GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU t 5
c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v I Pvc
STATES OF MATTER AND PRESSURE
f‚wgKv
c`v‡_©i †fŠZ Ae¯’v wZbwU| KwVb, Zij I evqexq| KwVb c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvKvi AvqZb _v‡K| Zij c`v‡_©i
AvqZb wbw`©ó _vK‡jI wbw`©ó AvKvi †bB| evqexq c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvKvi ev AvqZb †KvbwUB †bB| wewfbœ cÖKvi
Zij Ges evqexq c`v_© Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Acwinvh©| Gme c`v‡_©i wewfbœ ˆewkó¨ Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K
wewfbœ fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ges cwiPvwjZ K‡i| Zij I evqexq c`v_© G‡`i we‡kl ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y Abvqv‡m Ges
cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Zij I evqexq c`v_©‡K GK m‡½ cÖevnx c`v_©
e‡j| Zij I evqexq c`v‡_©i wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨ NbZ¡, Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡ Ges Pvc me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Gm¤ú‡K©
AvwK©wgwWm, c¨vm‡Kj cÖgyL weÁvbx ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ZË¡ I bxwZgvjv Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| hv Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxeb‡K wbZ¨
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| G BDwb‡U G me aviYv, ivwk, G‡`i GKK, gvÎv, G msµvšÍ ZË¡, bxwZgvjv I Zvi cÖ‡qvM wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

cvV-1 c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v I AvYweK MwZZË¡ (State of matter and molecular kinetic theory)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l AvcwbÑ
1. c`v‡_©i wZbwU Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. c`v‡_©i AvYweK MwZZË¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. c`v‡_©i cøvRgv Ae¯’v wK Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.1.1 c`v‡_©i wZb Ae¯’v (Three states of matter)

†iv‡` †d‡j ivLv GKLÛ eid jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb wK?

eidi LÛ Mj‡Z _v‡K Ges Gi Pvwiw`‡K cvwb Mwo‡q
c‡o| Avi wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ cvwb ev¯ú n‡q D‡o
†h‡ZI †`Lv hvq| GB eid, cvwb Avi cvwb ev®ú
wZbwUB Avm‡j cvwbÑ cvwbi wZbwU Ae¯’v| KwVb,
Zij I evqexq (wPÎ 5.1)|

Avgiv Rvwb mKj c`v‡_©iB GB wZbwU Ae¯’v n‡Z wPÎ t 5.1 c`v‡_©i wZb Ae¯’v
cv‡i| GwU wbf©i K‡i Zvc ev ZvcgvÎvi Dci|
Zvc GKwU kw³| KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j ZvcgvÎv ev‡o, Ges GKmgq Zv Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Zij
c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎv evov‡j GK ch©v‡q Zv evqexq Ae¯’v cÖvß nq| wecixZfv‡e ZvcgvÎv Kgv‡j evqexq c`v_© Zij
nq| †hgb †gN †_‡K e„wó nq| Zij c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎv Kg‡j GK mgq KwVb nq| †hgb kxZ cÖavb GjvKvq cvwb
R‡g eid nq|
KwVb e¯‘i wbw`©ó AvKvi I AvqZb Av‡Q, mvaviYZ k³ Ges `„p, Ams‡KvPbxq,AvKvi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖej
Pv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb| NbZ¡ †ekx| Zij e¯‘ wbw`©ó AvqZb Av‡Q wKš‘ AvKvi bvB, †h cv‡Î ivLv nq †mB cv‡Îi AvKvi

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-88
 c`v_©weÁvb

aviY K‡i| NbZ¡ †ewk, Ams‡KvPbxq,AvKvi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖej Pv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb| k³ I `„p bq| evqexq
Ae¯’vq e¯‘i wbw`©ó AvqZb I AvKvi _v‡Kbv, ms‡KvPb‡hvM¨, NbZ¡ Kg|GQvov c`v‡_©i AviI GKwU Ae¯’v n‡”Q
cøvRgv Ae¯’v| Gm¤ú‡K© c‡ii Aby‡”Q‡` we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

5.1.2 c`v‡_©i AvYweK MwZZË¡ (Molcular kinetic theory of matter)

Avgiv GZÿY †R‡bwQ c`v_© KwVb, Zij, evqexq Ges cøvRgv PviwU Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gi KviY c`v‡_©i
g‡a¨i ZvcgvÎv ev kw³i cv_©K¨| Avgiv c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v iƒcvšÍ‡ii AviI my›`i e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ GKwU g‡Wj ˆZwi
Ki‡Z cvwi| GwU n‡jv c`v‡_©i AvYweK MwZ ZË¡| ZË¡wU AwZ mij wKš‘ c`v‡_©i †fŠZ ag© e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
mnvqK| GB Z‡Ë¡i g~j K_v n‡jv:
e¯‘ AmsL¨ ÿz`ª KwYKv w`‡q MwVZ| Giv n‡jv cigvYy| KZ¸‡jv cigvYy wg‡j MwVZ nq GKwU AYy| GB AYy¸‡jv
wbqZ MwZkxj| MwZ A_© bovPov Kiv| GB bovPov †Lqvj Lywk gvwdK bq, wba©vwiZ wbq‡g nq|
Avcwb wew¯§Z n‡eb †h KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ KwYKv¸‡jv MwZkxj wKš‘ Avcbvi c‡ÿ Zv †`Lv m¤¢e bq| GKwU
wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K cÖwZwU KYv AweiZ Kw¤úZ n‡”Q| G‡`i g‡a¨i cÖej AvšÍtAvYweK kw³ KYv¸‡jv‡K ci¯úi
†_‡K wewQbœ n‡Z †`q bv, ZvB KwVb c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvKvi AvqZb eRvq _v‡K (wPÎ 5.2)|
KwVb c`v_© †_‡K Zij Ae¯’vq Avm‡Z c`v_© AwZwi³ kw³ MÖnY K‡i| G Ae¯’vq AwZwi³ kw³i Kvi‡Y
KwYKv¸‡jv MwZi we¯Ívi e„w× cvq ev KYv¸‡jv g‡a¨i `~iZ¡ †ewk nq Ges AvšÍtAvYweK AvKl©Y e‡ji cÖfve K‡g
hvq| wKš‘ G‡Kev‡i jyß nq bv| mvgvb¨ AvKl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y KwYKv ¸”Q¸‡jv cv‡Îi g‡a¨ _v‡K| GKvi‡Y GwU
cv‡Îi †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b m‡i hvq Ges cv‡Îi AvKvi MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i(wPÎ 5.2)|
evqexq Ae¯’vq c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ AviI A‡bK †ewk kw³ †hvM nq ZLb KwYKv¸‡jvi MwZ AZ¨šÍ †e‡o hvq
G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e mew`‡K QzUvQzwU K‡i ci¯ú‡ii †_‡K A‡bK `~i‡Z¡ P‡j hvq| AvšÍ:AvYweK AvKl©Y ej bMb¨ n‡q
hvq| GRb¨ evqexq Ae¯’vq e¯‘i †Kvb AvKvi ev AvqZb bvB Ges AZ¨šÍ ms‡KvPbkxj (wPÎ 5.2)|

wPÎ 5.2 c`v‡_©i KwYKv¸wji g‡a¨ AvšÍtAvYweK MwZ

5.1.3 c`v‡_©i PZz_© Ae¯’v t cøvRgv Ae¯’v (Fourth state of Matter : The Plasma State)
Avgiv KwVb, Zij Ges evqexq Qvov AviI GKwU k‡ãi mv‡_ cwiwPZ| GwU n‡jv ÔcøvRgvÕ| GwUI c`v‡_©i GKwU
Ae¯’v| PviwU Ae¯’vB c`v‡_©i Af¨šÍ‡ii ZvcgvÎvi Ici wbf©i K‡i (wPÎ 5.2 `ªóe¨)| cøvRgv Ae¯’v mPivPi
Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L aiv c‡o bv| KwVb †_‡K Zi‡j ZvcgvÎv ev kw³ AwaK nq| Zij †_‡K ev‡®ú Zvc I kw³
AviI AwaK nq| Zvc kw³ AZ¨šÍ AwaK n‡j ev AwZ D”P ZvcgvÎvq c`v_© cøvRgv Ae¯’vq cwiYZ nq| G

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 89
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Ae¯’vq e¯‘i AYy¸‡jv B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUªb I wbDUª‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq M¨vmxq AYymg~n AvqZbhy³
nq| cøvRgv Ae¯’v mPivPi Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L aiv c‡o bv| Z‡e wbqb mvBb, †døv‡iv‡m›U jvBU (wUDe jvBU, GbvwR©
evj¦) Gi g‡a¨ M¨vm cigvYy AvqwbZ ev cøvRgv Ae¯’vq _v‡K| c„w_exi evB‡ii gnvwe‡k¦ cøvRgv Ae¯’viB cÖvavb¨
†ewk| m~h© Ges AwaKvsk bÿÎ, DËi †giæ‡Z `„k¨gvb †giƒ‡R¨vwZ c`v‡_©i cøvRgv Ae¯’v| wkí KviLvbvq cøvRgv
UP© e¨eüZ nq|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:

c`v‡_©i †fŠZ Ae¯’v : `„k¨gvb RM‡Z c`v‡_©i wZbwU Ae¯’vÑ KwVb, Zij I evqexq| KwVb c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó
AvKvi I AvqZb Av‡Q| Zij c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvqZb Av‡Q, wKš‘ AvKvi bvB Ges †h cv‡Î ivLv nq †mB cv‡Îi
AvKvi aviY K‡i| evqexq c`v‡_©i AvKvi AvqZb †KvbwUB wbw`©ó bq|
AvYweK MwZZË¡: e¯‘ AmsL¨ ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª KwYKv Øviv MwVZ| KwYKv¸wj AweiZ MwZkxj| KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨
cÖwZwU KYv GKwU wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K AweiZ Kw¤úZ nq| G‡`i g‡a¨i cÖej AvšÍtAvYweK kw³
KwYKv¸‡jv‡K ci¯úi †_‡K wewQbœ n‡Z †`q bv| ZvB KwVb c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvKvi AvqZb eRvq _v‡K|
Zij c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ KwYKv¸‡jv MwZi we¯Ívi e„w× cvq ev KYv¸‡jv cvi¯úwiK `~iZ¡ †ewk nq, AvšÍtAvYweK
AvKl©Y e‡ji cÖfve K‡g hvq| evqexq Ae¯’vq c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ AviI A‡bK †ewk kw³ †hvM nq ZLb
KwYKv¸‡jvi MwZ AZ¨šÍ †e‡o hvq| d‡j G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e mew`‡K QzUvQzwU K‡i ci¯ú‡ii †_‡K A‡bK `~i‡Z¡
P‡j hvq|
cøvRgv Ae¯’v : c`v‡_©i PZz_© Ae¯’v| cøvRgv n‡jv AwZ D”P ZvcgvÎvq AvqwbZ M¨vm| G Ae¯’vq e¯‘i AYy¸‡jv
B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUªb I wbDUª‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| cøvRgv Ae¯’v mPivPi Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L aiv c‡o bv| m~h©mn
gnvwe‡k¦i bÿÎmg~‡ni Af¨šÍifvM cøvRgv Ae¯’vi D`vniY|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ ) wPý w`b|
1| c`v‡_©i †fŠZ Ae¯’v KqwU ?
(K) 1 wU (L) 2 wU
(M) 3 wU (N) 4 wU
2| e¯‘i †Kvb Ae¯’vwUi g‡a¨ Zvc kw³ me‡P Kg _v‡K ?
(K) KwVb (L) Zij
(M) evqexq (N) cøvRgv
3| e¯‘i †Kvb Ae¯’vwUi g‡a¨ AvšÍtAvYweK MwZ kw³ me© wb¤œ ?
(K) KwVb (L) Zij
(M) evqexq (N) cøvRgv
4| †Kv_vq c`v_© cøvRgv Ae¯’vq Av‡Q ?
(K) P›`ª c„‡ôi cvnv‡o (L) m~‡h©i Af¨šÍ‡i
(M) c„w_exi cvwb‡Z (N) DËi †giæi ei‡di g‡a¨
5| †Kvb Ae¯’vq e¯‘i NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk ?
(K) cøvRgv (L) evqexq
(M) KwVb (N) Zij

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-90
 c`v_©weÁvb

cvV-2 Pvc, †ÿÎdj I NbZ¡ (Pressure, Area and Density)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l AvcwbÑ
1. ej I †ÿÎd‡ji mv‡_ Pv‡ci m¤úK© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. NbZ¡ Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Nb‡Z¡i e¨envi D‡jøL I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.2.1 Pvc I †ÿÎdj (Pressure and Area)

†Uwe‡ji Dci GK UzK‡iv fvix cv_i †i‡L w`‡j Avgiv ewj cv_‡ii UzK‡ivwU †Uwe‡ji Dci Pvc w`‡”Q|
A_©vr cv_‡ii UzK‡ivwU †Uwe‡ji Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Q| cv_iwU GKwU e¯‘| Gi fi Av‡Q| GB f‡ii
Ici c„w_exi AvKl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y GKwU ej m„wó n‡”Q d‡j Pvc m„wó n‡”Q| Avgiv ZvB ej Avi Pvc cÖvq GKB A‡_©
e¨envi Kwi| cÖK…Z c‡¶ †Kv‡bv ej †Kv‡bv †¶‡Îi Dci j¤^fv‡e wµqvkxj n‡j Zv‡K Pvc e‡j| Avi Pvc
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ ev Gi cwigvY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ GKK †¶Îdj wewkó c„‡ôi Dci cÖhy³ ej‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

Pv‡ci msÁv t †Kv‡bv c„‡ôi GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ e‡ji gvb‡K Pvc e‡j|
F
MvwYwZKfv‡e ejv hvq, A †¶Îd‡ji Dci cÖhy³ ej F n‡j H c„‡ôi Ici Pv‡ci cwigvY, p  |
A
cÖhy³ ej‡K F Øviv, †¶Îdj‡K A Øviv Ges Pvc‡K p Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Pvc GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk|

Pv‡ci GKK I gvÎv

GKK t e‡ji GKK wbDUb (N), †¶Îd‡ji GKK eM©wgUvi (m2)| AZGe Pv‡ci GKK wbDUb cÖwZ eM©wgUvi|
ms‡¶‡c wbDUb/eM©wgUvi (Nm-2)| e¨envwiK ev cÖv‡qvwMK †¶‡Î Pv‡ci GKK c¨vm‡Kj (Pa)| weÁvbx
c¨vm‡K‡ji bvgvbymv‡i GB GK‡Ki bvgKiY n‡q‡Q| 1 m2 †¶Îd‡ji Dci 1N ej j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ n‡j †h
Pv‡ci m„wó nq Zv‡K 1 c¨vm‡Kj e‡j|
A_©vr, 1 Pa = 1 N m-2

gvÎv t e‡ji gvÎv‡K †¶Îd‡ji gvÎv w`‡q fvM Ki‡j Pv‡ci gvÎv cvIqv hvq|
ej fi  Z¡iY fi  ˆ`N©¨ ML
Pvc =  2
 2 2
 2 2
†ÿÎdj  ˆ`N¨©   ˆ`N©¨    mgq  L T
 [ p] = ML-1 T-2
5.2.2 NbZ¡ ( Density)
GKB mvB‡Ri ev AvqZ‡bi GKLÛ †jvnv Ges GK LÛ †mvjv ev †dv‡gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU fvwi? Avcwb Aek¨ ej‡eb
†jvnv| KviY †jvnvi L‡Ûi g‡a¨ e¯‘ KYv¸‡jv hZ Nb, A_©vr Nbfv‡e RgvU †eu‡a Av‡Q - †mvjv ev †dv‡gi L‡Ûi
g‡a¨ e¯‘ KYv¸‡jv Zv †_‡K A‡bK Kg Nb ev nvjKv fv‡e RgvU euvav| weÁv‡bi fvlvq ejv nq †mvjv †_‡K
†jvnvi NbZ¡ †ewk| AZGe GKB AvqZ‡bi mKj c`v‡_©i fi mgvb bq| ZvB c`v‡_©i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K Zvi
NbZ¡ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †hgb `k GKK AvqZ‡bi e¯‘i fi wek GKK n‡j H e¯‘i NbZ¡ `yB GKK|
AZGe, e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi n‡”Q Zvi Dcv`v‡bi NbZ¡|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 91
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Nb‡Z¡i msÁv t e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K Zvi Dcv`v‡bi NbZ¡ e‡j|
m
MvwYwZKfv‡e ejv nq, V AvqZ‡bi †Kvb e¯‘i fi m n‡j H e¯‘i NbZ¡, ρ  |
V
e¯‘i fi‡K m Øviv, AvqZb‡K V Øviv Ges NbZ¡‡K ρ [MªxK A¶i †iv] A_ev d A_ev D Aÿi Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq|

Nb‡Z¡i GKK I gvÎv t

GKK: f‡ii GKK wK‡jvMÖvg (kg), AvqZ‡bi GKK NbwgUvi (m3)| AZGe Nb‡Z¡i GKK wK‡jvMÖvg cÖwZ
NbwgUvi| ms‡¶‡c wK‡jvMÖvg/NbwgUvi (kg m-3)| e¨envwiK ev cÖv‡qvwMK †¶‡Î Nb‡Z¡i GKK MÖvg cÖwZ Nb
†mw›UwgUvi ms‡¶‡c MÖvg/wmwm (g/cc A_ev gcm-3) eûj cÖPwjZ| GwU SI GK‡Ki Dc¸wYZK|

gvÎv: f‡ii gvÎv‡K AvqZ‡bi gvÎv w`‡q fvM Ki‡j Nb‡Z¡i gvÎv cvIqv hvq|

fi M
NbZ¡ =  3  ML-3
AvqZb L

 [ ρ] = ML-3
ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b n‡j GKB e¯‘i AvqZb cwieZ©b nq, ZvB Nb‡Z¡iI cwieZ©b nq| cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q
cvwbi NbZ¡ me †P‡q †ewk nq 4° C ZvcgvÎvq| 4° C †_‡K ZvcgvÎv evo‡jI cvwbi NbZ¡ K‡g hvq, 4° C †_‡K
ZvcgvÎv Kg‡jI cvwbi NbZ¡ K‡g hvq| †Kej gvÎ 4° C ZvcgvÎvq 1 NbwgUvi cvwbi fi 1000 wK‡jvMÖvg nq|
ZvB cvwbi NbZ¡ 1000 kg m-3 A_ev 1gm/cc |

5.2.3 ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Nb‡Z¡i e¨envi (Use of density in every day life)
Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Nb‡Z¡i e¨envi e¨vcK| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Avgiv †R‡b Avevi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î bv †R‡bB
e¨envwiK Rxe‡b e¯‘i Nb‡Z¡i ˆewkó¨‡K Kv‡R jvMvB|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ni NbZ¡ evZv‡mi NbZ¡ †_‡K †ewk e‡j Avgiv gvwU‡Z nvU‡Z em‡Z ev Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cvwi| cvwb‡Z
fvmvi †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡ii evZvm mnvqZv K‡i|
evZv‡mi NbZ¡ cvwbi NbZ¡ †_‡K Kg| †bŠKv, †fjv, cvwb‡Z fvmgvb `ªe¨ wbg©v‡Y cvwb †_‡K Kg NbZ¡ m¤úbœ e¯‘
e¨eüZ nq ev Ggb †KŠkj e¨eüZ nq hv‡Z fvmgvb e¯‘‡K cvwb †_‡K nvjKv K‡i †`q|
†ejyb Iov‡bvi Rb¨ Gi g‡a¨ wnwjqvg M¨vm c~Y© Kiv nq| wnwjqvg M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ evZv‡mi NbZ¡ †_‡K Kg ZvB
†ejyb evZv‡mi g‡a¨ Dc‡i D‡V hvq|
Kve©b g‡bv A·vBW, Kve©b WvB A·vBW AZ¨šÍ welv³ M¨vm, Gi g‡a¨ k¦vm †bqv hvq bv| wKš‘ Giv Aw·‡Rb,
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †_‡K fvwi e‡j evqygÛ‡ji G‡Kev‡i wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i, d‡j Avgiv evqy‡Z ¯^”Q‡›` k¦vm wb‡Z cvwi|
cvwb †_‡K cvwbi ev®ú ev Mig evZv‡mi NbZ¡ Kg e‡j Lvevi ivbœv Kivi mgq ev Zß Lvevi VvÛv Kivi Rb¨ cv‡Îi
gyL †Lvjv ivLv nq|
Rjxq ev¯ú Kg Nb‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y AvKv‡k D‡V, hv †g‡Ni m„wó K‡i| evqygÛ‡ji evZvm †_‡K cvwbi NbZ¡ †ewk e‡j
e„wói cvwb c„w_ex c„‡ô †b‡g Av‡m| Zv‡ci cÖfv‡e evqygÛ‡ji evZv‡mi Nb‡Z¡i ZviZg¨ nq e‡jB c„w_ex‡Z evqy
cÖevn nq |
BDwbU 5 c„ôv-92
 c`v_©weÁvb

AwaK Nb e¯‘ AwaK k³ nq| ZvB wbg©vY †ÿ‡Î wbg©vY mvgMÖx wbe©vP‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡ji wnmve Abyqvqx c`v_©
e¨envi Kiv nq|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:

NbZ¡ t e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K Zvi Dcv`v‡bi NbZ¡ e‡j| V AvqZ‡bi †Kvb e¯‘i fi m n‡j H
m
e¯‘i NbZ¡, ρ 
V
Nb‡Z¡i GKK t wK‡jvMÖvg cÖwZ NbwgUvi| ms‡¶‡c wK‡jvMÖvg/NbwgUvi (kg m-3)|
4° C ZvcgvÎvq 1 NbwgUvi cvwbi fi 1000 wK‡jvMÖvg nq| ZvB cvwbi NbZ¡ 1000 kg m-3|
A_ev 1g/cc |
Pvc t †Kv‡bv c„‡ôi GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e cÖhy³ e‡ji gvb‡K Pvc e‡j| A †¶Îd‡ji Dci cÖhy³
F
ej F n‡j H c„‡ô Pv‡ci cwigvY, p 
A
Pv‡ci GKK t wbDUb cÖwZ eM©wgUvi| ms‡¶‡c wbDUb/eM©wgUvi (Nm-2)| e¨envwiK ev cÖv‡qvwMK †¶‡Î
Pv‡ci GKK c¨vm‡Kj (Pa) | 1 Pa = 1 N m-2

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ ) wPý w`b|
1| cvwbi NbZ¡ KZ ?
(K) 1000 kg m-3 (L) 1 kg m-3
(M) 1000 g m-3 (N) 100 kg cm-3
2| †Kvb e¯‘i NbZ¡ Zi‡ji Nb‡Z¡i †P‡q Kg n‡j †KvbwU NU‡e?
(K) Zi‡j IRbnxb g‡b n‡e (L) Zi‡j m¤c~Y© wbgw¾Z Ae¯’vq fvm‡e
(M) Zi‡j Wz‡e hv‡e (N) Zi‡j †f‡m _vK‡e
3| †Kvb e¯‘ NbZ¡ wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
(K) Dcv`vb (L) AvqZb
(M) ZvcgvÎv (N) Dcv`vb I ZvcgvÎv
2
4| †Kvb cyKz‡ii Zjvi †¶Îdj 375 m Ges cyKz‡ii cvwbi Mo MfxiZv 2 m n‡j H cyKz‡ii mg¯Í cvwbi fi
KZ?
(K) 7.5 × 102 kg (L) 7.5 × 103 kg
(M) 7.5 × 104 kg (N) 7.5 × 105 kg
5| Pv‡ci gvÎv †KvbwU?
(K) ML-1 T-2 (L) ML-2 T-2
(M) ML-1 T-1 (N) ML-2 T-1

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 93
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3 evqy gÛ‡ji Pvc I AvenvIqvi (Atmospheric Pressure and Weather)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l AvcwbÑ
1. evqy gÛ‡ji Pvc Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. D”PZvi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ evqy gÛ‡ji Pv‡ci m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. Zij ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv e¨envi K‡i evqy gÛjxq Pvc cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. evqy gÛ‡ji Pv‡ci cwieZ©b †_‡K AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.3.1 evqygÛ‡ji Pvc (Atmospheric Pressure)

Avgv‡`i c„w_ex evZv‡mi Pv`i w`‡q †gvov| Avgiv ewj c„w_ex evqygÛj Øviv cwi‡ewóZ| evqy gÛ‡ji
Mo we¯Í…wZ c„w_ex c„ô †_‡K D‡a© cÖvq 190 wK‡jvwgUvi| c„w_ex c„‡ôi mgZ‡ji Dci 1wgUvi ˆ`N©¨ I 1 wgUvi
cÖ‡¯’i GKwU eM©vK…wZ ¯’vb wPwýZ Kiæb| GB ¯’v‡bi Dci 190 wK‡jvwgUvi j¤^v GKwU evqy ¯Í¤¢ Kíbv Kiæb| Zv
n‡j Avcwb 190 Nb wgUvi evZv‡mi K_v fve‡Qb| GB evZvm UzKzi Aek¨B wKQz IRb Av‡Q| †f‡e †`Lyb Zvi
cwigvY KZ n‡e ? mgy`ª mgZ‡j GK eM©wgUvi ¯’v‡bi Ici GB evqy¯Í‡¤¢i cwigvY 1.003105 †KwR| hvi IRb
1.003105 wbDUb ev ms‡ÿ‡c 105 wbDUb| Avgiv Rvwb,
ej 105 wbUDUb
e¯‘i Pvc = †¶Îdj | G‡ÿ‡Î evqy gÛ‡ji Pvc = 1 eM©wgUvi | A_©vr, 105 Nm-2

5.3.2 Zij ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv I evqygÛ‡ji Pvc t U‡iwmwji cixÿv (Experiment of Torricelli)
BUvjxi MwYZwe` BfvbwRwj¯Í U‡iwmwj 1643 mv‡j Zij Z‡ji D”PZv I evqyPv‡ci m¤ú©K Kv‡R jvwM‡q cÖ_g
evqygÛjxq Pvc cwigv‡ci hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| hš¿wU AZ¨šÍ mvaviY| Gi Rb¨ wZwb GKwU GKgyL †Lvjv cÖvq 1
wgUvi j¤^v mylg e¨v‡mi GKvU cyiæ KvP bj ˆZwi K‡ib| KuvP bjwU‡K cvi` Øviv c~Y© K‡i b‡ji gyLwU Av½yj w`‡q
†P‡c Avi GKwU cvi` c~Y© evwUi g‡a¨ Deyi K‡i ewm‡q †`b Ges b‡ji gy‡Li Av½yjwU mwi‡q wb‡q bjwU‡K Lvov
K‡i ÷¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ `uvo Kwi‡q †`b (wPÎ 5.3)|

wPÎ 5.3 U‡iwmwji cixÿv

G Ae¯’vq †`Lv hvq b‡ji g‡a¨ cvi` ¯Í¤¢wU wKQzUv †b‡g G‡m w¯’i n‡q `uvwo‡q hvq| †¯‹‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GB Lvov
cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv cwigvc Kiv nq, cÖvq 76 †gw›UwgUvi|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-94
 c`v_©weÁvb

5.3.3 evqy gÛ‡ji Pv‡ci cwieZ©b I AvenvIqv (Atmospheric Pressure and Weather)
b‡ji g‡a¨ GB cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i `vuwo‡q _vKvi KviY wK? we‡kølY Ki‡j ¯úóZ
eySv hvq evwUi Db¥y³ cvi` Z‡ji Dci m¤ú~Y© evqy gÛj †h Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Q †mB Pvc cvi‡`i ga¨ w`‡q mÂvwjZ n‡q b‡ji wfZ‡i Ea©gy‡L wµqv
K‡i| GB Pvc b‡ji g‡a¨ cvi` ¯Í¤¢‡K a‡i iv‡L (wPÎ 5.4)|
GB Ea©gyLx Pvc bv _vK‡j AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi Rb¨ ev cvi‡`i IR‡bi Rb¨
b‡ji wfZ‡ii cvi` wb‡P †b‡g Avm‡Zv| myZivs evqygÛjxq Pvc b‡ji
g‡a¨i cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i Pv‡ci mgvb| mvaviY evqy gÛ‡ji ¯^vfvweK Pv‡ci
†ÿ‡Î cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i GB D”PZv 76 †mwg|
wPÎ 5.4
evqy gÛ‡ji Pvc evo‡j cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv †e‡o hvq, Avevi Pvc Kg‡j cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv K‡g hvq| Gfv‡e
cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv e¨envi K‡i evqy gÛjxq Pvc cwigvc Kiv hvq| jÿYxq KuvPb‡ji g‡a¨ cvi` ¯Í‡ii Dci †_‡K
b‡ji cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ wKQzUv ¯’vb k~b¨| GB k~b¨ ¯’v‡bi bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q U‡iwmwji k~b¨¯’vb| evqy Pvc cwigv‡ci GB
hš¿‡K ejv nq e¨v‡ivwgUvi| U‡iwmwji ‰Zwi e¨v‡ivwgUvi e¨env‡ii A‡bK mxgve×Zv _vKvq wewfbœ ai‡Yi DbœZ
wWRvB‡bi e¨‡ivwgUvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| evqygÛ‡ji Pvc cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î B`vwbs G¸wj e¨envi Kiv nq|
c„w_exi me©Î evqy gÛjxq Pvc mgvb bq, Avevi GKB ¯’v‡b memgq evqygÛjxq PvcI mgvb _v‡K bv| ¯’vb I mgq
†f‡` evqygÛ‡ji Pvc wewfbœ nq| G Kvi‡Y evqy‡Z Dcw¯’Z Rjxq ev‡®úi NbZ¡, evqy cÖev‡ni w`K ZvcgvÎv
cÖfvweZ nq| ZvB †Kvb ¯’v‡bi evqygÛ‡ji Pv‡ci mv‡_ AvenvIqvi cwieZ©b nq| Pvc cwigvc hš¿ ev
e¨v‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ evqy gÛjxq Pvc cwigvc K‡i †Kvb ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm †`qv hvq| †hgb:Ñ
 †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b e¨v‡ivwgUv‡i cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv ax‡i ax‡i Kg‡Z _vK‡j eySv hvq evqy‡Z Rjxq ev‡®úi
cwigvY ax‡i ax‡i evo‡Q| KviY Rjxq ev®ú evqy †_‡K nvjKv | G†ÿ‡Î H¯’v‡b ev GjvKvq e„wó cv‡Zi
m¤¢vebv|
 hw` †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv nVvr Lye K‡g hvq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Pvwiw`‡K evqygÛ‡ji Pvc mnmv
K‡g †M‡Q Ges wb¤œ Pv‡ci m„wó n‡q‡Q| ZLb cvk¦©eZx© D”P Pv‡ci GjvKv †_‡K evqy cÖej †e‡M H ¯’v‡b
Qz‡U Avm‡e| myZivs H¯’v‡b `ªæZ S‡oi m¤¢vebv|
 e¨v‡ivwgUv‡ii cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv ax‡i ax‡i evo‡Z _vK‡j eyS‡Z n‡e H ¯’v‡b ev GjvKvq evqygÛ‡ji
Rjxq ev®ú AcmvwiZ n‡q ﮋ evZvm e„w× cv‡”Q, myZivs AvenvIqv ﮋ I cwi®‹vi _vK‡e| Gfv‡e
e¨v‡ivwgUv‡ii cvV †`‡L AvnvIqvi c~e©vfvm †`qv nq|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
evqygÛjxq Pvc t c„w_ex c„‡ôi mgZ‡ji Dci 1wgUvi ˆ`N©¨ I 1 wgUvi cÖ‡¯’i GKwU eM©vK…wZ ¯’v‡bi Dci ¯Í‡¤¢i
Pvc G ¯’v‡bi evqygÛjxq Pvc| mgy`ª mgZ‡j evqygÛ‡ji Av`k© Pvc 105 Nm-2|
e¨v‡ivwgUvi t U‡iwmwj 1643 mv‡j Zij Z‡ji D”PZv I evqyPv‡ci m¤úK©‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q cÖ_g evqygÛjxq Pvc
cwigv‡ci hš¿ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|Gi bvg e¨v‡ivwgUvi| e¨v‡ivwgUv‡i cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv‡K evqygÛjxq Pv‡ci Av`k©
aiv nq| Av`k© evqy Pvc 76 cm cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i IR‡bi mgvb|
e¨v‡ivwgUv‡ii cvV †_‡K †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqvi c~e©fvm t
 e¨v‡ivwgUv‡i cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv ax‡i ax‡i Kg‡Z _vK‡j H¯’v‡b ev GjvKvq e„wó cv‡Zi m¤¢vebv|
 cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv nVvr Lye K‡g †M‡j H ¯’v‡b `ªæZ S‡oi m¤¢vebv|
 cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv ax‡i ax‡i evo‡Z _vK‡j eyS‡Z n‡e H ¯’v‡bi AvenvIqv ﮋ I cwi®‹vi _vK‡e|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 95
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK ( ) wPý w`b|
1| c„w_exi Dc‡i evqygÛ‡ji D”PZv KZ ?
(K) 1000 km (L) 190 km
(M) 190 m (N) 105 km
2| mgy`ª c„‡ô Av`k© evqygÛjxq Pvc KZ ?
(K) 105 Nm-2 (L) 10.15 Nm-2
(M) 105 Nm (N) 10.25 Nm
3| cÖ_g cvi` e¨v‡ivwgUvi †K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib ?
(K) K¨v‡fwÛm (L) AvwK©wgwWm
(M) U‡iwmwj (N) c¨vm‡Kj
4| †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b nVvr evqy Pvc K‡g †M‡j Kx n‡Z cv‡i ?
(K) AvenvIqv ﮋ n‡e (L) AvenvIqvi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv
(M) AvenvIqv †gNjv n‡e (N) So n‡Z cv‡i
5| mvaviY evqy gÛ‡ji ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c e¨v‡ivwgUv‡i cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv KZ ?
(K) 100 m (L) 76 m
(M) 80 cm (N) 76 cm

cvV-4 w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i Pvc I cøeZv

(Pressure in liquids at equlibrium and Buoyancy)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb
1. w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci ivwkgvjv cwigvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cÖevnx c`v‡_©i cøeZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. cøeZvi gvb wnmve Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.4.1 w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Pvc (Pressure at a point in liquids in
equlibrium)
Zij c`v‡_©i †Kv‡bv AvKvi †bB| †h cv‡Î ivLv hvq †mB cv‡Îi g‡a¨ Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o, †mB
cv‡Îi AvKvi aviY K‡i Ges cvÎ msjMœ As‡ki Dci j¯^fv‡e ej ev Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i| c`v_© w¯’i _vK‡j Gi
Af¨šÍ‡ii cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’v‡b ev we›`y‡Z GB Pvc wµqv K‡i| Zij c`v‡_©i Af¨šÍ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pvc ej‡Z
H we›`yi Pvwiw`‡K GKK †¶Îd‡ji Dci wµqvkxj ej‡K eySvq| wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q‡` Zij c`v‡_©i Af¨šÍ‡i †Kvb
we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci ivwkgvjv cÖwZcv`b Kiv nj|
GKwU cv‡Î wKQz cwigvY Zij c`v_© Av‡Q (wPÎ 5.5)| Zi‡ji g‡a¨ O
GKwU we›`y| aiv hvK O we›`y‡Z Zi‡ji Pvc wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
aiv hvK Zi‡ji Dcwi Zj †_‡K O we›`yi MfxiZv = h,
Zi‡ji NbZ¡ = ρ

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-96
 c`v_©weÁvb

Ges cix¶vMv‡ii AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb = g |

O we›`y w`‡q Zi‡ji Dcwi Z‡ji mgvšÍivj A †¶Îdj ev cÖ¯’‡”Q` wewkó
GKwU ¯Í¤¢ BCDE Kíbv Kiv hvK| GB Zij ¯Í‡¤¢i IRb Gi Zjvi
Ici O we›`yi Pvwiw`‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Q| aiv hvK GB IRb ev ej,
W = F = mg
GLv‡b m = Zij ¯Í‡¤¢i fi|
fi (m)
Avgiv Rvwb, AvqZb (v) = NbZ¡ (ρ) ; ev, m= V.ρ

wPÎ 5.5
 F = mg = Vρg
= Ahρg [ AvqZb (V) = Zjvi †¶Îdj (A)  D”PZv (h) ]
F Ahg
AZGe, O we›`yi Pvwiw`‡K GKK †¶‡Îi Dci ej ev Pvc, p    hg
A A

ev, p = hρg ….. …. …. (5.1)

A_©vr, Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Pvc = we›`yi MfxiZv  Zi‡ji NbZ¡  H ¯’v‡bi AwfKl©R Z¡iY|
mgxKi‡Y f‚wgi †¶Îdj Abycw¯’Z| G †_‡K ejv hvq, Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i Pv‡ci gvb †¶Îd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i
bv| †¶Îdj †ewk ev Kg hvB †nvK bv †Kb Pvc me©`v GKB nq|
5.4.2 cÖevnx c`v_© I cøeZv (Fluid and Buoyancy)
c`v_© hLb Zij I evqexq Ae¯’vq _v‡K ZLb GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Zij I evqexq
c`v_©‡K cÖevnx c`v_© ejv nq| cÖevnx c`v_© we‡kl †ÿ‡Î KwVb c`v_© †_‡K wKQz Avjv`v †fŠZ ˆewkó¨ cÖ`k©b
K‡i| Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU ˆewkó n‡”Q cøeZv|
cøeZv t Avcwb hLb cyKzi ev b`x‡Z †Mvmj Ki‡Z bv‡gb cvwbi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K nvjKv g‡b K‡ib| GKwU BU, cv_i
ev fvix e¯‘ LÛ‡K cvwbi g‡a¨ Zzj‡Z †M‡j nvjKv g‡b nq, mn‡R GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †bqv hvq| †f‡e
†`‡L‡Qb †Kb Ggb nq? GK UzK‡iv Mv‡Qi ¸wo cvwb‡Z †d‡j w`‡j †f‡m I‡V A_ev nvjKv n‡q hvq| wKš‘ †Kb?
cvwbi g‡a¨ WzešÍ Ae¯’vq me e¯‘i Dci cvwb EaŸ©gyLx ej ev Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i| evZv‡mi g‡a¨I Ggb nq Avgiv
GwU Lye †ewk Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi bv| GKwU †ejy‡bi g‡a¨ evZvm XzwK‡q †Q‡o w`‡j †ek eySv hvqÑ GwU nvjKv
n‡q †M‡Q|
Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbgw¾Z †Kvb e¯‘i Dci Zij ev evqexq c`v_© j¤^fv‡e Ea©gyLx
ej ev Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i| GB EaŸ©gyLx ej‡K ejv nq cøeZv| cvwbi g‡a¨ GKwU dzUej Wzwe‡q †Q‡o w`b| †`L‡eb
ejwU‡K cvwb Kx fv‡e EaŸ©gyLx av°v w`‡”Q| cøeZvi gvb e¯‘i wbgw¾Z Ask KZ…©K AcmvwiZ Zij ev evqexq
c`v‡_©i IR‡bi mgvb nq|
cøeZvi gvb
Zi‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU KwVb e¯‘ wbgw¾Z Ki‡j e¯‘i cÖwZwU we›`y‡Z Zij me©gyLx Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i| aiv hvK GKwU
AvqZvKvi e¯‘ LÛ GKwU Zij c~Y© cv‡Îi g‡a¨ wbgw¾Z Kiv n‡q‡Q (wPÎ 5.6)| aiv hvK LÛwUi Dc‡ii I bx‡Pi

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 97
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Dfq Z‡ji †ÿÎdj A eM© GKK, D”PZv h GKK | Gi Dci c„ô Ges wb‡Pi c„‡ôi MfxiZv h_vµ‡g h1 I h2
GKK Ges Zi‡ji NbZ¡ ρ Zvn‡jÑ

LÛwUi Dc‡ii c„ôZ‡ji Dci Zi‡ji wb¤œgyLx ej n‡e, F1 = A h1 ρg

Ges LÛwUi wb¤œ c„ôZ‡ji Dci Zi‡ji EaŸ©gyLx ej n‡e, F2 = A h2 ρg
e¯‘LÛwUi PviwU LvovZ‡ji `ywU K‡i ci¯úi wecixZ gyLx nIqvi Zij KZ…©K
cÖhy³ cvk¦© Pvc ci¯úi wecixZ gyLx I mgvb weavq bvKP n‡q hvq| †Kej
Dcwi Zj I wb‡Pi Z‡ji Dc‡ii Pvc Kvh©Ki n‡e|
myZivs e¯‘ L‡Ûi Dci jwä EaŸ©gyLx ej ev cøeZv,

= F2 - F1 = A h2 ρg - A h1 ρg
= A (h2 – h1)ρg
= Ahρg [ h2 - h1= h = e¯‘ L‡Ûi D”PZv ]
= V ρg [ V = Ah = e¯‘ L‡Ûi AvqZb ]
wPÎ 5.6
= e¯‘ LÛ `¦viv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb|

myZivs wbgw¾Z e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj Ea©gyLx ej ev cøeZv e¯‘ KZ…©K AcmvwiZ cÖevnxi IR‡bi mgvb| GB
EaŸ©gyLx e‡ji Kvi‡Y wbgw¾Z e¯‘i IRb K‡g hvq ev IRb nvivq e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Pvc t
Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Pvc = we›`yi MfxiZv  Zi‡ji NbZ¡  H ¯’v‡bi AwfKl©R Z¡iY|
ev, p = hρg [ GLv‡b, h= we›`yi MfxiZv, ρ= Zi‡ji NbZ¡ Ges g = H ¯’v‡bi AwfKl©R Z¡iY|]
cÖevnx c`v_© t †h mKj c`v_© GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv‡K cÖevnx c`v_© e‡j|
cÖevnx c`v_© `y ai‡bi Zij I evqexq|
cøeZv t Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbw¾Z †Kvb e¯‘i Dci Zij ev evqexq c`v_© j¤^fv‡e
†h EaŸ©gyLx ej ev Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv‡K cøeZv e‡j|
Zi‡j wbgw¾Z e¯‘ L‡Ûi Dci cøeZvi gvb = e¯‘ LÛ Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK ( ) wPý w`b|
1| w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci cwigvY KZ ? (A, h, ρ I g h_vh_ A_©ÁvcK n‡j)
(K) Ahρg (L) hρg
(M) Ahρ (N) Aρg

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-98
 c`v_©weÁvb

2| w¯’i Zi‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Pv‡ci cwigvY bx‡Pi †Kvb ivwkwUi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv ?
(K) †ÿÎdj (L) Zi‡ji NbZ¡
(M) AwfKl©R Z¡iY (N) MfxiZv

3| mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z hZB Mfx‡i bvg‡eb cvwbi Pvc ZZB Ñ

(K) Kg‡e (L) cwiewZ©Z n‡e
(M) evo‡e (N) AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e

4| cøeZv Kx ?
(K) Zij c`v‡_© wbgw¾Z e¯‘i Dci Ea©Pvc (L) Zij c`v‡_© wbgw¾Z e¯‘i Dci wb¤œPvc
(M) Zij c`v‡_© wbgw¾Z e¯‘i me©gyLx Pvc (N) Zij c`v‡_© wbgw¾Z e¯‘i IRb

5| cøeZv gvb KZ ?
(K) wbgw¾Z e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj Ea© ej (L) e¯‘ LÛ `¦viv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb
(M) wbgw¾Z e¯‘i nviv‡bv IRb (N) Dc‡ii me¸wj

cvV-5 AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~Î t e¯‘i fvmb I wbg¾‡bi kZ©

(Archimedes’ Law : Conditions of floatation and Immersion)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l AvcwbÑ
1. AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~ÎwU eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
2. e¯‘i cvwb‡Z fvmv I †Wvevi kZ© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. evsjv‡`‡k †bŠc‡_ `yN©Ubvi KviY we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.5.1 AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~Î (Archimedes’ Law)

cyKzi, b`x ev Rjvk‡qi cvwb‡Z †Mvmj Ki‡Z bvg‡j cvwbi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K nvjKv g‡b nq| cvwbi g‡a¨
GKLÛ BU ev cv_i Zzj‡Z nvjKv jv‡M| †Kv‡bv e¯‘ cvwb‡Z Wzev‡bv Ae¯’vq IRb K‡g hvq| Avevi cvwbc~Y© GKwU
cv‡Îi g‡a¨ GKUzK‡iv bywo cv_i †dj‡j wKQz cvwb Dc‡P c‡o| Gm‡ei KviY Kx ?

wmivK‡mi (wmwmwji) weL¨vZ weÁvbx AvwK©wgwWm Avwe®‹vi K‡ib

cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z e¯‘ Zvi AvqZ‡bi mgvb cwigvY cvwb AcmviY
K‡i Ges wKQz IRb nvivq e‡j g‡b nq| Zvi GB Avwe®‹vi wewfbœ
cix¶v wbix¶vi gva¨‡g GKwU m~‡Îi AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq GwU
AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ| m~ÎwU nj : †Kv‡bv e¯‘ Zij wKsev
evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y© wbgw¾Z n‡j, e¯‘wU wKQz cwigvY
Zij ev evqexq c`v_© AcmviY K‡i Ges e¯‘wU wKQz IRb nvivq|
e¯‘i GB nviv‡bv IRb e¯‘ Øviv AcmvwiZ Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i
wPÎ 5.7 MÖxK weÁvbx I MwYZwe`
IR‡bi mgvb|
AvwK©wgwWm (Aby. 287 wLª.c~.- Aby. 212
wLª.c~.)

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 99
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

m~‡Îi e¨vL¨v
†Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K hLb Zi‡j Wzev‡bv nq ZLb GKB mv‡_ H e¯‘i Dci `ywU ej KvR K‡i| GKwU e¯‘i Dci
AwfKl©R Z¡iY RwbZ ej, hv e¯‘‡K cw„_exi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K Uv‡b| G‡K e‡j e¯Íi IRb| wØZxqwU e¯‘i Dci Zij
c`v‡_©i EaŸ©gyLx Pvc ev ej, G‡K ejv nq cøeZv| `ywU wecixZgyLx e‡ji jwä e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj nq| d‡j
e¯‘wUi IRb K‡g hvq| e¯‘wU Zi‡j wbgw¾Z n‡j wKQz RvqMv `Lj K‡i| ZLb GB RvqMvi Zij m‡i hvq ev
AcmvwiZ nq| Zi‡ji EaŸ©gyLx ej GB AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IR‡bi mgvb nq| e¯‘ hZ †ewk RvqMv `Lj Ki‡e
AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji AvqZbI ZZ †ewk n‡e| Avevi e¯‘wU hZ †ewk Zij AcmviY Ki‡e Zvi IRb ZZ †ewk
Kg‡e| GwUB AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~‡Îi g~j K_v| G †_‡K Avgiv †Kvb e¯‘i Zij ev cvwb‡Z fvmvi ev †Wvevi kZ© Lyu‡R
cvB| A_©vr GKwU e¯‘ wbw`©ó Zi‡j fvm‡e bv Wze‡e Zv ej‡Z cvwi|

5.5.2 e¯‘i fvmv I †Wvevi kZ© (Conditions of floatation and Immersion of a body)

aiv hvK GKwU e¯‘i IRb (e¯‘i Dci AwfKl©R Z¡iY RwbZ ej) W wbDUb| H e¯‘wU‡K cvwb‡Z †Wvev‡bv nj|
e¯‘wUi Dci cvwbi cøeZv (EaŸ©Pvc RwbZ ej) W1 wbDUb| GLb -

1. W > W1 n‡j, A_©vr e¯‘i IRb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb †_‡K †ewk n‡j e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hv‡e|
2. W < W1 n‡j, A_©vr e¯‘i IRb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb †_‡K Kg n‡j e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Wze‡e bv, †f‡m _vK‡e|
3. W = W1 n‡j, A_©vr e¯‘i IRb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb mgvb n‡j e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Wz‡e Wz‡e fvm‡e|

5.8 bs wP‡Î Lvwj †evZjwUi IRb 0.5 wbDUb| Gi

Ici cvwbi cøeZv ej 10 wbDUb| d‡j †evZjwU
cvwb‡Z fvm‡Q|

†evZjwUi g‡a¨ evwj w`‡q AvswkK c‚Y© K‡i IRb nj 10

wbDUb, cvwbi cøeZv 10 wbDUb| †evZjwU wbgw¾Z
n‡q fvm‡Q| AviI LvwbKUv evwj c‚Y© Kivq ‡evZjwUi
IRb 12 wbDUb nj, wKš‘ cvwbi cøeZv 10 wbDUb|
Gevi †evZjwU cvwb‡Z Wz‡e †Mj|
wPÎ t 5.8 fvmb wbg¾‡bi m~‡Îi e¨vL¨v

5.5.3 evsjv‡`‡k †bŠc‡_ `yN©Ubv (Accidents of waterway in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`k b`xgvZ…K †`k | GK mgq G †`‡ki cÖavb hvbevnb wQj †bŠKv, jÂ, ÷xgvi BZ¨vw` Rjhvb| B`vwbs
moK c_ I moK cwienb e„w×i Rb¨ Rjhvb ev †bŠ cwienb A‡bKUvB K‡g †M‡Q| Z_vwc cÖwZ eQi †bŠ c‡_i
`yN©Ubvq K‡qK nvRvi gvbyl gviv hvq| cÖPzi gvjvgvj cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †bŠhvb¸wji g‡a¨ †bŠKv
Ges j `yN©Ubv †ewk N‡U| GKwU †bŠKv ev j Gi MVb cÖ‡KŠkj Ggb n‡Z nq hv‡Z GwU hvÎx I gvjcÎmn
Abvqv‡m cvwb‡Z †f‡m _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges mvgvb¨ So evZvm ev av°vq G‡`i fvimvg¨ bó bv nq|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k B`vwbs cÖ‡KŠkjMZ ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y †evSvB Rjhvb¸‡jvi fi‡K›`ª cwiewZ©Z n‡q fvimvg¨ nvwi‡q
†dj‡Q| d‡j mvgvb¨ av°v ev S‡o G¸‡jv D‡ë hv‡”Q| Avevi A‡bK mgq AwZwi³ hvÎx I gvj en‡bi Kvi‡YI
†bŠhvb `yN©Ubv NU‡Q| G‡Z cÖPzi Rvb-gvj ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| A`ÿ PvjK I AvenvIqvI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †bŠc‡_
`yN©Ubvi Rb¨ `vqx|
BDwbU 5 c„ôv-100
 c`v_©weÁvb

GB ÿwZ ev †bŠhvb `yN©Ubv †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i KiYxqÑ

1| AwZwi³ hvÎx I gvjvgvj †evSvB †iv‡ai cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MªnY|
2| ÎæwU c~Y© hvb Pvjv‡bv †_‡K wbe„Ë _vKv|
3| `ÿ PvjK wb‡qvM|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:

AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~Î : †Kv‡bv e¯‘ Zij wKsev evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y© wbgw¾Z n‡j, e¯‘wU wKQz cwigvY
Zij ev evqexq c`v_© AcmviY K‡i Ges e¯‘wU wKQz IRb nvivq| e¯‘i GB nviv‡bv IRb e¯‘ Øviv AcmvwiZ
Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i IR‡bi mgvb|
e¯‘i fvmv I †Wvevi kZ© : aiv hvK, GKwU e¯‘i IRb (e¯‘i Dci AwfKl©R Z¡iY RwbZ ej) W wbDUb, e¯‘wUi
cvwb‡Z †Wvev‡j Gi Dci cvwbi cøeZv (EaŸ©Pvc RwbZ ej) W1 wbDUb| G‡¶‡Î -
1. W > W1 n‡j, A_©vr e¯‘i IRb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb †_‡K †ewk n‡j e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hv‡e|
2. W < W1 n‡j, A_©vr e¯‘i IRb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb †_‡K Kg n‡j e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z †f‡m _vK‡e|
3. W = W1 n‡j, A_©vr e¯‘i IRb AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb mgvb n‡j e¯‘wU cvwb‡Z Wz‡e Wz‡e fvm‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbÑ 5.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK ( ) wPý w`b|

1| †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K w¯’i Zi‡j wbgw¾Z Ki‡j e¯‘i Dci †h jwä ej Abyf‚Z nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) wbgœ gyLx Pvc (L) e¯‘i IRb
(M) cøeZv (N) e¯‘i nviv‡bv IRb

2| e¯‘i IR‡bi †P‡q e¯‘wU Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb †ewk n‡j e¯‘wU H Zi‡j wK Ae¯’vq _vK‡e?
(K) †f‡m _vK‡e (L) Wz‡e hv‡e
(M) A‡a©K †f‡m _vK‡e (N) m¤ú~Y© wbgw¾Z n‡q fvm‡e

3| GK LÛ Mv‡Qi ¸wo cvwbi g‡a¨ †d‡j w`‡j ¸wowU cvwbi Dci Wz‡e †f‡m _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK
(K) ¸woi IRb  AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb (L) AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb  ¸woi IRb
(M) ¸woi IRb = AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb (N) me KvV me mgq cvwb‡Z fv‡m|

4| †KvbwU Avgv‡`i †`‡k †bŠc‡_ `yN©Ubvi KviY ?

(K) wbg©vY ÎæwU (L) AwZwi³ hvÎx †evSvB
(M) A`ÿ PvjK (N) Dc‡ii me¸wj

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 101

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-6 c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î (Pascal’s Law)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l AvcwbÑ
1. c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î cÖ‡qv‡M ej e„w×KiY bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. c¨vm‡K‡ji bxwZi e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvM D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.6.1 c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î ( Pascal’s Law )

†Kv‡bv cv‡Î Zij ev evqexq c`v_© ivL‡j Zv cv‡Îi msjMœ Mv‡Î Pvc
cÖ‡qvM K‡i| wKš‘ GB cvÎwU Ave× K‡i hw` Zi‡ji ev evqexq c`v‡_©i
Dci †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b evowZ Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv n‡j †mB Pvc
mew`‡K mÂvwjZ nq| G m¤ú‡K© weÁvbx c¨vm‡Kj GKwU m~Î †`b| GwU
c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|

c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î : cv‡Î Ave× Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †h †Kv‡bv

As‡ki Dci evB‡ii †_‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †mB Pvc wKQz gvÎ bv K‡g
c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ me w`‡K mÂvwjZ nq Ges c`v_© msjMœ cvÎ c„‡ôi me©Î
j¤^fv‡e mgvb Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
wPÎ t 5.9 divmx weÁvbx I MwYZwe`
c¨vm‡K‡ji m~‡Îi e¨vL¨v : †eøBR c¨vm‡Kj (1623-1662)

GKwU Pvi gyL wewkó †MvjK AvK…wZi we‡kl cvÎ we‡ePbv Kiv hvK (wPÎ 5.10)| gyL PviwU Amgvb cÖ¯’‡”Q`
wewkó| cÖ‡Z¨KwU gyL cv‡Îi †K‡›`ªi w`K eivei Ges cvwb‡ivax wc÷b Øviv e×|

aiv hvK, gyL¸‡jv A, B, C, D Ges G‡`i cÖ¯’‡”Q`

h_vµ‡g 1, 2, 3 I 4 GKK| Gi GKwU wc÷b Ly‡j
†MvjKwU cvwb Øviv c~Y© K‡i wc÷bwU cybivq Av‡Mi RvqMvq
emvb n‡jv|
GLb A gy‡Li wc÷bwU‡K F ej Øviv wfZ‡ii w`‡K av°v
w`‡j †`Lv hv‡e Ab¨ wc÷b wZbwU evB‡ii w`‡K †ewo‡q
Avm‡Q| G †_‡K eySv †Mj cÖhy³ Pvc mew`‡K mÂvwjZ
n‡”Q| Ges cv‡Îi Mv‡q j¤^fv‡e av°v w`‡”Q ev KvR Ki‡Q|

GLb B, C Ges D gy‡Li wc÷b¸‡jvi evB‡i Avmv eÜ

Ki‡Z n‡j G‡`i Dci evB‡i †_‡K †fZ‡ii w`‡K h_vµ‡g
2F, 3F, Ges 4F ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
wPÎ t 5.10

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-102
 c`v_©weÁvb

ej F ej 2F
A Gi Dci Pvc =  =F; B Gi Dci Pvc =  =F
†ÿÎdj 1 †ÿÎdj 2

ej 3F ej 4F
C Gi Dci Pvc =  = F; D Gi Dci Pvc =  =F
†ÿÎdj 3 †ÿÎdj 4

Gfv‡eB c¨vm‡K‡ji m~ÎwU e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|

5.6.2 c¨vm‡K‡ji m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM eje„w×KiY bxwZ

(Application of Pascal’s Law and Principle for multiplication of force)

c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î †_‡K Avgiv cvB, Ave× Zij (ev evqexq) c`v‡_©i †Kvb ¯’v‡b Aí ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i cv‡Îi Ab¨Î
AwaK ej cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡K ej e„w×i bxwZ e‡j| GB bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm ˆZwi Kiv
nq| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi MVb I Kvh©cÖYvjx Rvbvi Av‡M Avgiv GB ej e„w×i bxwZwU e¨vL¨v Kie|

GK evû †gvUv Ges GK evû miæ bj wewkó GKwU

U AvK…wZi avZe cvÎ †bqv nj (wPÎ 5.11)| miæ
b‡ji cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †¶Îdj A1 Ges †gvUv b‡ji
cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †¶Îdj A2|
A_©vr, A2>A1

cvÎwU cvwb Øviv c~Y© K‡i `yB evûi g‡a¨ `ywU cvwb
†ivax wc÷b emv‡bv n‡jv| Dfq wc÷‡bi Dci
GKwU K‡i cøvUdg© Av‡Q hv‡Z myweav gZ ej
cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq ev IRb emv‡bv hvq|
wPÎ 5.11

GLb †QvU wc÷‡bi cøvUd‡g©i Dci F1 ej

cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cwigvY g‡Zv evULvov ivL‡j eo wc÷bwU Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Avm‡e|
eo wc÷b‡K mvg¨ve¯’vq ivLvi Rb¨ Gi cøvUd‡g©i Dci wKQz evULvov emv‡Z n‡e| aiv hvK GB evULvov Øviv
cÖhy³ ej F2 | c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb Dfq wc÷‡bi Dci cÖhy³ Pvc mgvb|

ej F
GLv‡b miæ evûi wc÷‡bi Dci Pvc =  1
†ÿÎdj A1
ej F2
Ges †gvUv evûi wc÷‡bi Dci Pvc = 
†ÿÎdj A2
F1 F2
c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i,  ev, F1  A2 = F2  A1 …. ….. ….. …… (5.2)
A1 A2

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 103

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wKš‘, A2 > A1| AZGe F2 > F1 n‡e| A_©vr, †QvU wc÷‡bi ¶z`ªZi ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i eo wc÷‡b e„nËi ej
cvIqv hv‡e| GB bxwZ Kv‡R jvwM‡q nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm, nvB‡WªvwjK †eªK, nvB‡WªvwjK wjd&U BZ¨vw` ˆZwi Kiv nq|

MvwYwZK D`vniY -5.1| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi eo I †QvU wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj h_vµ‡g 2m2 I
0.25m2| hw` †QvU wcó‡b 50N ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, Z‡e eo wc÷‡b KZ ej co‡e?
mgvavb t †`qv Av‡Q,
Avgiv Rvwb, †QvU wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj, A1 = 0.25m2
c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i, F1  A2 = F2  A1 eo wc÷‡bi cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj, A2 = 2m2
2 †QvU wc÷‡bi cÖhy³ ej, F1 = 50N
ev, F2  F1  A2  50N  2m eo wc÷‡bi Dci cÖhy³ ej, F2 = ?
A1 0.25m2

= 400 N
DËi t eo wc÷‡bi Dci cÖhy³ ej = 400 N

5.6.3 c¨vm‡K‡ji bxwZi e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvM t nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm

Application of Pascal’s Law : Hydraulic Press
c¨vm‡K‡ji m~‡Îi ej e„w×i bxwZ Kv‡R jvwM‡q 1795 mv‡j eªvgv bv‡g GKRb e„wUk BwÄwbqvi GB hš¿ Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib| Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvg Abymv‡i G‡K eªvgvi †cÖmI ejv nq| Avevi Zij c`v_© Øviv PvwjZ e‡j G‡K nvB‡WªvwjK
†cÖmI ejv nq|

wPÎ t 5.12 nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm

†cÖ‡mi MVb: 5.12 wP‡Î GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GB h‡š¿i cÖavb Ask nj †jvnvi ˆZwi `ywU duvcv
wmwjÛvi A Ges B| Giv GKwU k³ avZe bj E Øviv mshy³| A wmwjÛviwUi cÖ¯’‡”Q` †QvU|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-104
 c`v_©weÁvb

Gi g‡a¨ GKwU cøvÄvi wc÷b P cvwb‡ivaxfv‡e EVv bvgv Ki‡Z cv‡i| B wmwjÛviwUi cÖ¯’‡”Q` †ek eo| Gi
g‡a¨I GKwU wc÷b i¨vg R cvwb‡ivaxfv‡e KvR K‡i|P wc÷‡bi mv‡_ GKwU wjfvi `Û L hy³ nvZj H jvMvb
_v‡K| A wmwjÛviwUi wbgœvsk ‡_‡K GKwU bj gvwUi wb‡P ¯’vwcZ GKwU cvwbi U¨v‡¼i g‡a¨ Wzev‡bv _v‡K|
B I E Gi ms‡hvM ¯’‡j GKwU fvjf V2 Ges A I T U¨v‡¼i ms‡hvMKvix b‡ji ms‡hvM ¯’‡j GKwU fvjf V1
AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| V1 fvjfwU Øviv U¨v‡¼i cvwb †KejgvÎ A wmwjÛv‡i Ges V2 fvjf Øviv A wmwjÛv‡ii cvwb
†Kej gvÎ B wmwjÛv‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| B wmwjÛviwUi Zjv †_‡K GKwU ÷c KK© K hy³ bj Øviv Gi cvwbi U¨v¼ T
Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv _v‡K| R wc÷‡bi gv_vi Ici GKwU eo cøvUdg© P' Av‡Q GB cøvUd‡g©i Dci GKwU avZe
cvUvZb Z hy³ `„p †d«g F AvUKv‡bv _v‡K|
Kvh© c×wZ : K Pvwei ms‡hvM eÜ †i‡L H nvZjwU Ic‡i DVv‡j P wc÷bwU Ic‡ii w`‡K DV‡e| V2 fvjf eÜ
n‡q hv‡e Ges V1 fvjf Ly‡j cvwbi U¨v¼ †_‡K cvwb A wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| nvZjwU wb‡P bvgv‡j P wc÷bwU
wb‡Pi w`‡K bvg‡e| wmwjÛvi B Gi cvwbi Pvc mÂvwjZ n‡q V1 fvj‡fi Dci wbgœgywL Ges V2 fvj‡fi Dci
Ea©gywL Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| d‡j V1 fvjfwU eÜ n‡q hv‡e Ges V2 fvjfwU Ly‡j hv‡e Ges E bj c‡_ cvwb B
wmwjÛv‡i XzK‡e| Gfv‡e nvZjwU evievi DVv bvgv Ki‡j U¨v¼ †_‡K cvwb µgk B wmwjÛv‡i XzK‡e Ges R
wc÷b‡K †V‡j Ic‡i DVv‡e|
†Kvb wKQz †hgb Zzjv, cvU, KvMR, Kvco BZ¨vw` MuvBU euvavi †¶‡Î cÖ_‡g Gme wRwbm †cª‡mi ‡d«‡gi g‡a¨
XzwK‡q Dc‡ii Z cvUvZbwU eÜ K‡i †`qv nq| Gici cv¤úwU Pvjy Kiv nq| d‡j R wc÷bwU µgk Dc‡i I‡V
Ges †dª‡gi g‡a¨ cøvUdg©wU µgk Dc‡i IV‡Z _v‡K| †d«‡gi g‡a¨i e¯‘i Ici cÖPÛ Pvc m„wó K‡i| GB Pv‡c
wfZ‡ii wRwbm ch©vß cwigv‡Y m¼zwPZ nq| m¼zzwPZ Ae¯’vq k³ `wo ev wdZv w`‡q MuvBUwU †eu‡a †djv nq|
MuvBU euvav †kl n‡j K bjwU Ly‡j †`qv nq, B wmwjÛv‡ii cvwb U¨v‡¼ †b‡g Av‡m| wc÷b i¨v‡gi Dc‡ii
cøvUdg©wU wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m| Gici euvav MuvBUwU mn‡R †d«g †_‡K †ei K‡i †bqv hvq| Gfv‡e †cÖmwU Avevi bZzb
MuvBU evuavi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq|

nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi hš¿vsk‡K gwiPvi nvZ †_‡K i¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ mvaviYZ cvwbi cwie‡Z© ¯^íg~‡j¨i †Zj e¨envi
Kiv nq| GQvov ch©vß Pvc mn¨ Ki‡Z nq e‡j †ek †gvUv Ges fvix †jvnvi Øviv GB hš¿ ˆZwi Kiv nq|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î : cv‡Î Ave× Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †h †Kv‡bv As‡ki Dci evB‡ii †_‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡j †mB Pvc wKQz gvÎ bv K‡g c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ mew`‡K mgvbfv‡e mÂvwjZ nq Ges Zij ev evqexq c`v_©
msjMœ cvÎ c„‡ôi me©Î j¤^fv‡e mgvb Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi g~j bxwZ t c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î †_‡K Avgiv cvB, Ave× Zij (ev evqexq) c`v‡_©i †Kvb ¯’v‡b
Aí Pvc ev ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i cv‡Îi Ab¨Î AwaK Pvc ev ej cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡K ej ev NvZ e„w×i bxwZ
e‡j| GB bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm ˆZwi Kiv nq|
nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm t c¨vm‡K‡ji m~‡Îi ej e„w×i bxwZ Kv‡R jvwM‡q 1795 mv‡j eªvgv bv‡g GKRb e„wUk
BwÄwbqvi GB hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvg Abymv‡i G‡K eªvgvi †cÖmI ejv nq| Avevi Zij c`v_©
Øviv PvwjZ e‡j G‡K nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖmI ejv nq|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 105

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.6

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK ( ) wPý w`b|
1| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi †Kvb Ask‡K i¨vg e‡j?
(K) cvUvZ‡bi Dci †d«g (L) wjfvi `‡Ûi mvg‡bi Ask
(M) eo wc÷b (N) †QvU wc÷b
2| nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm †Kvb m~‡Îi wfwˇZ ˆZwi Kiv nq?
(K) c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î (L) AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~Î
(M) wjfv‡ii m~Î (N) eªvgvi m~Î
3| GKwU nvB‡WªvwjK †cÖ‡mi eo I †QvU wc÷‡bi e¨v‡mi AbycvZ 3:1, †QvU wc÷‡b KZ ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j eo
wc÷‡b 900 N ej cvIqv hv‡e?
(K) 9N (L) 30N
(M) 100N (N) 900N
4| cv‡Î Ave× Zij c`v‡_©i †Kv‡bv As‡ki Dci Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Kx N‡U?
(K) c`v‡_©i H As‡ki Pvc wVK _v‡K (L) c`v‡_©i mew`‡Ki Pvc K‡g hvq
(M) c`v‡_©i mew`‡K Pvc e„w× cvq (N) c`v‡_©i mew`‡K Pvc mgvbfv‡e mÂvwjZ nq
5| Pv‡ci GKK ‡KvbwU?
(K) c¨vm‡Kj (L) wbDUb
(M) †f±i (N) wbDUb cÖwZ wgUvi

cvV-7 w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv (Elasticity)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb
1. w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. cxob I weK…wZ Kx Zv eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. û‡Ki m~Î eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.7.1 w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, cxob I weK…wZ (Elasticity, Stress and Strain)

GKwU ivevi e¨vÛ `y nv‡Z a‡i `yw`‡K †U‡b‡Qb KL‡bv ? nq‡Zv A‡bK evi| bv n‡j GÿzwY †Póv Kiæb|
e¨vÛwU Uvb‡j j¤^v nq , ˆ`N©¨ †e‡o hvq (wPÎ 5.13)| Avevi †Q‡o w`‡j Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i hvq| Avcwb
nq‡Zv ¸jwZ e¨envi K‡i _vK‡eb (wPÎ 5.14)| ¸jwZi †ÿ‡ÎI GKB Ae¯’v nq| GLv‡b Uvbv A_© ej
cÖ‡qvM, Qvov A_© ej Zz‡j †bqv| Avi ˆ`N©¨ †e‡o hvIqv A_© AvKvi AvK…wZi weK…Z nIqv|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-106
 c`v_©weÁvb

wPÎ t 5. 13 wPÎ t 5.14

ivev‡ii ej wb‡q Zvi Dci Av½y‡ji Pvc w`b GKwU M‡Z©i g‡Zv wbPz RvqMv m„wó n‡e| Pvc Zz‡j wbb| Av‡Mi
Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡e| e¯‘i Dci evB‡ii ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zv weK…Z nq| †mB mv‡_ e¯‘i †fZi †_‡K GB cÖhy³
e‡ji weiæ‡× GKwU evav`vbKvix ej m„wó nq| ZvB ej Zz‡j wb‡j e¯‘ Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m|
evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qv‡M †Kvb e¯‘i AvKvi AvK…wZ, AvqZb cwieZ©‡bi †Póv Ki‡j e¯‘i g‡a¨ H e‡ji weiæ‡×
evav`vbKvix ej m„wó nIqv Ges ej Zz‡j wb‡j e¯‘ Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmvi ag©‡K w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv e‡j| †h me
c`v‡_©i GB ag© Av‡Q Zv‡`i w¯’wZ¯’vcK c`v_© e‡j| me c`v_©B Kg †ewk w¯’wZ¯’vcK| Z‡e Avjv`v Avjv`v
c`v‡_©i †ÿ‡Î GB e‡ji Avjv`v Avjv`v GKwU mxgv Av‡Q, hvi †ewk ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j weK…Z e¯‘ Avi Av‡Mi
Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m bv| GB mxgv‡K ejv nq H c`v‡_©i w¯’wZ¯’vcK mxgv|
hLb e¯‘i Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq ZLb e¯‘i AYy¸‡jv ci¯úi †_‡K m‡i hvq| d‡j e¯‘i AvKvi, AvK…wZ ev
AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U| e¯‘i GKK ˆ`N©¨ ev AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b‡K weK…wZ e‡j| evwn¨K e‡ji cÖfv‡e weK…wZi
weiæ‡× e¯‘i g‡a¨ GKK †ÿÎd‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e †h evav`vbKvix cÖwZ‡iva e‡ji m„wó nq Zvi gvb‡K cxob
e‡j|
cÖwZ‡ivaKvix ej cÖhy³ ej
cxob = †¶Îdj = †¶Îdj
A †¶Îdj wewkó †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z F ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j,
F
cxob = A ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (5.3)
cxob GKwU †¯‹jvi ivwk| Gi GKK Nm-2 ev Pa (c¨vm‡Kj)|

5.7.2 û‡Ki m~Î (Hooke’s Law)

†Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci cxob hZ †ewk nq weK…wZ ZZ †ewk nq| Qv` ev k³ Aej¤^b †_‡K GKwU avZe Zvi (¸Yv)
Szwj‡q w`‡q Zvi wb‡P KZ¸‡jv fvi Szwj‡q w`b| Gi ˆ`N©¨ †g‡c ivLyb Gevi AviI wKQy fvi w`b †`Lyb Zv‡ii
ˆ`N©¨ Av‡Mi †_‡K wKQzUv †e‡o †M‡Q| AwZwi³ fvi mwi‡q wb‡q 2 wgwbU A‡cÿv K‡i Avevi ˆ`N©¨ †g‡c †`Lyb
Av‡Mi ˆ`‡N©¨ wd‡i G‡m‡Q| µgvbœ‡q Gfv‡e fvi evov‡j ˆ`N©¨ evo‡Z _vK‡e| wKš‘ GKmgq †`Lv hv‡e fvi Zz‡j
wb‡jI Zv‡ii Av‡Mi ˆ`N©¨ wd‡i Avm‡e bv eis ZviwU wQ‡o †h‡Z cv‡i | cxo‡bi cÖfv‡e e¯‘i weK…wZi GKwU
mxgv Av‡Q G‡K ejv nq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi mxgv|
weªwUk weÁvbx ievU© ûK w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi Gme ˆewkó¨‡K we‡ePbvq G‡b GKwU m~Î †`b| GwU û‡Ki m~Î bv‡g
cwiwPZ| GB m~ÎwU n‡jvÑ
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi mxgvi g‡a¨ cxob weK…wZi mgvbycvwZK| MvwYwZKfv‡e

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 107

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cxob  weK…wZ
ev, cxob = aªæeK  weK…wZ
cxob
ev, = GKwU aªæe msL¨v
weKw…Z
GB aªæe msL¨vwU‡K e¯‘i Dcv`v‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcK ¸Yv¼ e‡j| cxo‡bi GKK, Pv‡ci GKK, Nm-2| weK…wZi †Kvb
GKK bvB| ZvB w¯’wZ¯’vcK MyYv‡¼i GKK Nm-2|

mvi-ms‡ÿc:
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv t evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qv‡M †Kv‡bv e¯‘i AvKvi AvK…wZ, AvqZb cwieZ©‡bi †Póv Ki‡j e¯‘i g‡a¨ H
e‡ji weiæ‡× evav`vbKvix ej m„wó nq Ges ej Zz‡j wb‡j e¯‘ Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| e¯‘i GB ag©‡K
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv e‡j|
û‡Ki m~Î t w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi mxgvi g‡a¨ cxob weK…wZi mgvbycvwZK|
w¯’wZ¯’vcK ¸Yv¼  cxob | w¯’wZ¯’vcK MyYv‡¼i GKK Nm-2|
weKw…Z

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.7

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| cxob wK?
(K) c`v‡_©i weK…wZ (L) c`v‡_©i weK…wZi Rb¨ cÖhy³ ej
(M) w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi Ab¨ bvg (N) c`v‡_©i wbR¯^ ag©
2 w¯’wZ¯’vcK ¸Yv‡¼i GKK †KvbwU ?
(K) Nm-2 (L) Nm2
(M) Nm (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq
3| †Kvb c`v‡_©i w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ag© Av‡Q ?
(K) KwVb (L) Zij
(M) evqexq (N) Dc‡ii me c`v‡_©i

cvV 8 t (e¨envwiK- 8) t KwVb e¯‘i NbZ¡ wbY©q

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡Vi †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †h †Kv‡bv AvKv‡ii wb‡iU KwVb e¯‘i NbZ¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ZË¡ t
e¯‘i GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡K NbZ¡ e‡j| A_©vr e¯‘i fi M Ges AvqZb V n‡j e¯‘i
NbZ¡, ρ = ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... (5.4)

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-108
 c`v_©weÁvb

wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ e¯‘i fi (M) cwigvc Kiv hvq| AvqZb ˆ`N©¨ , cÖ¯’, D”PZv †g‡c AwbqwgZ AvK…wZi wb‡iU KwVb
e¯‘i AvqZb wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| G‡ÿ‡Î AvwK©wgwW‡mi m~Î e¨envi Kiv hvq| e¯‘‡K †Kvb Ave× cv‡Îi cvwb‡Z
ev †h †Kv‡bv Zi‡j Wzev‡j e¯‘wU Zvi mgvb AvqZ‡bi Zij AcmviY K‡i| GB AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji AvqZ‡bi
(5.4) cwigvc †R‡b e¯‘i AvqZb (V) wbY©q Kiv hvq| GRb¨ `vM KvUv gvc‡PvO e¨envi Kiv hvq| M Ges V Gi
gvb mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q e¯‘i NbZ¡ (ρ) cvIqv hv‡e|
hš¿cvwZ t gvc‡PvO, wbw³, cvwb‡Z A`ªebxq AwbqwgZ AvK…wZi bgybv KwVb e¯‘, cvwb, myZv

jÿ ivLyb
 KwVb e¯‘wU Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb GwU mn‡R gvc‡Pv‡Oi
g‡a¨ XzKv‡bv Ges Wzev‡bv hvq|
 KwVb e¯‘wU hw` cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq nq Zv n‡j cixÿYwU
m¤¢e n‡e bv KviY cixÿv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GwU M‡j
hv‡e| AvqZb wbY©q m¤¢e n‡e bv| †m †ÿ‡Î Ab¨
Zij e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 KwVb e¯‘wU cvwb †_‡K fvix n‡Z n‡e| bv n‡j e¯‘wU
cvwb‡Z m¤ú~Y© Wze‡e bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î wfbœ c×wZ cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z n‡e|
wPÎ 5.15 KwVb e¯‘i AvqZb cwigvc
Kv‡Ri aviv t
1. bgybv e¯‘i fi I AvqZb †iK‡W©i Rb¨ GKwU QK ˆZwi Kiæb|
2. GKwU wbw³i mvn‡h¨ ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq bgybv KwVb e¯‘wUi fi †g‡c wbb Ges Q‡K wjLyb|
3. gvc‡PvOwU mgZj †Uwe‡ji Dci †i‡L Gi A‡a©K ch©šÍ cvwb w`‡q c~Y© Kiæb| Ges cvwbi Dcwi Z‡ji cvV
Q‡K wj‡L ivLyb|
4. KwVb e¯‘wU‡K m~Zv w`‡q †eu‡a Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í gvc‡Pv‡Oi cvwbi g‡a¨ †Q‡o w`b| e¯‘wU †hb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Wz‡e
hvq| Gevi Avevi cvwb Z‡ji cvV wbb| Ges LvZvq wjLyb|
5. Gfv‡e gvc‡Pv‡O wewfbœ cwigvY cvwb wb‡q 2 Ges 3 bs aviv cybive„wË Kiæb Ges cvV¸‡jv Q‡K wjLyb|
6. Q‡Ki †WUv wb‡q wnmve MYbv K‡i bgybv e¯‘i NbZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|

KwVb Nb e¯‘i fi I AvqZb wbY©‡qi QK

KwVb cvwbi Dcwi Z‡ji cvV KwVb e¯‘i AvqZb e¯‘i Mo
ch©‡eÿY e¯‘i fi e¯‘wU Wzev‡bvi Av‡M, e¯‘wU Wzev‡bvi c‡i, V= (V2 – V1) cc AvqZb
msL¨v M gm V1 cc V2 cc V cm3
1
2
3
wnmve MYbvt
V'+V'+V'
KwVb e¯‘i AvqZb, V = 3
cm3 = ……. 10-6 m3

KwVb e¯‘i NbZ¡, ρ = = ............. 103 kg m-3

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 109

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb -5
K. mvaviY wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| bÿÎmg~‡ni g‡a¨ c`v_© †Kvb Ae¯’vq _v‡K ?
(K) M¨vmxq (L) KwVb
(M) cøvRgv (N) Zij

2| Pv‡ci GKK Kx?

(K) wbDUb (L) c¨vm‡Kj
(M) c¨vm‡Kj-wbDUb (N) c¨vm‡Kj cÖwZ eM©wgUvi

3| evqygÛ‡ji Pvc wb‡Pi †Kvb wbqvgK Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv

(K) e¨v‡ivwgUv‡ii b‡ji ˆ`N©¨
(L) evqy cÖevn
(M) evqyi ZvcgvÎv
(N) Rjxq ev‡¯úi NbZ¡

4| `wo w`‡q †ue‡a GKUzK‡iv BU cvwbi wZb dzU wb‡P Szwj‡q †`qv n‡jv, BUwUi Dci †Kvb w`K †_‡K
cvwb Pvc †`‡e?
(K) mew`K †_‡K
(L) Dci †_‡K wb¤œ Pvc
(M) wb‡Pi †_‡K EaŸ© Pvc
(N) cv‡ki †_‡K cvk¦© Pvc

5| Zi‡j wbgw¾Z e¯‘i Dci cøeZv Kx?

(K) e¯‘i Dci Zi‡ji cÖhy³ jwä ej
(L) e¯‘i Dci Zi‡ji Ea©Pvc
(M) e¯‘i Øviv AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji AvqZb
(N) Dc‡ii me¸wj

L. eûc`x eû wbe©vPbx mgvwß m~PK cÖkœt

1| KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Ñ
i. KwYKv¸‡jv Aweivg MwZkxj
ii. KwYKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖej AvšÍtAvYweK kw³ KYv¸‡jv‡K wew”Qbœ n‡Z †`q bv
iii. cÖwZwU KwYKv wbw`ó Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K AweiZ Kw¤úZ nq|
mwVK DËi †KvbwU
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-110
 c`v_©weÁvb

2| w¯’wZ¯’vcK c`v_© ev e¯‘i ˆewkó n‡jvÑ

i. evav `vbKvix e‡ji weiæ‡× Gi g‡a¨i KYv¸‡jv me©`v wµqvkxj|
ii. Gi g‡a¨ cÖhy³ e‡ji weiæ‡× evav`vb Kvix e‡ji m„wó nq|
iii. cÖwZwU c`v‡_©i w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi GKwU wbw`ó mxgv Av‡Q|
mwVK DËi †KvbwU
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
M. Awfbœ Z_¨ wfwËK eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
wb‡Pi e‡·i Z_¨¸wj co–b Ges 1 I 2 b¤^i cª‡kœi mwVK DËiwU‡Z wUK w`b|
†jvKgvb mv‡ne Ry‡Zvi †`vKv‡b ¯ú‡Äi m¨v‡Ûj wKb‡Z †M‡jb| †`vKvb`vi GK †Rvov m¨v‡Ûj †`wL‡q ej‡jb
GwU fvj n‡e, wb‡q hvb| †jvKgvb mv‡ne m¨v‡ÛjwU evuwK‡q, gyPwo‡q †`L‡jb, Av½yj w`‡q wU‡c wU‡c †`L‡jb|
GwU Avevi Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i G‡jv| †`vKvb`vi ej‡jb †`L‡jb‡Zv m¨vi GwU †Kgb bgbxq, †Kgb Bjvw÷K|
Avm‡j †`vKvb`vi †evSv‡Z PvB‡jb GwU DËg w¯’wZ¯’vcK|

1| †Kvb e¯‘ AvKvi AvK…wZ cwieZ©‡bi ci Avevi Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmvi ˆewkó¨‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) `„pZv
(L) AbgbxqZv
(M) w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv
(N) msbg¨Zv

2| †Kvb e¯‘i Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Gi AvKvi AvK…wZ cwieZ©b NwU‡q cÖhy³ ej mwi‡q wb‡j GwU Kx nq?
(K) cwiiwZ©Z Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z Pvq
(L) Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡Z Pvq
(M) Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m
(N) w¯’wZ¯’vcK ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx AvPiY K‡i

N. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| †kvfb GKwU cv_‡ii UzKiv GKwU w¯úªs wbw³i mv‡_ Szwj‡q w`‡q
†`L‡jb GwUi fi 55 gm | GKwU gvc‡Pv‡O 20 cc ch©šÍ cvwb wb‡q
wbw³‡Z Szjv‡bv Ae¯’vq cv_‡ii UzKivwU H cvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q w`‡q
†`L‡jb w¯úªs wbw³wU‡Z gv‡ci m~PKwU 35 gm `v‡M D‡V G‡m‡Q|
Ges gvc‡Pv‡O cvwb 28 cc n‡q‡Q|( cv‡ki 2.16 wPÎwU †`Lyb)|
Gevi cvwbi e`‡j †kvfb †K‡ivwmb wb‡q cixÿvi cwiKíbv Ki‡jb
cvwbi NbZ¡ 1 gm/cc wKš‘ †K‡ivwm‡bi NbZ¡ 0.8 gm/cc| wb‡Pi
cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
wPÎ t 2.16
(K) e¯‘i Nb‡Z¡i msÁv w`b|
(L) cv_iwU cvwb‡Z Wzev‡j gvc †Pv‡Oi cvwbi †j‡fj KZUv †e‡o‡Q †Kb †e‡o‡Q?
(M) cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K e¯‘wUi NbZ¡ wbY©q Kiæb|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv # 111

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(N) cvwbi e`‡j gvc‡Pv‡O †K‡ivwmb wb‡q cixÿv Ki‡j wK wK cv_©K¨ n‡e? Avcbvi e³‡e¨i mc‡ÿ hyw³
w`b|

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœmg~‡ni DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.1 t 1| (N) 2| (K) 3| (K) 4| (L) 5| (M)

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.2 t 1| (K) 2| (N) 3| (N) 4| (N) 5| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.3 t 1| (L) 2| (L) 3| (M) 4| (N) 5| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.4 t 1| (L) 2| (L) 3| (M) 4| (N) 5| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.5 t 1| (M) 2| (M) 3| (M) 4| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.6 t 1| (M) 2| (K) 3| (N) 4| (N) 5| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.7 t 1| (L) 2| (L) 3| (N)

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb 5

K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t 1| (M) 2| (L) 3| (K) 4| (K) 5| (K)

L. eûc`x mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t 1| (N) 2| (L)
M. Awfbœ Z_¨ wfwËK eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ t 1| (M) 2| (N)
N. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t (K) 5.2.2 cvV¨vs‡k †`Lyb (L) 5.4.1 cvV¨vs‡k †`Lyb
(M) e¨envwiK cV-1 †`Lyb (N) 5.4.2 †_‡K wb‡R e¨vL¨v Kiæb, wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m
wkÿK‡K †`Lvb|

BDwbU 5 c„ôv-112