) 235

30. (a) Making transistors/computer chips.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 6

Chapter 6 The Periodic Table

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 7

(d) (i) Beryllium has no reaction with cold water.

Chapter exercise (p.6-25)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 8

20. (a) Non-metal

21. (a) r = 18; s = 4

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 9

22. (a) Magnesium, silicon and chlorine. They are in Period 3.

23. (a) Group 0

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 10

Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding and metallic

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 11

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 12

Think about (p.7-24)

Try it now (p.7-18)

Chapter exercise (p.7-31)

13. (a) (b)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 13

14. (a) (b)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 14

27. (a) copper, gold, lithium, mercury

28. (a) Charge on the ion of X = +2

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 15

29. (a) Calcium atom: Chlorine atom:

(b) Metallic bonding

(e) Ionic bonding

30. (a) To increase the electrical conductivity of the filter paper.

31. (a) Calcium sulphate

32. (a) Ionic bonding

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 16

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 17

Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 18

(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Sulphur dioxide

Try it now (p.8-14)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 19

Chapter exercise (p.8-25)

13. (a) (b)

14. Electron diagram of NH4Cl: Electron diagram of CHCl3:

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 20

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2019 21

24. (a) A: 2,1; B: 2,4; C: 2,6; D: 2,8; E: 2,8,2; F: 2,8,7

(d) BC2; C=B=C