D.A.V.

PUBLIC SCHOOL,CSPUR,BBSR-21
CAPSUL COURSE FOR AISSCE TERM-1
PHYSICS
CLASS-XII
CHAPTER-1 -ELECTRIC CHARGE AND FIELD
FORMULAS
1. Quantization of charge q = ± ne, where n is an integer and e is electronic charge.
2. Electrostatic force between two stationary point charges
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
(i) In air/vacuum and SI system F = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2
0
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
(ii) In dielectric medium and SI system, F =
4𝜋𝜀0𝐾 𝑟2
𝑞1 𝑞2
(iii) In air/vacuum and CGS system, F =
𝑟2
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
(iv) In dielectric medium and SI system, F =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐾 𝑟 2
where, q1 and q2 are the stationary point charges and r is the separation between them in air or vacuum.
1
= 9 x 109 N – m2 /C2 where, 𝜀0 = permittivity of free space = 8.85419 x 10-12 C 2 / N-m2
4𝜋𝜀0
𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑟
3. Dielectric constant, K=𝐹
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
4. In vector form Electrostatic force

F=
1
4𝜋𝜀0
. 𝑞1 𝑞2
|𝑟|3
r or F =
1
.
𝑞1 𝑞2
4𝜋𝜀0 |𝑟|2
𝐫̂
5. Electric Field Intensity If the charge q0 experiences an electric force F, then electric field intensity at a point is
given by

q0→ 0 i.e., the test charge q0 must be small so that it does not produce its won electric field.
6. Electric Field Intensity (EFI) due to a point Charge

1 𝑞
Electric field intensity at P, E= 𝐫̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
If q > 0 i.e., positive charge, E is directed away from source charge. On the other hand, if q < 0 i.e., negative
charge, E is directed towards the source charge. SI unit of electric field intensity (E) is N/C.
7. Electric Dipole Moment ,P = q(2 l)

8. Electric field at any point on the axial line/end-on position of electric dipole is given by
1 2𝑝𝑟 1 2𝑝
Eaxial = 2 2 2
when 𝑙<< r, Eaxial =
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 −𝑙 ) 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
Direction of electric field at any point on axial line is along the direction of electric dipole moment.
9. Electric field at any point on equatorial line/board side on position/perpendicular bisector electrc dipole is given by
1 𝑃
Eequatorial =
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 −𝑙2 )3/2
2
Direction of electrc field intensity (E) due to dipole at any point on equatorial line is parallel to dipole and opposite
to the direction of dipole moment. If 𝑙<<
1 2𝑝
r,Eequatorial=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙
10. When 𝑙<< r =2,
𝐸𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
11. Torque on an electric dipole placed in uniform electrc field ,Torque 𝜏 = PE sin 𝜃
Vector form is ,𝜏⃗ = 𝑝⃗ x 𝐸⃗⃗
12. Minimum torque experienced by electric dipole in electric field when 𝜃 = 00 or 𝜋 𝜏 = 𝜏min= 0
13. Maximum torque, when sin𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝜋/2 𝜏 = 𝜏max = pE
14. Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when angle between P and E is 00 and unstable
equilibrium when angle 𝜃 = 1800.
15. Net force on electric dipole placed in uniform electric field is zero.
16. Work done in rotating the electric dipole from 𝜃1 to 𝜃2 is W = pE ( cos 𝜽1 - cos𝜽2).
17. Potential energy of electric dipole when it makes an angle 𝜃 with the direction of electric field is
U = -pE cos 𝜽
18. Work done in rotaing the dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium i.e.,
when 𝜃1 = 00 and 𝜃2 = 𝜋, W = 2pE
19. Work done in rotating the dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to the position in which dipole experiences
maximum torque i.e., when 𝜃1 = 00 and𝜃2 = 900, W = pE
20. The electric flux linked with a surface when
(i) surface is held normal to the direction of uniform electric field E, is ∆ФE = E∆S
(ii) area vector of surface makes an angle 𝜃 with the direction of uniform electric field E, ∆ФE
= E∆S cos 𝜃 In vector form, ∆ФE = 𝐸⃗⃗.∆𝑆⃗
𝑞
21. Gauss’s Law The total electric flux linked with closed surface S is Ф E = ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ .d𝑆⃗ = where, q is the total charge
𝜀0
enclosed by the closed Gaussian (imaginary) surface.
𝑞
22. (i) linear charge density,𝛌= 𝑙
𝑞
(ii) surface charge density 𝜎=
𝑆
𝑞
(iii) volume charge density, ρ=𝑉

23. Electric field due to a thin infinite plane sheet of charge with uniform surface charge density 𝜎 at any nearby point
𝜎 𝜎
E = 2𝜀 [For thin plate] and E = 𝜀 [For thick plate]
0 0
Note E doesn’t depend on r.
24. Electric field intensity due to two equally and oppositely charged parallel plane sheets of charge at any point E=
𝜎
[Between the two plates] and E = 0 [Outside the plates]
𝜀0

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Two charges 3 × 10−5 𝐶 and 5 × 10+4 𝐶 are placed at a distance 10 cm from each other. Find the value of
electrostatic force acting between them.
 (a) 13.5 × 1011 𝑁 (b) 40 × 1011 𝑁 (c) 180 × 109 𝑁 (d) 13.5 × 103 𝑁
2. What is the S. I. unit of electric flux?
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁2
(a) 𝐶
× 𝑚2 (b) 𝑁 × 𝑚 2 (c) 𝑚2 × 𝐶 (d) 𝑚2 × 𝐶 2
3. What is the value of minimum force acting between two charges placed at 1 m apart from each other
𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑒 2
(a) 𝐾𝑒 2 (b) 𝐾𝑒 (c) 4
(d) 2
4. A glass rod acquires charge by rubbing it with silk cloth. The charge on glass rod is due to :
(a) Friction (b) Conduction (c) Induction (d) Radiation
5. For a point charge, the graph between electric field versus distance is given by : -

6. If ∮ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑠 = 0, inside a surface, that means :-

(a) There is no net charge present inside the surface
(b) Uniform electric field inside the surface
(c) Discontinues field lines inside the surface
(d) Charge present inside the surface
7. What will be the value of electric field at the centre of the electric dipole : -
(a) Zero
(b) Equal to the electric field due to one charge at centre
(c) Twice the electric field due to one charge at centre
(d) half the value of electric field due to one charge at centre
8. Charge on a conducting metal sphere present at : -
(a) On the surface of sphere
(b) Inside the sphere
(c) Outside the sphere
(d) both inside and outside of sphere
9. The value of electric field inside a conducting sphere having radius R and charge Q will be :
𝐾𝑄 𝐾𝑄 𝐾𝑄2
(a) 𝑅2
(b) 𝑅
(c) Zero (d) 𝑅2
10. Which physical quantity have unit Newton /coulomb.
(a) Electric charge (b) Electric field (c) Electric force (d) Electric potential
11. In the process of charging, the mass of the negatively charged body-
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains Constant (d) None of the above
12. Charge on a body is integral multiple of ± 𝑒 . It is given by the law of -
(a) Conservation of charge (b) Conservation of mass
(c) Conservation of energy (d) Quantisation of charge
13. The line AA’ is a charged infinite conducting plane which is perpendicular to plane of
paper. The plane has surface charge density 𝜎 and B is a ball of mass m with like charge
of magnitude q. B is connected by a string from a point on the line AA’. The tangent of
angle 𝜃 formed between line AA’ and string is
𝑞𝜎 𝑞𝜎
(a)2𝑚𝑔𝜖 (b) 4𝜋𝑚𝑔𝜖
𝑜 𝑜
 𝑞𝜎 𝑞𝜎
(c) (d)
2𝜋𝑚𝑔𝜖𝑜 𝑚𝑔𝜖𝑜
14. Four charges + 8Q, − 3Q + 5Q and − 10Q are kept inside a closed surface. What will be the outgoing flux
through the surface.
(a) 26 V-m (b) 0 V-m (c) 10 V-m (d) 8 V-m
15. Which Quantity is vector Quantity among the following –
(a) Electric flux (b) Electric charge (c) Electric field (d) Electric potential
16. Charge Q is kept in a sphere of 5 cm first than it is kept in a cube of side 5 cm. The outgoing flux will be-
(a) More in case of sphere
(b) More in case of cube
(c) Same in both case
(d) Information Incomplete
17. Electric field intensity due to a short dipole remains directly proportional to – (r → distance of a point from centre
of dipole )
(a) 𝑟 2 (b) 𝑟 3 (c) 𝑟 −2 (d) 𝑟 −3
18. On charging a neutral Balloon its size –
(a) Increases (b) Decreases
(c) Remains same (d) No relation between charge & size
19. Electric field lines contracts lengthwise, It shows
(a) repulsion between same charges
(b) Attraction between apposite charges
(c) No relation between force & contraction.
(d) Electric field lines does not moves on straight path.
20. The electric potential of earth is taken to be zero because earth is a good
(a) Insulator (b) conductor (c) semiconductor (d) dielectric (SAMPLE PAPER – 2020)
21. A charge q is placed at the point of intersection of body diagonals of a cube. The electric flux passing through
any one of its face is
q 3q 6q q
(a) 6𝜖0
(b)𝜖0 (c)𝜖0 (d) 3𝜖0 (SAMPLE PAPER – 2020)

ANSWER :-
1. (A) 2. (A) 3.(A) 4. (A) 5.(B) 6.(A) 7.(C)
8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (B)
15. (C) 16. (C) 17. (D) 18. (A) 19.(B) 20. (B) 21.(A)

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

FORMULAS
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝑊)
1. Electric Potential (V) =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑞)
Its SI unit is volt (V) and 1 V = 1 J/C.
𝑊𝐴𝐵
2. Electric Potential Difference ,VB –VA = 𝑞0
where, W AB is work done in taking charge q 0 from A to B in against of electrostatic forces.
 1 q
3. Electric potential due to a point charge q at any point P lying at a distance r from it, is given by V =
4πε0 r
4. Electric potential due to an electric dipole at any point whose position vector is r w.r.t. mid-point of dipole is given
1 𝑃 cos 𝜃 1 𝑃⃗⃗.𝑟⃗
by V = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2
V = 4𝜋𝜀 3
0 0 |𝑟|
where, 𝜃 is the angle between r and p.
1 𝑃
(I) At any point on axial line,V=4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2
0
(II) At any point on equatorial line,V=0
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
5. Relationship between electric field and potential is, E = - 𝑑𝑟 i.e., Ex = − 𝜕𝑋, EY = − 𝜕𝑌 , EZ = − 𝜕𝑍 where, negative
sign indicates that the direction of electric filed is from high potential to low potential.
6. Along elelctric field potential decreases.
7. Electric potential due to thin charged spherical shell carrying charge q and radius R respectively at any point lying

1 𝑞
(i) inside the shell, is V = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑅
0
1 𝑞
(ii) on the surface of shell, is V =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
1 𝑞
(iii) outside the shell, is V = for r > R where, r is the distance of point from the centre of the shell.
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
8. Electrostatic potential energy of a system of two point charges U = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
N.B:Put the values of charges with their signs
9. Capacitance of a Conductor If charge q is given to an insulated conductor, it leads to increase its electric
potential by V, then q ∝V ,q =CV
10. Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor of radius r is given by C = 4𝜋𝜀0R
11. Principle of Capacitor The capacitance of an insulated conductor is increased significantly when an earthed
uncharged conductor is placed near it. Such an arrangement is called Capacitor.
𝜖0𝐴
12.The capacitance of air filled parallel plate capacitor is given by C 0= 𝑑
.
𝐾𝐴𝜀0
When a dielectric of dielectric constant K is filled fully between the plates, then C = .
𝑑
13.The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor partially filled with a dielectric medium of
𝜖0 𝐴
dielectric constant K is given by C = 𝑡 Where,
(𝑑−𝑡+ )
𝐾
A = area of each plate
d = separation between two plates
t = thickness of dielectric medium
K = dielectric constant of dielectric medium.
14.As long as cell is connected to capacitor, potential difference remains constant ,but when cell is disconnected
charge becomes constant. When dielectric is inserted between two plates, capacitance increases irrespective of
connection of cell.
1 1 1 1
15. Series Combination of Capacitors, 𝐶
=𝐶 +𝐶 + 𝐶3
1 2
16. Parallel Combination of Capacitors ,C = C1 +C2 +C3
The total charge on the capacitors is divided in the ratio of their capacitances ,q 1:q2:q3 = C1:C2:C3
1 1 𝑞2
Electrostatic energy stored in capacitor (parallel plate) is given by U = CV2 = qV = where,
2 2 2𝐶
q = charge on capacitor , C = capacitance , V = potential difference across capacitor.
1
17. Energy Density uE = 𝜀0 E2 where, E is the electric field intensity between two plates of capacitor.
2
𝐶𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
18. Dielectric Constant , K =
𝐶𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
Dielectric constant is also known as specific inductive capacity of the dielectric.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. When charge is supplied to a conductor, its potential depends upon
(a)the amount of charge
(b) Geometry & size of conductor
(c) both (a) & (b)
(d) only on (a)
2. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery. Once it is charged battery is removed. Now a dielectric
material is inserted between the plates of the capacitor, which of the following does not change?
(a)electric field between the plates
(b)potential difference across the plates
(c) charge on the plates
(d)energy stored in the capacitor.
3. A dipole is placed parallel to electric field. If W is the work done in rotating the dipole from 0° to 60°, then work
done in rotating it from 0° to 180° is
𝑊
(a) 2 W (b) 3 W (c) 4 W (d) 2
4. The variation potential V with r & electric field with r for a point charge is correctly shown in the graphs.

5. A charge Q is supplied to a metallic conductor. Which is true?

(a)Electric field inside it is same as on the surface.
(b)Electric potential inside is zero.
(c) Electric potential on the surface is zero
(d)Electric potential inside it is constant
6. A parallel plate capacitor C has a charge Q. The actual charges on the plates are
𝑄 −𝑄
(a) Q, Q (b) Q/2, Q/2 (c) Q, -Q (d) 2 , 2
7. Three capacitors of capacitances 1μf, 2μF & 3μF are connected in series
and a potential difference of 11V is applied across the combination them the
potential difference across the plates of 1μF capacitor is
(a) 2 V (b) 4 V (c) 1 V (d) 6 V

8. The potential at the centre of the square is-

𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
(a) Zero (b) (c) (d)
𝑎√2 𝑎2 2𝑎 2

9. Two conducting spheres A and B of radii a & b respectively are at the same potential. The ratio of surface
charge densities of A and B is
b a a2 b2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a b b2 a2
10. Work done to bring a unit positive charge un-accelerated from infinity to a point inside electric field is called :
(a)Electric field (b) Electric potential (c) Capacitance (d) Electric flux
11. Electric potential due to a point charge –q at distance x from it is given by:
(a) 𝐾𝑞/𝑥 2 (b) 𝐾𝑞/𝑥 (c) −𝐾𝑞/𝑥 2 (d) −𝐾𝑞/𝑥
12. Electric field is always :
 (a)Parallel to equipotential surface
(b) Perpendicular to equipotential surface
(c) It can be perpendicular and parallel as well
(d) It does not depends on distribution of charge
13. Electric field and electric potential inside a charged spherical shell :
(a) E = 0; V = 0 (b) E = 0; V ≠ 0 (c) E ≠ 0; V = 0 (d) E ≠ 0; V ≠ 0
14. Shape of equipotential surface in uniform electric field will be :
(a)Spherical normal to electric field
(b) Random
(c) circular normal to electric field
(d) Equidistant Planes normal to electric field
15. On reducing potential across or capacitor, its capacitance of an object :
(a)Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Remains constant
(d) First increases then decreases
16. Energy stored in a in a charged capacitor is given by :
(a) U = CV/2 (b) U = CV 2 /2 (c) U = 2CV 2 (d) U = CV 2 /3
17. If n number of equal capacitors each of capacitance C are connected in series then equivalent capacitance will
be given as :
(a) n × C (b) C/n (c) n + C (d) n2 C
18. Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor when there is no medium between the plates is C0. If capacitor is now
completely filled with dielectric matter of constant K then capacitance :
(a) C0 /K (b) KC0 (c) K 2 C0 (d) 2KC0
19. A capacitor of capacitance 𝐶1 is charged up to potential 𝑉 and then connected in parallel to an unchanged
capacitor of capacitance 𝐶2 . The final potential difference across each capacitor will be :
𝐶2 𝑉 𝐶1 𝑉 𝑐 𝑐
(a)𝐶 (b) 𝐶 (c) (1 + 𝑐2 ) 𝑉 (d) (1 − 𝑐2 ) 𝑉 (SAHODAYA – 2020)
1 +𝐶2 1 +𝐶2 1 1

ANSWERS :-
1. (C) 2. (C) 3.(C) 4. (B) 5.(D) 6.(C) 7.(D)
8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (B) 13. B) 14. (D)
15. (C) 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (B) 19.(B)

Current electicity

FORMULAS
𝑞 𝑛𝑒
1. I= = [∵ q = ne]
𝑡 𝑡
𝑒𝑉
2. Drift velocity, Vd= 𝑚𝑙 𝜏,
∆𝐼
3. Current density j = ∆𝐴 .
4. Electric current in terms of drift velocity I = nAVde
where, n = number density of free electrons e = electornic charge A = cross-
sectional area ,Vd = drift velocity of an electron.
5. Ohm’s Law At constant temperature, V = IR where, R = resistance of conductor.
6. Realtion between current density and drift velocity is j = nevd
𝑚
7. Relationship between resistivity and relaxation time 𝜌 = 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 ,where, 𝜏 = relaxtion time.
𝑙 𝑚𝑙
8. Resistance R = 𝜌 𝐴 = Resistance depends on the geometry as well as nature of material of
𝑛𝜏𝐴𝑒 2
conductor.
9. Relationship between current density (j), electric field (E) and conductivity (𝜎) is 𝐽⃗ = 𝜎 𝐸⃗⃗.It is called
vector form of Ohm’s law.
10. Series Combination of Resistance The equivalent resistance R = R1 + R2 + …..+ Rn
For two resistors R=R1R2 /R1+R2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Parallel Combination 𝑹
= 𝑹 +𝑹 +….𝑹
𝟏 𝟐 𝒏
11. Variation of resistitivity with temp, 𝜌𝑡 = 𝜌𝑜 (1+ αt)
𝜌𝑡 −𝜌𝑜
12. Temperature coefficient of resistivity is given by α =
𝜌𝑜 t
Rt −Ro
13. Temperature measurement by platinum resistance thermometer, t=R .100
100 −R0
14. Superconductivity The resistivity of certain metal or alloy drops to zero when they are cooled
below a certain temperature is called superconductivity. It was observed by Prof. Kamerlingh
in 1911.
15. If conductor is stretched or compresses to n times of original length, then 𝑙′ = n𝑙 ⇒ R’ = n2R
where, R’ is the new resistance and R is the original resistance.
16. If n identical resistors each of resistance R are connected in
𝑅
(i) series combination then Req = nR (ii) parallel combination then Req= 𝑛
17. During discharging (current is drawn from te cell) of the cell V = E -Ir
18. During charging of the cell V = E +Ir r=internal resistance
So, V < E, when current is drawn from the cell. (i.e., discharging) and V > E,
when charging of cell takes place.
𝐸
19. The expression of internal resistance is r = R( -1)
𝑉
20. Combination of cells
𝐸1 𝑟2 +𝐸2 𝑟1
(i) Parallel Combination The equivalent emf of parallel combination is given by E eq= 𝑟1 +𝑟2
𝑟1𝑟2
and internal resistance of combination req= 𝑟
1 +𝑟2
𝐸1 𝑟2 −𝐸2 𝑟1
If polarity of one of the batteries is reversed, then equivalent emf Eeq= | 𝑟1 +𝑟2
|
(ii) Series Combination The equivalent emf of battery E = E 1 + E2 Equivalent resistance r = r1 + r2
If polarity of one of the batteries is reversed, then equivalent emf | E 1 – E2| and net internal
resistance continue to the same i.e., req = r1 + r2
(iii) Mixed Grouping It consists of m rows in parallel combination such that each row contains
n cells of each of emf E and internal resistance r then current in the circuit is given
𝑚𝑛𝐸
by I = 𝑚𝑅+𝑛𝑟
(iv) Maximum current is drawn from the battery, when external resistance i.e., R =
𝑛𝑟 𝑛𝐸 𝑚𝑛𝐸 𝑚𝐸
𝑚
and Imax = 𝑛𝑟 = 2𝑛𝑟
⇒ Imax = 2𝑟
2( )
𝑚
𝑃 𝑅
21. Balance condition of wheatstone bridge is =
𝑄 𝑆
If cell and galvanometer are interchanged then there is no change in balance
condition.
100−𝑙
22. In meter bridge unknown resistance S =( 𝑙
)xR
23. Potentiometer
 (i) The potentiometer works on the principle that potential difference across any two points of
uniform current carrying conductor is directly proportional to the length between the two
points. i.e., V ∝ 𝑙
𝑉
(ii) Potential Gradient It is the potential drop per unit length of wire of potentiometer i.e., K = 𝑙
=Iρ/A
𝐸
(iii) Current in potentiometre wire, I=𝑅
𝐻 +𝑟+𝑅𝐴𝐵
(iv) Potential difference between two ends of wire, V AB=I . RAB
(v) Potential gradient K=VAB /lAB
𝐸 𝑙
(vi) Comprision of emf , 𝐸1 = 𝑙1
2 2
𝑙
(vii) Measurement of internal resistance, r=( 1 -1)R
𝑙2
2 2
24. Heat produced in resistor, H=I RT=V t/R
25. Power loss=P=I2 R
26. Power rating, P=V2/R
27. Power supply, P=VI

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Kirchhoff’s II law for the electric network is based on:
(a) Law of conservation of charge
(b) Law of conservation of energy
(c) Law of conservation of angular momentum
(d) Law of conservation of mass
2. In the circuit diagram, calculate the electric current through branch BC:
(a) 4 amp (b) 2 amp (c) 5 amp (d) 10 amp
3. Electric current through resistance 10 Ω, in the given circuit is:
(a) 0 amp (b) 0.5 amp (c) 6/11 amp (d) 2 amp

4. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across an external resistor R. The graph
showing the variation of P.D. across R versus R

5. We use alloy for making of resistors, because they have :

Temp. Coefficient resistivity
(a) Low low
(b) High high
(c) High low
 (d) Low high
6. Determine the electric current through branch BD of the electric network:
(a) 0.6 amp (b) 0 amp (c) 1 amp (d) 10 amp
7. WSB experiment is most sensitive, when:
(a) All four resistances are approximately equal
(b) One of the resistances is very high as compare to others
(c) One of the resistances is very low as compare to others
(d) Any two resistances are equal to infinity.
8. In a Whetstone’s bridge, all the four arms have equal resistance R. If resistance of
the galvanometer arm is also R, then equivalent resistance of the combination is
𝑅 𝑅
(a) R (b) 2R (c) 2 (d) 4
9. The voltage V and current I graph for a conductor at two different temperatures T1
and T2 are shown in the figure. The relation between T1 and T2 is
(a) T1 > T2 (b) T1 ≈ T2 (c) T1 = T2 (d) T1 < T2 = 𝐴

10. For a cell of e.m.f. 2 V, a balance is obtained for 50 cm of the potentiometer wire. If the cell is
shunted by a 2 Ω resistor and the balance is obtained across 40 cm of the wire, then the internal
resistance of the cell is ?
(a) 1Ω (b) 0.5Ω (c) 1.2 Ω (d) 2.5 Ω
11. In a metre bridge experiment, resistance box (with R = 2Ω ) is connected in the left gap and the
unknown resistance S in the right gap. If balancing length be 40 cm, calculate value of S.
(a) 2Ω (b) 3 Ω (c) 4 Ω (d) 2.5 Ω
12. How much work is required to carry a 6 μ C charge from the negative to the positive terminal of a
9V battery?
(a) 54 × 10−3 J (b) 54 × 10−6 J (c) 54 × 10−9 J (d) 54 × 10−12 J
13. For a cell, the terminal potential difference is 3.6 V, when the circuit is open. If the potential
difference reduces to 3 V, when cell is connected to a resistance of 5 Ω, the internal resistance of
cell is
(a) 1Ω (b) 2 Ω (c) 4 Ω (d) 8 Ω
14. A cell supplies a current of 0.9 A through a 2 Ω resistor and a current of 0.3 A through 7 Ω
resistor. The internal resistance of the cell is
(a) 2.0 Ω (b) 1.5 Ω (c) 1.0 Ω (d) 0.5 Ω
15. Kirchhoff’s I law for the electric junction is based on:
(a) Law of conservation of charge
(b) Law of conservation of energy
(c) Law of conservation of angular momentum
(d) Law of conservation of mass
16. The potential difference between points A and B of adjoining figure is
2 8 4
(a) 3
𝑉 (b) 9 𝑉 (c) 3 𝑉 (d) 2 V
17. Two resistors of resistance 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 having 𝑅1 > 𝑅2 are connected in
parallel. For equivalent resistance R , the correct statement is
(a) 𝑅 > 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 (b) 𝑅1 < 𝑅 < 𝑅2 (c) 𝑅2 < 𝑅 < (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) (d) 𝑅 < 𝑅1
18. The current in the adjoining circuit will be
1 1 1 1
(a) 45
𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (b) 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (c) 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (d) 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
15 10 5
19. The temperature coefficient of resistance for a wire is 0.00125/0c . At 27°K
its resistance is 1 ohm. The temperature at which the resistance becomes
2 ohm is
(a) 1154 K (b) 11000 K (c) 1400 K (d) 1127 K
20. Drift velocity dV varies with the intensity of electric field as per the relation
1
(a) dV ∝ E (b) dV ∝ E (c) dV = constant (d) dV ∝ E2
21. Dimensions of a block are 1𝑐𝑚 × 1𝑐𝑚 × 100𝑐𝑚. If specific resistance of its material is 3 ×
10−7 𝑜ℎ𝑚 − 𝑚 , then the resistance between the opposite rectangular faces is
(a) 3 × 10−9 𝑜ℎ𝑚 (b) 3 × 10−7 𝑜ℎ𝑚 (c) 3 × 10−5 𝑜ℎ𝑚 (d) 3 × 10−3 𝑜ℎ𝑚
22. The colour sequence in a carbon resistor is red, brown, orange and silver. The
resistance of the resistor is
(a) 21 × 103 ± 10% (b) 23 × 101 ± 10% (c) 21 × 103 ± 5% (d) 12 × 103 ± 5%
23. The reading of the ammeter as per figure shown is
1 3 1
(a) 8
𝐴 (b) 4 𝐴 (c) 2 𝐴 (d) 2 A
24. The equivalent resistance of the arrangement of resistances shown in adjoining figure
between the points A and B is
(a) 6 ohm (b) 8 ohm (c) 16 ohm (d) 24 ohm
25. In the network of resistors shown in the adjoining figure, the equivalent
resistance between A and B is
(a) 54 ohm (b) 18 ohm (c) 36 ohm (d) 9 ohm

26. In the given circuit the current I1 is

(a) 0.4 A (b) −0.4 A (c) 0.8 A (d) −0.8 A

27. In the given current distribution what is the value of 𝐼.

(a) 3A (b) 8 A (c) 2 A (d) 5 A
28. Two cells when connected in series are balanced on 8m on a potentiometer.
If the cells are connected with polarities of one of the cell is reversed, they
balance on 2m. The ratio of e.m.f.'s of the two cells is
(a) 3:5 (b) 5 : 3 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 4 : 3
29. A cell of internal resistance 3 ohm and emf 10 volt is connected to a uniform wire of
length 500 cm and resistance 3 ohm. The potential gradient in the wire is
(a) 30 𝑚𝑉/cm (b) 10 𝑚𝑉/cm (c) 20 𝑚𝑉/cm (d) 4 𝑚𝑉/cm
30. From the graph between current 𝐼 and voltage 𝑉 shown below, identify the portion
corresponding to negative resistance
(a) AB (b) BC (c) CD (d) DE
31. The resistivity of alloys R alloy ; the resistivity of constituent metalsR metal . Then,
usually.
(a) R alloy = R metal (b) R alloy <
R metal (c) There is no simple relation between R alloy 𝑎𝑛𝑑 R metal
(d) R alloy > R metal
32. Masses of three wires of copper are in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 5 and their lengths are in
the ratio of 5: 3 : 1 The ratio of their electrical resistances are .
(a) 1:3:5 (b) 5 : 3 : 1 (c) 1 : 15 : 125 (d) 125 : 25 : 1
33. In the figure a carbon resistor has bands of different colours on its body as
mentioned in the figure. The value of the resistance is
(a) 24 × 106 Ω ± 5% (b) 35 × 106 Ω ± 10% (c) 5.6 k Ω (d) 24 × 106 Ω ± 10%
34. Two wires of same material have length L and 2L and cross–sectional areas
4A and A respectively. The ratio of their specific resistance would be
(a) 1:2 (b) 8 : 1 (c) 1 : 8 (d) 1 : 1

35. The current from the battery in circuit diagram shown is

(a) 1A (b) 2 A (c) 1.5 A (d) 3 A

36. Masses of 3 wires of same metal are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and their lengths
are in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1. The electrical resistances are in ratio
(a) 1:4:9 (b) 9 : 4 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 : 3 (d) 27 : 6 : 1
37. If the ammeter in the given circuit shown in the diagram reads 2A, the
resistance R is
(a) 1Ω (b) 2Ω (c) 3Ω (d) 4Ω (SAMPLE PAPER – 2020)
38. The heat produced by 100W heater in 2 minutes is equal to
(a) 10.5kJ (b) 16.3kJ (c) 12.0kJ (d) 14.2Kj (SAMPLE PAPER – 2020)

39. A cell of internal resistance r connected across an external resistance R can supply maximum
current when
r
(a) R=r (b) R > r (c) R = 2 (d) R = 0 (BOARD – 2020)
40. In a current carrying conductor, the ratio of the electric field and the current density at a point is
called
(a) Resistivity (b) Conductivity (c) Resistance (d) Mobility (BOARD – 2020)

41. Resistivity of a given conductor depends upon

(a) Temperature
(b) Length of conductor
(c) Area of cross-section.
(d) Shape of the conductor. (BOARD – 2020)
42. The ratio of current density and electric field is called
(a) Resistivity (b) Conductivity (c) Drift velocity (d) Mobility (BOARD – 2020)
43. For a fixed potential difference applied across a conductor, the drift speed of free electrons does
not depend upon
(a) Free electron density in the conductor.
(b) Mass of the electrons.
(c) Length of the conductor.
(d) Temperature of the conductor. (BOARD – 2020)
44. Ohm’s law is obeyed by
(a) extrinsic semiconductors.
(b) intrinsic semiconductors.
(c) metals at low temperature.
(d) metals at high temperature. (BOARD – 2020)
45. A cell of internal resistance r connected across an external resistance R can supply maximum current
when
r
(a)R = r (b) R > r (c) R = 2 (d) R = 0
46. A cell of internal resistance r connected across an external resistance R can supply maximum power when
r
(a)R = r (b) R > r (c) R = (d) R = 0
2
ANSWER :-
1. (B) 2. (A) 3.(C) 4. (A) 5.(A) 6.(B) 7.(A)
8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (D)
15. (A) 16. (C) 17. (D) 18. (C) 19.(B) 20. (A) 21.(B)
22.(A) 23.(B) 24.(B) 25. (D) 26.(B) 27.(C) 28.(B)
29.(B) 30.(C) 31.(D) 32.(D) 33.(D) 34.(D) 35.(A)
36.(B) 37.(A) 38.(C) 39. (D) 40.(A) 41.(A) 42.(B)
43.(A) 44.(C) 45.(D) 46.(A)

Moving charges and magnetisim

1. Oerested experimentally- demonstrated that the current carrying conductor produces magnetic
field around it.
2. Biot – Savart Law According to the law, the magnetic field due to small current carrying element
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝒓̂ 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
at any nearby point P is given by dB = 4𝜋 |𝑟|2
or dB = 4𝜋 𝑟2
and direction is given by
Ampere’s swimming rule or right hand thumb rule.
𝜇
3. SI unit of magnetic field is Tesla. 4𝜋0 = 10-7 T – m2/ A and 𝜇 = permeability of free space.
4. 1Tesla= 10 4Gauss
5. Magnetic field due to straight current carrying conductor at any point P at a distance r from the wire is
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝟏
given by B= 𝟐𝝅 𝒓
⇒B∝𝒓
𝜇0 𝐼
6. Magnetic field at the center of a circular current carrying conductor/coil. B = 2𝑟
𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝑰
For N turns of coil, B =
𝟐𝒓
𝜇0 𝐼
7. Magnetic field at the center of a semi circular current carrying conductor/coil. B = 4𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼 𝜃
8. Magnetic field at the center of a circular arc. B = 2𝑟 360
9. Ampere’s Circuital Law The line integral of the magnetic field B around any closed loop is equal
to μ0 times the total current threading through the loop i.e ∮ 𝐁.dl= μ0I
10. Magnetic field due to straight solenoid,
(i)At any point inside the solenoid B= μ 0nl. Where , n = number of turns per unit length.
1
(ii) At the ends of solenoid B = μ0 nl.
2
11. Magnetic field due to toroidal solenoid,
(i) inside the toroidal solenoid B = μ 0 nl.
(ii) in the open space, interior or exterior of toroidal solenoid B = 0
12. Magnetic Lorentz force is experienced by a single charge particle q moves with speed v in uniform
magnetic field at an angle 𝜃 with it, is given by F = q (v x B) [Vector form] Magnitude of (F) = F = qvB
sin 𝜃 and direction of force is given by right hand palm rule or Fleming’s left hand rule.
13. Work done by magnetic Lorentz force on charge particle is zero as F ⊥ v.
14. Magnetic force cannot increase the kinetic energy of charge particle.
15. The trajectory/path traversed of the charge particle is
(i)straight line when angle between v and B is 00 or 1800.
(ii)circle when angle between v and B is 900.
(iii)helix when angle between v x B is an acute angle.
16. When charge particle enter in magnetic field perpendicularly, then
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵 𝑞 2 𝐵2 𝑟2
(i) = qvB (ii) radius r = (iii) T = (indepenent of v) (iv) f = (v) KE =
𝑟 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚 2𝑚
17. When angle between v and B is 𝜃, then
𝑚𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵
(i) radius of helical path, r = (ii) T = (iii) f =
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚
2𝜋𝑚 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(iv) Pitch = 𝑞𝐵
.
18. If a charge particle q accelerated by potential difference V and speed changes from 0 to v, then
1 2𝑞𝑉
Work done = Change in KE, qV = 2 mv2 => v = √ 𝑚
19. The magnetic force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a uniform magnetic
field is given by F = I (𝒍 x B) [vector form]
where, I = a vector whose magnitude is equal to length of the conductor and direction in the flow
of electric current and B = magnetic field. Magnetic force, F = IB𝑙 sin𝜃
where, 𝜃 is the angle between current and magnetic field. The direction of force is given by
Fleming’s left hand rule.
 𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼1𝐼2
20. Magnetic force between two straight parallel current carrying conductors is given by =
𝑙 2𝜋 𝑑
Force will be of attractive nature if direction of flow of currents are in the same direction. The force
of repulsion will act when direction of flow of currents are in opposite directions.
21. Torque experienced by a current carrying loop placed in uniform magnetic field B is given by 𝜏 =
BINA cos𝜑 where, 𝜑 is the angle between surface area of coil and the direction of magnetic field
or 𝜏 = BINA sin𝜃 where, 𝜃 is the angle between area vector of area of coil and the direction of
magnetic field or 𝜏 = M x B where, M = NIA and M is known as magnetic dipole moment of coil.
22. Moving Coil Galvanometer It is a device used to detect the current in electrical circuit. It is based
on the principle that a current carrying loop placed in uniform magnetic field experiences troque.
23. The current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of galvanometer depends on number of turns of coil
magnetic field B, area A of the coil and torsion constant K of the spring or suspensionwire.
𝜃 𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝜃 𝜃 𝐼𝑠 𝑁𝐵𝐴
Current sensitivity, 𝐼𝑆 = 1 = 𝐾
Voltage sensitivity, VS = 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅
= 𝑘𝑅
24. In galvanometer deflection 𝜃 𝛼 𝑖
25. A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a very low resistance (shunt S)
𝐼𝑔 𝐺
in parallel with galvanometer whose value is given by S = where, G = resistance of
𝐼− 𝐼𝑔
galvanometer 𝐼𝑔 = range of galvanometer 𝐼 = range of ammeter.
26. A galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting a very high resistance R in series
𝑉
with galvanometer which is given by R = 𝐼 – G where, G = resistance of galvanometer 𝐼𝑔 =
𝑔

range of galvanometer 𝑉 = range of ammeter.

27. The resistance of an (i) ideal ammeter is zero and (ii) an ideal voltmeter is infinite.
28. Ammeter is always connected in series with electrical circuit whereas voltmeter in parallel with the
circuit.

Name Charge Mass(in amu)

Electron -e 𝟏
𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟔
Proton +e 1
∝ +2e 4
𝜷 −𝐞 𝟏
𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟔
ᵧ 0 0
Positron +e 𝟏
𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟔
Deuteron +e 2

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE
1. In a certain region of space, electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ and magnetic field 𝐵
⃗⃗ are perpendicular to each other. An
electron enters perpendicularly to both the fields and moves undefeated. The velocity of electron is
(a) E/B (b) B/E (c) 𝐸⃗⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ (d) 𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝐵
⃗⃗
2. A deuteron of kinetic energy 50 keV is describing a circular orbits of radius 0.5 m in a plane
Perpendicular to the magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗⃗ . The kinetic energy of the proton that describes a circular orbit
⃗⃗
of same radius and inside same 𝐵 is
 (a) 25 kev (b) 50 kev (c)200 kev (d) 100 keV

3. Two particles A and B with same charges and different masses ( mA and mB
respectively) are moving in a plane inside uniform magnetic field which is
perpendicular to the plane. The speed of the particles are VA and VB respectively and
the trajectories are as shown in figure. Then
(a) 𝑀𝐴 𝑉𝐴 < 𝑀𝐵 𝑉𝐵 (b) 𝑀𝐴 𝑉𝐴 > 𝑀𝐵 𝑉𝐵
(c) 𝑀𝐴 < 𝑀𝐵 And 𝑉𝐴 < 𝑉𝐵 (d) 𝑀𝐴= 𝑀𝐵 And 𝑉𝐴 < 𝑉𝐵
4. A rectangular coil ABCD is placed near a long straight current carrying straight wire as shown.
What is the net force on the rectangular coil?
(a) 25 x 10-7 N towards the wire(b) 25 x 10-7 N Away from
(c)35 x 10-7 N, towards the wire(d) 35 x 10-7 N away from
5. To convert a moving coil galvanometer into on ammeter of given range, we must connect:
(a) A suitable low resistance in series (b) A suitable low resistance in parallel
(c) A suitable high resistance in parallel (d) A suitable high resistance in series
6. Two wires of same length are shaped into a square and a circle if they carry same current, ratio of
magnetic moment is :
(a) 2: π (b) π: 2
(c) π: 4 (d) 4:π
7. Current sensitivity of a galvanometer can be increased by decreasing :
(a) Magnetic field B (b) number of turns N
(c) Tensional constant K (d) Area A
8. An electric current passes through a long straight copper wire. At a distance 5 cm from the straight
wire, the magnetic field is B. The magnetic field at 20 cm from the straight wire would be
(a) B/4 (b) B/6 (c) B/2 (d) B/3
9. A wire in the form of a circular loop, of one turn carrying a current, produces magnetic induction B at
the centre. If the same wire is looped into a coil of two turns and carries the same current, the new
value of magnetic induction at the centre is
(a) B (b) 2 B (c) 4 B (d) 8 B
10. A circular coil of radius a carries an electric current. The magnetic field due the coil at a point on the
axis of the coil located at a distance r from centre of the coil, such that r>> varies
(a) 1/r (b) 1/𝑟 2 (c) 1 / 𝑟 3 (d) 1 / 𝑟 3 /2
11. A solenoid has 1000 turns per meter length. If a current of 5A is flowing through it, then magnetic
field inside the solenoid is
(a) 2𝜋 ×10-3T (b) 2𝜋 ×10-5T
(c) 4𝜋 ×10-3T (d) 4𝜋 ×10-5T
12. Currents of 10 A and 2 A are flowing in opposite directions through two parallel wires A and B
respectively. If the wire A is infinitely long and wire B is 2 m long, then force on wire B which is
situated at 10 cm from A, is
(a) 8×10-5 N (b) 6×10-5 N
(c) 4×10- 5 N (d) 2×10-5N
13. If distance between two current- carrying wires is doubled, then force between them is
(a) halved (b)doubled (c) tripled (d) quadrupled
14. Two thin, long parallel wires, separated by a distance (d) carry a current of (i) A in the same
direction. They will
(a) Attract each other with a force of 𝜇0 i 2 /(2𝜋𝑑)
(b) repel each other with a force of 𝜇0 i 2 /(2𝜋𝑑)
 (c) attract each other with a force of 𝜇0 i 2 /(2𝜋𝑑2 )
(d) repel each other with a force of 𝜇0 i 2 /(2𝜋𝑑 2 )
15. The coil of a moving coil galvanometer is wound over a metal frame in order to
(a) reduce hysteresis (b) increase sensitivity
(c) Increase moment of inertia (d) provide electromagnetic damping
16. If in a moving coil galvanometer, a current I in its coil produces a deflection θ , then
(a) I∝θ (b)I ∝ 𝜃 2 (c) I ∝ √𝜃 (d) I ∝tan𝜃
17. The ratio of voltage sensitivity (𝑉𝑆 ) and current sensitivity (𝐼𝑆 ) of a moving coil galvanometer is
(a) 1/G (b) 1/𝐺2 (C) G (d) 𝐺 2
18. A 100 turns coil shown in the figure carries a current of 2 A in a magnetic field of
0.2Wb – m-2. The torque acting on the coil is
(a) 0.32 N-m tending to rotate the side AC into the page
(b) 0.32 N-m tending to rotate the side AC out of the page
(c) 0.64 N-m tending to rotate the side AC into the page
(d) 0.64 N-m tending to rotate the side AC out of the page
ANSWER
1. A 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.D
16. A 17.A 18.B

MAGNETISM AND MATTER

FORMULAE
𝑒𝐿 𝑛𝑒ℎ
1. Orbital Magnetic moment of revolving electron , 𝜇𝑙 = evr/2=2𝑚 =4𝜋𝑚 ,L= angular momentum, v= speed , r
radius of orbit.
2. Magnetic moment of proton is neglected because of its large mass.
𝜇 𝑒 𝐶
3. Gyro magnetic ratio of electron = Orbital Magnetic moment/ angular momentum= 𝑙 = =8.8× 1010
𝐿 2𝑚 𝐾𝑔
𝑒ℎ
4. Bohr magnetron=4𝜋𝑚 =9.274 x 10-24 J T-1
5. Earth behaves like a magnet whose north pole is somewhere close to geographical south pole is closed to
geographical north pole.
6. There are three elements of earth magnetic field namely (i) Angle of declination (θ) (ii) Angle of dip (𝛿) (iii)
Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (BH).
7. (i) The angle between geographical meridian and magnetic meridian is known as angle of declination (θ).
(ii) In magnetic meridian, the angle made by resultant earth’s magnetic field (B) with the horizontal is known
as angle of dip (𝛿).
(iii) Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field BH= Bcos𝛿
8. Relationship between horizontal and vertical components of earth’s magnetic field and angle of dip is
𝐵𝑉
given by BH= Bcos𝛿 BV= Bsin𝛿 ⇒ = tan𝛿
𝐵𝐻
9. Neutral Points The points where net magnetic field due to the magnet and magnetic field of the earth is zero,
are called neutral points.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
 1. The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is √3 times the vertical component. The angle
of dip at that place is (SAMPLE PAPER-2022,T-1)
a) π/6 (b)π/3 (c)π/4 (d) 0
2. The small angle between magnetic axis and geographic axis at a place is- (SAMPLE PAPER-2022,T-1)
a) Magnetic meridian (b)Geographic meridian
c) Magnetic inclination (d)Magnetic Declination
3. The acute angle between geographical meridian and magnetic meridian is called :
(a) Angle of declination (b) angle of dip (c) angle of inclination (d) dip angle
4. A small magnet is pivoted to move freely in the magnetic meridian. Where on the earth will the magnet be vertical?
(a) At poles (b) At equator (c) at centre of earth (d) none of these
5. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is to the vertical component. What is the value of angle of
dip at this place?
(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d) 900
6. At neutral points of a magnet, magnetic field of magnet is balanced by :
(a) Horizontal component if earth’s magnetic field
(b) Vertical components of earth magnetic field
(c) Total magnetic field of earth
(d) Depends on the position of neutral points

ANSWERS

1.A 2.A 3.A 4. A 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.B
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
FORMULAE
1. Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux linked with any surface is equal to total number of magnetic line of force passing
through it. It is scalar quantity.
SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb). CGS unit of magnetic flux is Maxwell (Mx). 1 Wb = 108 Mx.
2. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
First Law Whenever magnetic flux linked with the closed loop or circuit changes, an emf induces in the loop or
circuit which lasts so long as change in flux continues.
Second Law The induced emf in a closed loop or circuit, is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
∆∅ ∆∅
flux linked with the closed loop or circuit i.e., e ∝ ∆t , e = −𝑁 ∆t
where, N = number of turns in loop. Negative sign indicates the Lenz’s law.
3. Charge induced q=∆∅/R.
4. Induced charge is independed of rate of change of flux.
5. Change in magnetic flux always induce emf but not current . Current is only induced when circuit is closed.
6. Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or induced current is such that it always opposes the cause that produce
|𝑒|
it. Lenz’s law is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy. Induced current, 𝐼 = 𝑅
7. Motional Emf The emf induced in a conductor of length, 𝑙 moving with velocity, v in a direction perpendicular to
magnetic field B is given by 𝜖 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙
8. in motional emf if 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑙 and v then emf induced 𝜖 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙sin 𝜃
9. The induced emf developed between two ends of conductor of length, 𝑙 rotating about one end in a d irection
𝐵𝜔𝑙 2
perpendicular to magnetic field is give by 𝜀 = 2
10. The induced emf can be produced in a coil by
(i) putting the coil/loop/circuit in varying magnetic field.
(ii) changing the area, A of the coil inside the magnetic field.
(iii) changing the angle (θ) between B and A.
11. Self Induction The phenomenon of production of induced emf in a coil when a current passes through it,
undergoes a change.
 ∵ Total flux linked with coil 𝑁Ф ∝ 𝐼 𝑁Ф = 𝐿𝐼
where, Ф = flux linked with each tum
L = coefficient of self induction.
𝑑𝑙
Also, induced emf, e = −𝐿 𝑑𝑡
SI unit of self induction is henry (H).
1 henry (H) = 1V .s / A
12. Self induction is called as electric inertia.
13. Mutual Induction The phenomenon of generation of induced emf in secondary coil when current linked with
primary coil changes. 𝑁2 Ф2 = 𝑀𝐼1
where, 𝑁2 Ф2 = flux linked with secondary coil
𝐼1 = current in primary coil
𝑑𝐼
Also, 𝑒2 = −𝑀 𝑑𝐼1
2
SI unit of mutual inductance is henry (H).
1 henry (H) = 1V .s / A
𝜇𝑁 2 𝐴
14. Self inductance of a long solenoid, L = 𝑙
where, N = number of turns
A = area of solenoid
𝑙 = length of solenoid
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
15. Mutual inductance (M) of closely wound solenoids, 𝑀 =
𝑙
where, 𝑁1 and 𝑁2 = number of turns in primary and secondary solenoids, A = area of solenoid and 𝑙 = length of
solenoid.
μo πr22
16. Mutual inductance of two concentric circular coils= M12 = ( )=M21 , r2< r1
2r1
𝑀
17. Coefficient of coupling, K =
√𝐿1𝐿2
1 1 1
18. Two inductors are in parallel combination, then equivalent inductance is given by 𝐿 = 𝐿 + 𝐿
1 2
19. Two inductors are in series combination, L = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2
1
20. Magnetic energy stored in an inductor U = 2 𝐿𝐼2 where, 𝐼 is the current in inductor.
21. Eddy current is equivalent to friction in mechanics. Methods to reduce eddy current is (a)lamination (b) slotting.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Due to relative motion of a magnet with respect to a coil, an emf is induced in the Coil, identify the Principle
involved-
(a) Ampere’s circuital law (b) Faraday's law
(c) Gauss law (d) Biot-Savart law
2. In Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic induction, more deflection will be shown by galvanometer, when
(a) Magnet is in uniform motion towards the coil
(b) Magnet is in uniform motion away from the coil
(c) Magnet is in accelerated motion towards the coil
(d) Magnet is at rest near the coil
3. If both the number of turns and core length of an inductor is doubled keeping other factors constant, then its
self-inductance will be-
(a)Unaffected (b)doubled (c)halved (d) quadrupled
4. Oscillating metallic pendulum in a uniform magnetic field directed Perpendicular tothe plane of
oscillation-
(a)Slows down ( b) becomes faster
(c)remains unaffected (d) oscillates with changing frequency
5. A metallic cylinder is held vertically and then or small magnet is dropped along its axis. It will fall
with-
(a)acceleration a>g (b) acceleration a˂g
(c)acceleration a=g (d) constant velocity a=0
6. An emf of 200V is induced in a circuit when current in the circuit falls from 5A to 0. A in 0.1 second. The self-
inductance of the circuit is-
(a)3.5 H (b) 3.9 H
(c)4 H (d) 4.2
2
7. The magnetic flux linked with a coil at any instant t is φ=(6t -8t+5) Wb, the emf induced in the coil at t= 2
second is-
(a)-16V (b) -24V
(c)+24V (d) +16V
8. A conducting circular ring is placed in a uniform magnetic field B with its plane Perpendicular to the field. The
radius of the ring starts shrinking at the rate (da/dt).Then induced-emf at the instant when the radius is a is-
(a)(𝜋 a2/2)2 B(da/dt) (b) 𝜋 aB(da/dt)
(c)𝜋 a2 (dB/dt) (d) 2 𝜋 aB(da/dt)
9. A small piece of metal wire is dragged across the gap between the poles of a magnet in 0.4 s.If change in
magnetic flux in the wire is 8 × 10-4Wb, then e.m.f. induced in the wire is
(a) 8 × 10-3 V (b) 6 × 10-3 V
(c)4 × 10-3 V (d) 2 × 10-3 V
10. If the no. of turns per unit length of the coil of a solenoid is doubled keeping other dimensions same, then its
self-inductance will be
(a) Halved (b) doubled
(c) four times (d) eight times
11. The energy stored in coil carrying current I is U. If current is halved, then energy stored in the coil will be
(a) U/2 (b) U/4
(c) 2U (d) 4U
12. A conducting square loop of side L and resistance R moves in its plane with a uniform velocity v perpendicular
to one of its sides. A magnetic induction B constant in time and space, pointing perpendicular and into the
plane of the loop exists everywhere. The current induced in the loop is
𝐵𝑙𝑉
(a) 𝑅
clockwise
𝐵𝑙𝑉
(b) 𝑅
anticlockwise
𝐿𝐷𝐼𝑉
(c) 𝑅
anticlockwise
(d) 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
13. A conducting square loop of side l and resistance R moves in its plane with a uniform velocity v perpendicular
to one of its sides. A magnetic induction B constant in time and space, pointing perpendicular and into the
plane at the loop exists everywhere with half the loop outside the field, as shown in figure. The induced e.m.f.
is
(a) Zero (b) RvB
(C) VB𝑙 /R (d) VB𝑙
14. A wheel with ten metallic spokes each 0.50 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min
in a plane normal to the earth’s magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude of the field is
0.4 Gauss, the induced e.m.f. between the axle and the rim of the wheel is equal to
(a) 1.256 × 10−3 V (b) 6.28 × 10−4
−4
(c) 1.256 × 10 V (d) 6.28 × 10−5 V
15. In a circuit with a coil of resistance 2 ohms, the magnetic flux changes from 2.0 Wb to 10.0 Wb in 0.2 second.
The charge that flows in the coil during this time is
(a) 5.0 coulomb (b) 4.0 coulomb
(c) 1.0 coulomb (d) 0.8 coulomb
16. The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the very cause that has produced it. This is the law
of
(a) Lenz (b) Faraday
(c) Kirchhoff (d) Fleming
17. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance R changes by an amount △𝝓 in time △t , Then the total
quantity of electric charge Q , which passing during this time through any point of the circuit is given by
△𝜙 △𝜙
(a) Q = △𝑡
(b) Q =△𝑡
×R
△𝜙 △𝜙
(c) Q = △𝑡 + R (d) Q = 𝑅
18. A coil having an area A0 is placed in a magnetic field which changes from Bo to 4 Bo in a time interval t. The
e.m.f. induced in the coil will be
3𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂 4𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂
(a) 𝑡
(b) 𝑡
3𝐵0 4𝐵0
(c) 𝐴0 𝑡
(d) 𝐴0 𝑡
19. Two coils are placed close to each other. The mutual inductance of the pair of coils depends upon the
(a) rate at which current change in the two coils
(b) relative position and orientation of the coils
(c) rate at which voltage induced across two coils
(d) currents in the two coils (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)
20. A conducting square loop of side 'L' and resistance 'R' moves in its plane with the uniform velocity 'v'
perpendicular to one of its sides. A magnetic induction 'B' constant in time and space pointing perpendicular
and into the plane of the loop exists everywhere as shown in the figure. The current induced in the loop is

(a)BLv/R Clockwise (b)BLv/R Anticlockwise

(c) 2BLv/R Anticlockwise (d) Zero (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)
21. The magnetic flux linked with the coil (in Weber) is given by the equation Փ = 5t2 + 3t + 16
The induced EMF in the coil at time, t=4 will be- (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)

(A)-27 V (B)-43 V (C)-108 V (D)210 V

22. An air-cored solenoid with length 30 cm, area of cross-section 25 cm2 and number of turns 800, carries a
current of 2.5 A. The current is suddenly switched off in a brief time of 10-3s. Ignoring the variation in magnetic
field near the ends of the solenoid, the average back emf induced across the ends of the open switch in the
circuit would be

(a) Zero (B)3.125 volts (C)6.54 volts (D)16.74 volts (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)
23. If both the number of turns and core length of an inductor is doubled keeping other factors constant, then its
self-inductance will be (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)
(a) Unaffected (b)doubled (c)halved (d)quadrupled

ANSWER
1. B 2. C 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.D 15.B
16.A 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.D 21.B 22. D 23. B
ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. Alternating Current It is the current which varies in both magnitude as well as direction alternatively and
periodically. The instantaneous alternating current is given by 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡
where, 𝐼0 = peak value or maximum value of AC.
𝐼0
2. Effective Value or rms Value of AC𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707𝐼0
√2
The 70.7% value of peak value of current gives effective or rms value of AC.
2𝐼0
3. Average or Mean Value of AC 𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = 0.637𝐼0
𝜋
⇒ 63.7% of peak value of AC gives average or mean value of AC.
4. Alternating emf or Voltage It is the emf which varies in both magnitude as well as in direction alternatively and
periodically. The instantaneous alternating current is given by 𝑉 = 𝑉0 sin (𝜔𝑡)
 𝑉0
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707𝑉0
√2
2𝑉0
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 𝜋
= 0.637𝑉0
5. AC circuit containing resistance only 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉0 sin 𝜔𝑡 where, V and 𝐼 are in same phase.
𝜋 𝜋
6. AC circuit containing inductor only 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) Voltage leads the current by phase .
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
7. AC circuit containing capacitor only 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉0 sin (𝜔𝑡 − 2 ) Voltage lags the current by phase 2 .
8. Inductive Reactance
XL = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
Also for given conductor,
𝑿𝑳 = (2𝜋𝐿)𝑓
⇒ 𝑿𝑳 ∝f ∵ 2𝜋𝐿 = constant
9. Capacitive Reactance
1 1
XC = 𝜔𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
For given capacitor,
1 1 1
𝑋𝐶 = (2𝜋𝐶 ) 𝑓⇒𝑋𝐶 ∝ 𝑓
∵ 2𝜋𝐿 = constant
10. Quality Factor It indicates the sharpness of resonance in L -C -R series AC circuit.
𝑉𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐶 1 𝐿
Q= = = = = = √
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝐿 𝑅 𝐶
𝑉𝐿 , 𝑉𝐶 and 𝑉𝑅 are the voltages across inductor, capacitor, resistor respectively and V is the net voltage.
11. Power in an AC circuit Pav. = Vrms 𝐼 rms cos Ф where, cos Ф = power factor
12. Power factor , cos Ф = 𝑅/𝑍
13. Average power consumption in pure inductive and pure capacitive circuit is equal to zero because
𝜋
Phase differenceФ = 2
𝜋
⇒ Power factor = cos = 0 ∴ Pav = 0
2
14. Ina an AC circuit containing resistance only.
(i) Voltage and current are in same phase
𝑉0
(ii) Maximum current, 𝐼0 = 𝑅
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
(iii) 𝐼 rms = 𝑅
(iv) If V = 𝑉0 sin 𝜔𝑡 then, 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡.
15. In an AC circuiting containing capacitor only,
1 1
(i) Capacitive reactance, XC = 𝜔𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 .
(ii) Capacitor offers infinite reactance in DC circuit as f = 0.
V0 V0
(iii) 𝐼0 = = = V0 ωC
XC (1⁄ωC)
𝜋
(iv) Voltage lags behind the current by phase 2 .
𝜋
(v) If V = V0 sin 𝜔𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 2 ).
(vi) Power factor is minimum and equal to zero.
(vii) Average power consumption (during a complete cycle),
Pav = Vrms 𝐼 rms cos Ф = 0
16. In an AC circuiting containing inductor only,
(i) Inductive reactance, XL = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
V0 V0 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
(ii) 𝐼0 = = (iii) 𝐼 rms = =
XL ωL 𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝐿
𝜋
(iv) Voltage leads the current by phase 2 .
 𝜋
(v) If V = V0 sin 𝜔𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 − 2 ).
𝜋
(vi) Power factor cos Ф = cos 2 = 0
(vii) Average power consumption Pav = Vrms 𝐼 rms cos Ф = 0
17. In L-R series AC circuit,
𝑉
(i) Impedance, Z = √𝑋 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = 𝐼 𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝐿
(ii) For the phase angle, tan Ф = 𝑅
= 𝑅
, voltage leads Z by phase Ф.
(iii) If V = V0 sin 𝜔𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 − Ф)
18. In a C - R series AC circuit,
𝑉
(i) impedance, Z = 𝐼 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐶2
𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑋𝐶 1
(ii) For the phase angle, tan Ф= =
𝑅 𝜔𝐶𝑅
(iii) If 𝑉 = 𝑉0 sin 𝜔𝑡, then 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + Ф)
𝑅 𝑅
(iv) Power factor, cos Ф = 𝑍 =
√𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2

19. In an L – C series AC circuit,

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
(i) impedance, Z = = 𝑋𝐿 ~ 𝑋𝐶 .
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝜋
(ii) phase difference between voltage and current is 2 .
(iii) Power factor, cos Ф = 0.
20. In an L – C – R series AC circuit,
𝑉
(i) impedance, Z =√𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 ~𝑋𝐶 )2 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
(ii) If 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶 then, V leads 𝐼 by Ф and 𝑋𝐿 < 𝑋𝐶 then, V lags behind 𝐼 by Ф, where, tan Ф = .
𝑅
21. In resonant L – C – R series AC circuit,
(i) 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 (ii) impedance, Z = Zminimum =R.
(iii) The phase difference between V and 𝐼 is 00.
1
(iv) Resonant angular frequency, 𝜔0 = .
√𝐿𝐶
(v) Average power consumption, Pav becomes maximum.
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
(vi) Current becomes maximum and 𝐼 max = 𝑅
.
𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐶 𝜔0 𝐿 1 1 𝐿 𝜔0
22. Quality factor = 𝑅
= 𝑅
= 𝑅
=𝜔 = 𝑅 √𝐶 Q=𝜔
0 𝐶𝑅 2 − 𝜔1

where, 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 are the frequencies when current decreases to – 0.707 times of the peak value of current.
23. Transformer It is an electrical device which converts low alternating voltage to high alternating voltage and vice-
versa. Its working is based on the principle of mutual induction.
24. Types of Transformer There are two types of transformers (i) Step-up transformer It converts low alternating
voltage into high alternating voltage. (ii) Step-down transformer It converts high alternating voltage into low
alternating voltage.
𝑉1 𝐼2
25. For an ideal transformer, Input power = Output power 𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉2 𝐼2 ⇒ 𝑉2
= 𝐼1
𝑉2 𝐼2
26. Efficiency of transformer=𝑉 𝐼 × 100
1 1
1 1
27. Frequency of LC oscillation 𝑣 =
2𝜋 √LC
MECHANICAL OSCILLATION ELECTRICAL OSCILLATION
mass inductance
displacement charge
velocity current
 Force constant (K) Reciprocal constant(1/C)
1 1 1 q2 1
Mechanical energy= kx 2 + mv 2 Electromagnetic energy= 2 +-2 LI2
2 2 c

Cause of damping-Air resistance ,friction Cause of damping -Electric resistance

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. In a series LR-circuit, the inductive reactance is equal to the resistance R of the circuit. An emf E = E0cos (ωt)
is applied to the circuit. The power consumed in the circuit is
𝐸02 𝐸2
(a) 𝑅
(b) 2𝑅0
𝐸02 𝐸02
(c) 4𝑅
(d) 8𝑅

2. One 60 V, 100 W bulb is to be connected to 100 V, 50 Hz ac- source. The potential drop across the inductor is
(f = 50 Hz)
(a) 80 V (b) 40V
(c) 10 V (d) 20V
3. An AC voltage source of variable angular frequency ω and fixed amplitude V connected in series with a
capacitance C and an electric bulb of resistance R (inductance zero). When ω is increased
(a) The bulb glows dimmer
(b) The bulb glows brighter
(c) Net impedance of circuit is unchanged
(d) Total impedance of the circuit increases
4. An alternating e.m.f. of angular frequency ω is applied across an inductance. The instantaneous power
developed across it has an angular frequency
(a) ω/4 (b) ω/2
(c) ω (d) 2 ω
5. The variation of the instantaneous current I(t) and the instantaneous emf (t) in a circuit is
as shown in the following fig. Which of the following statements is correct
(a) The voltage lags behind the current by π/2
(b) The voltage leads the current by π/2
(c) The voltage and the current are in phase
(d) The voltage leads the current by π
6. The figure shows variation of R, XL and XC with frequency f in a series L, C, R circuit. Then
for what frequency point, the circuit is inductive.
(a) A (b) B
(b) C (d) A and B
7. The r.m.s. voltage of the wave form shown is
(a) 10 V (b) 7 V
(c) 6.37 V (d) 12 V
8. In electric arc furnace Cu or Iron is melted due to variation of
(a) current (b) magnetic field
(c) voltage (d) electric field
9. When AC source is connected across series R-C combination, the ac- current may lead ac- voltage by
(a) 00 (b) 1800
(c) 300 (d) 900
10. High voltage transmission line is preferred as
(a) Its appliances are less costly (b) Thin power cables are required
(b) Idle current very low (d) Power loss is very less
11. In series R-L-C circuit, quality factor can be improved by
 (a) decreasing L (b) increasing C
(b) decreasing R (d) decreasing R & L
12. When ac- source is connected across series R-L-C combination, maximum power loss will occur provided
(a) current and voltage are in phase (b) Current from source is minimum
(b) Inductance is minimum (d) Capacitance is maximum
13. In R-L-C series ac-circuit, impedance cannot be increased by
(a) increasing frequency of source (b) decreasing frequency of source
(b) increasing the resistance (d) increasing the voltage of the source
14. In highly inductive load circuit, it is more dangerous when
(a) we close the switch (b) open the switch
(b) increasing the resistance (d) decreasing the resistance
15. In electric sub-station in township, large capacitor banks are used
(a) to reduce power factor (b) to improve power factor
(b) to decrease current (d) to increase current in the circuit
16. In a purely resistive a.c. circuit, the current
(a) is in phase with the e.m.f.
(b) leads the e.m.f. by a difference of μ radians phase
(c) leads the e.m.f. by a phase difference of μ /2radians
(d) lags behind the e.m.f. by phase difference of μ /4radian
17. A capacitor of capacitance C has reactance X. If capacitance and frequency become double, then the
capacitive reactance will be
(a) 2X (b) 4X
(c) X/2 (d) X/ 4
400
18. Reactance of a capacitor of capacitance C for an alternating current of frequency Hz is 25 . The value of C
𝜋
is
(a) 25 𝜇𝐹 (b) 50 𝜇𝐹
(c) 75 𝜇𝐹 (d) 100 𝜇𝐹
19. The core of a transformer is laminated, so as to
(a) make it light weight (b) make it robust and strong
(c) Increase the secondary voltage (d) reduce energy loss due to eddy
current
20. The ratio of no. of turns of primary coil to secondary coil in a transformer is 2:3. If a cell of 6 V is connected
across the primary coil, then voltage across the secondary coil will be
(a) 9V (b) 6 V
(c) 3V (d) 0 V
21. In a transformer, the no. of turns of primary and secondary coil are 500 and 400 respectively. If 220 V is
supplied to the primary coil, then ratio of currents in primary and secondary coils is
(a) 4:5 (b) 5:4
(c) 5:9 (d) 9:5
22. Which of the following graphs represent the variation of current (I) with frequency (f) in an AC circuit
containing a pure capacitor? (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)
 (a) (b) (c) (d)
23. A 20 volt AC is applied to a circuit consisting of a resistance and a coil with negligible resistance. If the
voltage across the resistance is 12 volt, the voltage across the coil is- (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)

(a) 16 V (b)10 V (c)8 V (d) 6 V

24. The instantaneous values of emf and the current in a series ac circuit are-E = Eo Sin ωt and I= Io sin( ωt+π/3)
respectively, then it is (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)
(a) Necessarily a RL circuit (b)Necessarily a RC circuit
(c)Necessarily a LCR circuit (d) Can be RC or LCR circuit

25. Which among the following, is not a cause for power loss in a transformer- (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)
(a) Eddy currents are produced in the soft iron core of a transformer.
(b) Electric Flux sharing is not properly done in primary and secondary coils.
(c) Humming sound produced in the transformers due to magnetostriction.
(d) Primary coil is made up of a very thick copper wire.
26. An alternating voltage source of variable angular frequency ‘w’ and fixed amplitude ‘V’ is connected in series with
a capacitance C and electric bulb of resistance R(inductance zero). When ‘w’ is increased- (SAMPLE PAPER-2022-T-1)
(a) The bulb glows dimmer.
(b) The bulb glows brighter.
(c) Net impedance of the circuit remains unchanged.
(d) Total impedance of the circuit increases.

ANSWER
1. C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.D 11.C 12. A 13.D 14.B 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.D 19.D
20.C 21.A 22.C 23.a 24.d 25.d 26.b

TIPS FOR EXAM

 REMEMBER ALL THE FORMULAS IN THIS CAPSUL.
 DO ALL MCQ QUESTIONS .
 ALSO PRACTICE A/R & CASE BASED QUESTIONS AVAILABE
WITH YOU.
 DURING EXAM , FIRST HAVE A LOOK ON THE WHOLE
QUESTION PAPER AND SOLVE THE EASY QUESTIONS.
 DURING EXAM DO NOT WASTE MORE THAN 30 SECONDS IN A
QUESTION, IF IT IS NEW FOR YOU OR SEEMS TO BE DIFFICULT.
 SECTION –C , FIRST TRY ALL CASE BASED QUESTIONS , THEN
SEE Q-50 & 51