LITERATURE

LECTURE HALLS AND LIBRARIES

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CONTENT
1.Anthropometry c. University of jodhpur(reference)
a. Furniture for students
b. Work space required for students LECTURE HALLS
c. Work space required for lecturer a. Courtyard
d. Furniture for handicapped students b. Storage
e. Optimum view angles c. Projection rooms
d. Elevated center court of lecture theaters
2.LECTURE HALLS e. Lecture theaters outdoor steps
a. Design factors f. Ramp that is leading to lecture halls
b. basic considerations g. Isometric view of lecture theaters
c. IDEAL LOCATION FOR LECTURE ROOM
3.CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR 6. TYPES OF SITTING ARRANGEMENT
WARM AND HUMID a. Straight rows
a. Design recommendations for warm and humid b. Angled rows
b.Form and Planning c. U shaped rows
c. Building orientation d. Curved rows
d. Building structure e. Groups tables or pairs
e. Roof design f. Seating arrangement
f. Windows and ventilation
g. Shading devices 7. TYPES OF LECTURE ROOM LAYOUTS
h. Courtyard option THROUGH CASE STUDIES
4.CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DEISGN STRATEGIES FOR a. IIM Ahmedabad
HOT AND HUMID b. IIM Bangalore
a. Thermal comforts in building c. IIT Bombay
b. Building design strategies
 CONTENT h. References
I .Inference
12. SPACE AND FURNISHINGS FOR THE LECTURE:
8. SHAPES OF CLUSTER ROOM + CLUSTER LAYOUT ( TEACHING SPACES)
PATTERN a. Instructor workstation in a lecture hall
b. Sizes and standards required
9. CONCEPT PLANNING FOR CAMPUS 13. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Size a. The use of wall space
a. Humans needs . Windows
b. Zonal pattern . Window selection requirements
c. Molecular pattern . Observation windows
d. Linear pattern . Glazing
e. Homogeneous patterns . doors
f. Heterogeneous pattern . Door function
10. SEATING ARRANGEMENT IN LECTURE HALLS . Glazing
a. Details of seating arrangement
14. ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING
b. References of seating arrangement
a. Lightening
c. Inferences of seating arrangement
b. Types of lighting used
c. References
11.FACILITIES FOR PROJECTION AND TELEVISION
d. Inferences
a. basic considerations
e. Acoustics introduced
b. Types of projection systems
f. Types and properties for good acoustics
c. Some general rules
g. Design features
d. Overhead projection
h. Noise level
e. Space for rear projection
i. Noise emittance
f. Shape of viewing area
j. Room acoustics and material used for acoustics
g. Planning the projection system
k. Finishing's used
 CONTENT
15. HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING
a. HVAC system
b. Indoor air conditions
c. Outdoor air conditions
d. To increase energy efficiency and reduce
noise levels
e. To provide uniform airflow at the inlet to the
diffuser

16. AESTHATIC CONSIDERATIONS

a. Surface treatments and colors

17.INFERENCES
 Anthropometry:

Furniture for students:

Workspace required for students: For lecturer:

Anthropometry:
Furniture for handicapped students:

Optimum view angles:

LECTUREHALLS Basic considerations:
Lecture hall: • A lecture room should be placed in a building such
It is a classroom environment that that it is accessible to students without overcrowding
allows students to see anything
of the corridors.
presented visually, to hear any audible
(IDEAL LOCATION FOR LECTURE ROOM)
presentation free from noises and
distortions, and to be physically • The front platform should be raised 8” above the
comfortable (air flow, temperature, ground(for lectures)
furniture, etc.). • The front platform might be slightly lower and be
accessible by a ramp(for students)
Design factors:
• The room should be arranged so that the audience
1. Seating and writing surfaces can see well and hear the lecture.
2. Facilities for projection and television
• Where chalk boards and screens needed desirable
3. Space and furnishings for the lecturer
4. The use of wall space view requirements. Students/audiences should be
5. Acoustics and lighting comfortable, in part of this depends upon –
6. Heating and air conditioning ➢ Temperature, humidity,
7. Aesthetic considerations ➢ Lighting and sound
➢ Climatic strategies as well.
LECTUREHALLS
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES:
THERMAL COMFORT IN BUILDING:
Warm & Humid:
• In the humid tropics, the teaching-learning environment is
often faced with the problem of reducing heat gain in the
building space.
• This is as a result of the fact that the building space is always
warm due to high temperature, relative humidity and low air
movement.
• Thermal discomfort can also induce various stress behaviours
that can affect the learning of occupants in any teaching-
learning indoor space.

Design recommendations for warm and humid:

• Orientation and layout of streets have significant effects

on accessing sun and wind in buildings.

• Major Street orientation within the angle of Street layout considering

approximately 20-30 degree on either direction of sun and wind movement.
the prevailing breezes is highly recommended
Form and Planning:
• Buildings should be separated with large, free spaces
between them.
• Open spaces and funnel effect can be used to maximize airflow
within the buildings.
• In city core with dense development, buildings on stilts can
promote ventilation and cause cooling at the ground level.
• The building should be designed not only with protected
openings, but also with protected walls.

Building orientation:
• Building should be oriented to minimize solar heat gain and to
facilitate wind flow in summer months.
• The maximum amount of solar radiation is interrupted by the
horizontal surface of the roof followed by east and west walls
and then by the south and north wall during the summer.
• It is, therefore, desirable that the building is oriented with the
longest wall facing north and south, and short walls facing
east and west.
Building structure:
• Buildings should be of open structure with large openings providing cross ventilation.
• Thermal insulation is not effective except on surfaces exposed to direct radiation.
Materials should be permeable to air.
• East and west walls should have minimum or no windows in order to exclude the low
angle east and west sun.
• North and south walls should be as open as possible, to allow for cross ventilation.
• Semi open spaces such as communal spaces, canteens can be used advantageously
for daytime activities as well as give protection from rainfall.
• In multistoried buildings a central courtyard can be provided with vents at higher
levels to draw away the rising hot air.

Roof design:

• The roof should be made of lightweight materials

with a low thermal capacity and high reflectivity.

• Painting the surface in light colors.

• Large overhangs protect the walls and openings

from radiation and precipitation. The inner layer
(ceiling) may be well insulated and provided with a High ceilings and high operable windows
reflective upper surface. protected by deep overhangs and
porches.
use plant materials (ivy, bushes, trees) screened porches and patios can provide
esppecially on the west to shade the structure comfort cooling and ventilation

Roof Design for Warm Humid Climates Double roof with ventilation
Windows and ventilation:
• They should be large and fully openable, with inlets of a
similar size on both sides of the room allowing a proper
cross-ventilation.

• To avoid direct solar radiation and glare, openings should be

shaded by an overhanging roof, screens, lattices, grills etc.

• Wind incidence a projecting wing wall at the downwind

end of the building would create a positive pressure zone.

• On the leeward side a similar wing wall at the upwind end

would help to create a negative pressure zone.

• Simple ceiling or table fans help improve indoor comfort if

wind speed is not sufficient.
Shading devices :
• Complete year round shading, but design should be made such that ventilation is not affected.
• The intense diffuse solar radiation calls for buildings that have large overhanging roofs and wide
shaded verandahs.
• Shading devices should therefore provide great coverage, obstructing most of the sky and not just
the sun.

Shading from the effects of direct solar radiation can be

achieved in many ways:

• Shade provided by the effect of recesses in the external

envelope of the building.
• Shade provided by static or moveable external blinds or
louvers. orient most of the glass to the north,
shaded by vertical fins.
• Transient shading provided by the orientation of the
building on one or more of its external walls
• Permanent or transient shading provided by the
surrounding buildings, screens or vegetation.
• Shading of roofs by rolling reflective canvass, earthen
pots, vegetation etc

Shading by vegetation
Courtyard option:
• The internal courtyard helps to induce air movement due to pressure effect in the event of
high velocity external wind that flow above the building.
• The wind flow reduces the pressure at the top layer of the air column and creates a suction
effect above the small courtyard.
• This produces an upward movement in the top layer of air in the courtyard, pulling the air
towards the court through the surrounding spaces resulting in circulation of air in those
spaces.

Concept of air movement through courtyard.

Maximum comfort is achieved by providing Sun Shading of Windows, Fan forced ventilation and
cross ventilation. Wind direction at different time across seasons help designers/ urban
planners to orient building and openings to catch the cooling breezes.
INFERENCES
Campus design shall be Climate responsive. At the stage of designing :
1.Layout the Building on the Site, 2.Plan With the Sun in Mind, 3.Window Considerations,
4.Building for Geographic Area, 5.Minimize the Building Footprint, 6.Design for Natural
Ventilation should be considered for ideal lecture hall design as well.
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DEISGN STRATEGIES
THERMAL COMFORTS IN BUILDING
• Climate is one of the major factor which impacts the Architectural design.
• Whenever Climatic conditions are considered in the design then the building will be
ideal to reside.
• The impact of Hot and Dry climate on Design strategies.
BUILDING DESIGN STRATEGIES:
• Detailing building fenestration design and construction details to promote shading, heat loss
and insulation.
• Larger building dimensions should face north & south.
• Double walls with insulation in between are a suitable solution.
• The size of the windows on the east and west sides should be minimized in order to reduce
heat gain.
• The flat roof is a good reflector and re-radiates heat efficiently, especially if it consists of
a solid, white painted material.
• The courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling source.
• Internal courtyards provide cross ventilation and natural cooling.
• Inlets to be provided at lower levels and outlets at a higher level as they serve to vent the
hot air.
• Suitable radiation barriers in the form of canopies, Chajjas, and long verandahs should be
provided on the west side of the building.
UNIVERSITY OF JODHPUR
LECTURE THEATER- Uttam Chand

❑ The lecture theater was completed in 1971 .

❑ The built up area is around 650 sq m.
❑ Building is made with golden colored sandstone with which the traditional buildings of
jodhpur have been constructed.
❑ The building is constructed with a double wall to counter the hot and desert climate of
the desert.
❑ The outer wall screens the sun and are rhythmic in pattern.
❑ The lecture hall is in the form of a ziggurat.
❑ Each is a simple rectangle in plan supported by two parallel walls along its longer
axis.
❑ A stone pergola screens the central node at which all the four theatres emerge.
❑ Approach is through a ramp framed between two lecture theatre.
 1.Lecture halls 2.Courtyard 3. Storage 4. Projection rooms Elevated central court of lecture theatres

Lecture theatres outdoor Ramp that is leading to Isometric view of lecture theatres
steps lecture halls
TYPES OF SEATING ARRANGEMENT
Straight Rows
• The traditional lecture setup typically
consists of rows of fixed seating.
• Students face the instructor with their
backs to one another. This
arrangement is suitable for both large
lecture theatres where the floor will
be raked but also works on a level
floor in smaller spaces.
Pro: This traditional theatre style allows
you to maximize the available space and
fill your lecture hall to capacity.
Con: The interactions Occur between
professors and students in the first row
or along the middle of the classroom.
Students in back rows are more likely to
be less engaged.
Angled Rows
Taking rows slightly angled can provide a more
comfortable experience for students as it positions the
seats facing a central point where the lecturer will
stand.
Pro: This prevents students having to angle their body
position within their seats as the seats themselves are
already angled accordingly.
Con: more area is Used up for Seating purpose than
regular seating style.
U-Shaped
This arrangement works well in rectangular shaped
rooms. Where lecture hall chairs can be positioned
along 3 of the walls with each row on a slight curve to
create a ‘U’ or horseshoe shape. This layout serves
interaction between the lecturer and students and is
less formal than uniform rows.
Pro: this setup tends to encourage more engagement
between the instructor and students .
Con: this arrangement can accommodate lesser
students hence more area is wasted effective when the
instructor wishes to project and discuss .
Double horseshoe
This seating arrangement involves an inner and outer
horseshoe, and similar to the conventional horseshoe,
invites greater discussion than the traditional format. It is
more limited by the backs of students within the inner
circle facing students in the outer circle.
Pro: a better mode of horseshoe style classroom improves
more discussion.
Con: however, students may also more easily interact with
those nearest to them or turn around and face students
behind them
Curved rows /roundtable
Many seminar-course room arrangements may consist of
an instructor and students sitting around a single large
table. Students and instructors all face one another in this
setup, which can support whole-class as well as partner
dialogue.
Pro: This layout is better for interaction, both between
lecturer and students and also amongst students
themselves.
Con: Not so suitable for one way teaching style.
Groups Tables or Pairs
The pod or pair arrangement can be designed with
rectangular, circular or trapezoidal tables, or individual
desks. With regards to stations, instructors can place
several tables together to form student groups (e.g. 3 - 4
students), or pairs. This arrangement can be especially
advantageous when students will work in groups or pairs
with their classmates for a large portion of class time.
Pro: This arrangement communicates a learning
community where students are expected to work with
one another.
Con: This classroom seating arrangement is great for
cooperative learning, but it is TERRIBLE for keeping
talking to a minimum
 SEATINGARRANGEMENT
• No person shall have to pass more than six others to reach an aisle ;hence 14 persons in a row between aisles is
an absolute maximum.
• If 10 to 14 students sit next to each other in a row behind a long strip table or writing ledge, the ledge should
be at least 12 inches wide and should provide at least 2feet of length per person .
• An arrangement whereby the nearer half of the writing surface in front of each person can fold up and away
from the writer gives more room for students to pass .
• A spacing between rows of 42 inches between seat centers is adequate for most seating arrangements that use
strip tables for writing.
• Tablet armchairs permit rows to be spaced every 3 feet. the floor the arrangement should be one that permits
good visibility and ready access .
• Good visibility may be achieved in three ways : by sloping the floor, by staggering seats in consecutive rows, or
by wide spacing.
• An arrangement permitting a class of 30 to spread out for examination purposes in a 26' X26' classroom seating
40 students would be the following : in each of five rows, spaced3 feet apart from front to back between sea
Types of lecture room layouts through case studies
IIM Ahmedabad:
• For Louis. I. Kahn the design of the design of the
institute was more than just efficient spatial
planning of the classrooms.
• The classroom was the formal setting for the
beginning of learning; the hallways andKahn’s
Plaza became new centers for learning.
• The shape of the classroom is hexagonal and the
sitting arrangement in the classrooms is in
horseshoe pattern.
• The Design of the classrooms is based on seminar
type of interaction between students-students
and students-faculty.
• Lobbies created in between classrooms not only
provide entry to rooms but also serve as spots
where students can meet and exchange ideas.
• Windows are high to get glare free light.
• There is no acoustical disturbance from
outsiders, since an inner buffer space separates
classrooms from circulation space separately.
Types of lecture room layouts through case studies

IIM Bangalore:
• The primary design intent of the classroom
block was to strike a chord with the existing
campus.
• A wide flight of steps perpendicular to the
central spine became the main axis of the
classroom block with a courtyard as the focal
point at the end of the axis.
• The shape of the classroom is rectangular
and the sitting arrangement in the
classrooms is in horseshoe pattern.
• The classrooms are disabled friendly by
keeping the first row of seats at the same
level of corridors.
• The layout of classrooms and the location of
openings are aimed at improving natural air
circulation across.
• The classroom block connects and
communicates with the students.
 Types of lecture room layouts through case studies

IIT Bombay:
• Ground and first floor
accommodates auditorium
and seminar rooms.
• Second and third floors
accommodates lecture halls.
• The shape of the lecture
halls is hexagonal and the Ground floor
sitting arrangement in the Second floor Ground floor
classrooms is in semi-circular
pattern. Second floor
• Lecture halls are provided
with 2 aisles for circulation.
• Windows are provided high
for cross ventilation.

First floor

Third floor
SHAPE OF CLUSTER ROOM + CLUSTER LAYOUT PATTERN
Clusters makes sense to put
the expensive "supporting"
functions together like:

• Shared projection areas:

Allowing expensive
equipment to be kept
together in one room . this
not only ensures better
care of the equipment, but
through consolidation,
utilization rates can go up .
• Special and expensive
lighting and mechanical
systems: It is cheaper
and less cumbersome,
for instance, to air-
condition one whole
building rather then little
pieces of many buildings
• Special and expensive
electrical installations.
SHAPE OF CLUSTER ROOM + CLUSTER LAYOUT PATTERN

• Accommodation for weird room shapes: Placing one pie-shaped lecture room in many separate
buildings creates waste space and odd configurations . putting many such rooms together in one
building allows the good designer to cut down if not eliminate these wasted spaces . (See Fig. 2.)
• " Centralization of production facilities: Since many of the items produced will be used in the
large-group lectures, it makes sense to consolidate all production and "support" activities in the
building (Fig . 2) .
• " A central "focal" point for faculty training in effectively using presentation and other
instructional media.
SHAPE OF CLUSTER ROOM + CLUSTER LAYOUT PATTERN

• Cluster does not become the

property of any one discipline or
department on campus ; its use
will be encouraged for all
departments needing it . It will
occupy a focal point on the
campus, probably at the
crossroads of major circulation
paths.
• The types of facilities the clusters
may include , cover those in
many areas. (See Fig. 3.)
LECTUREHALLS:
1.Seating and writing surfaces:
• There are different types of seating arrangements in lecture
halls depending up on the geometry of the room
• The geometry keeps on changing based on size of the room
• Flat and Raised are two popularly used seating types
• For raised :
o Maximum slope up to – 12%
o Raiser – 15cm
o thread – 85cm to 90cm
o Front side platform raiser–23cm

Seating types available in markets:

• Tablet arm chairs

• Fixed table arm chairs Seating arrangement in a classroom for
• Uni-Lecta with e-link systems 35 students

• Series tables with e-link system

• Various seat options
• Fixed writing shelves and swings
 LECTUREHALLS Fixed tablet arm chairs

Series tables
Uni-Lecta
LECTUREHALLS
Refences:

Inferences:
• Stepped or sloped floors will always be required in order to provide optimum viewing conditions .

• raised seating introduces more intimacy in these rooms and may allow the interaction desired for
case presentations and discussions .

• Whenever possible, aisles and circulation spaces should be kept out of the viewing area to assure the
maximum number of seats located within optimum viewing conditions.
LECTUREHALLS
• Seats should be placed at a distance from a screen
2.Facilities for projection and television “not less than twice or more than six to 10 times
to the screen image” to be views and the distance
The projection screen is a major component from the viewer to the “chalk board should not
in determining visual comfort
exceed 400 times the size of the smallest digit
being written”.
Basic considerations:
• A large lecture room is to build to • The angle of elevation from the eye to the upper
accommodate a varsity of projection part of an object on the screen should not exceed
systems. 30 degrees
• An overhead projector requires an
electrical outlet near the lecturer's table,
• Assuring good visibility with minimum
distortion .
• Wide screen may be needed to enable
the lecturer to use two or more overhead
projectors at once .
• Suitable stand and electrical outlet for the
projector.
• Shades may be required for darkening a
room with windows.

Optimum viewing angles

LECTUREHALLS
Types of projection systems:

• A variety of screen types are available for both front

and rear projection .
• They differ significantly in their characteristics, like
size of viewing area and the tolerable level of
ambient lighting .
Some General Rules.
A few general rules are helpful in locating projectors
and establishing space for rear projection equipment :

• The smaller the screen, the shorter the throw

distance.
• Mirrors may be used to fold the projection beam for
space saving with smaller screens or with
projectors with high lumen output on larger screens
• For initial schematic design a 2 w depth behind all
the screens should be allocated for the rear
projection area .
• The use of extra closeup lenses decreases the
viewing area, and may result in some distortion
around the edge of projected images .
 LECTUREHALLS:
Overhead Projector.
• Popular projection devices in classrooms
• Ease and speed of transparency-making,
• High lumen output,
• Elimination of the need for room darkening,
• And ease of operation are among its good
characteristics
Space for Rear Projection .
In designing for rear projection, one of the problems the
architect faces is the allowance of the correct amount of
space for the location of the projection equipment .

• Fig a : 1 W throw distance and indicates the

maximum bend angle at seat A of about 75
• Fig b: 2 W throw distance and a maximum bend
angle at seat A of about 60,
• Fig c: total depth of rear projection area as 1 W,
but by using a mirror, it still permits a 2 W throw
distance and a 60° bend angle .
LECTUREHALLS:
Shape of the Viewing Area.

The size of the viewing area is determined by

three dimensions, -
• The minimum distance -which is the distance
from the nearest part of the image to the eye
of the closest viewer
• The maximum distance- which is the distance
from the furthermost part of the image to the
most distant viewer .
• The maximum viewing angle - which is the
angle between the projection axis and the line
of sight of a person located as far from this axis
as he can be and still see all image detail in
proper brilliance
Planning the Projection System
1. The size of viewing area required
2. The appropriate screen size
3. The proper type of screen
4. The appropriate projector(s)-the required
lumen output, focal length and location
5. The maximum permissible level of ambient
lighting on the screen
LECTUREHALLS:
References :

Inferences :
University of Cincinnati , Division of the University Architect
▪ The design of any projection system must necessarily recognize "the human factor" -the needs and
limitations of the observer.

▪ The impact and effectiveness of the image displayed largely depend on such matters as its
brightness, its legibility and its contrast values .

▪ The projection screen is a major component in determining visual comfort . A variety of screen
types are available for both front and rear projection .
LECTURE HALLS:
3.Space and furnishings for the lecture:
Instructor workstation in a lecture hall:
Learning rooms will include instructor workstations designed to accommodate:
• Computer-based audio-visual systems and other commonly-used audio-visual components
• Instructors who are standing, seated, or using awheelchair

Workstations shall be oriented to allow instructors to maintain eye contact with students while
using keyboards and allow students to see projected media:
• In rooms with one screen, an instructor workstation on the left side of the instructor area,
markerboards in the center, and a screen in the right corner usually works well.
• In large rooms with multiple screens, a workstation located on the left side of the instructor
area, near the markerboard and overhead projectors, usually works well, but a more central
location may be preferable in some rooms.

• Tables used for panel discussions or references are also needed.

LECTURE HALLS:
Work surfaces and audio-visual components shall not block views of screens and markerboards:
• 34 inches above floor–maximum height of work surfaces
• 41 inches above floor–maximum height of monitors/task lights/other components

Work stations shall accommodate instructors who stand, sit, or use a

wheelchair:
• Provide accessible route to workstations (flat floor or ramps < 30
feet and 8% slope)
• Minimum knee clearance: 27 inches high, 18 inches wide (avoid
keyboard trays)
• PC keyboard/mouse/controls within easy reach of instructors
• Control panel for A/V system in easy reach of instructors
• Height of instructor’s seat easily adjusted - 19 to 27 inches above
floor
• Instructor’s chair has integral footrest and can be easily moved
 LECTURE HALLS:
4.The use of wallspace
Windows:
• Opening windows accessible from the ground
(within 3 metres to the sill) are to have window
locks .
• The use of blinds should not be relied upon as
the sole protection from summer sun
penetration.(also to control or adjust lighting in
the room).
• operable fixing of sky-light is a also source.
Window Selection Requirements:
• Windows are required to provide natural light
to these spaces.
• Preferred sill height at 1200mm above FFL.
Allowance of natural light and operable sky-lights
adjustment with blinds.
Observation Windows:
• Observation windows can be either one way or
two way observation windows depending upon the
application.
Glazing:
• External window glazing is to be integrally tinted
for glare and heat transfer control to meet the
regulatory requirements.
• Windows should not be openable in air
conditioned spaces.
• All glazing selection is to be undertaken in
accordance with the regulatory requirements.
• External window glazing is to be integrally tinted
for glare and heat transfer control to meet the
regulatory requirements.
LECTURE HALLS:
DOORS:
Types of doors to be used for a lecture hall:
- Half glass door, sidelight, or vision cut-out to circulation
Door Function
- Provide latch to allow door to hold open.
Glazing
- Half glazed door or side light to circulation spaces
• Operable walls are not desirable but where required
they are to be acoustically rated.

Inferences:

▪ Although means may be found for controlling natural light, the size of required images in the room
mitigates against natural light with its inherent problems of control and "washed out images"
caused by ambient light .

▪ To over come this we can use shades for openings

LECTUREHALLS:
5.Acoustics and lighting:
Lighting:
The planning of lighting is an important
consideration . generally, three levels of
illumination will be necessary for the display
methods used in these spaces: ambient, task
and accent ; control of ambient light on
projection screens is likewise essential .

Types used:
• Light-emitting diodes (LED’s) are the next-
generation energy efficient illumination. They
offer long lifetimes, dynamic light effects, and
great design flexibility
• Improved lighting also has important
implications for energy efficiency in education
centers.
• 3 Types of LED lights that can be used in
Lecture Halls
1. Recessed lights
2. Suspended lights
3. Downlighters

IIM, Bangalore, Lecture Hall(reference)

LECTUREHALLS:
References :

University of Cincinnati , Division of the University Architect

Inferences :

• Lighting sufficient light intensity is important around the hall so that lecturers can be easily seen
from any seat.
• If the blackboard is used, it should be illuminated with the lowest possible reflection irrespective of
natural and artificial lighting
LECTUREHALLS:

Acoustics:
One of the simplest ways to avoid creating noisy learning
rooms is to locate them far enough away from high noise
sources such as mechanical equipment, heavy vehicle
traffic, music practice rooms, stadiums, or other outdoor
spaces that frequently used for noisy activities.

Types :
Learning rooms shall be designed to provide adequate
acoustical separation from all other interior and exterior
noise sources. Meet or exceed the following
requirements:

• 50 STC Walls, ceilings, floors, movable or folding partitions

• 40 STC Doors and windows near high noise areas
• 28 STC Doors and windows near low noise areas
• The use of movable or folding interior partitions
should be avoided because it adds significant cost to
meet the 50 STC requirement.
• Regardless of room size, location, or construction, provide
• An overall noise level in empty rooms under NC35
LECTUREHALLS:
For good acoustics:
•High-reflectance materials near the
instructor that project sound to the back of
the room.
•Sound-absorbing materials on ceilings and
on the upper levels of walls in the rear.
•Target 0.75 reverberation time (acceptable
range, 0.6 to 1.2)
Design features :
• Angled walls
• Ceilings to insure sounds can be clearly heard
without distortion in all parts of the room.
Noise level:
Noise Level Within space should be considered
Noise emittance:
Limited internal noise emittance
Room to room:
- Room to Room acoustics should be minimized.
-Provide acoustic door seals to break out spaces,
and between adjoining teaching spaces.
-Acoustic treatment within walls and ceiling spaces
to be incorporated where required.
Room acoustics:
- Room reverberation time to be considered.
-Recommended mid frequency reverberation time
of 0.6-0.8 seconds
LECTUREHALLS:
Materials:
• Lecture halls are large, impersonal rooms
with long walls often made of highly
reflective materials such as
o Concrete block,
o Gypsum board and
o Tile;
all of which are perfect incubators for long
trailing echoes.
• Acoustically, for easy hearing and
understanding of the presenter. need of
properly balance sound absorption and
sound reflection matters
Materials and finishes:
• Use hard wearing, durable finishes.
• Install bump rail on side and rear walls.
Paint Finishes:
• Use hard wearing, low maintenance,
low VOC paints.
• Normal base colors : brilliant
white, napkin white
• Feature wall color to be determined
through design process.
LECTUREHALLS:
6.Heating and air conditioning :
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) Systems
HVAC systems shall be designed to provide a
comfortable environment for learning without
creating too much noise or wasting energy.
Indoor air conditions:
• The HVAC system shall be designed to
maintain
o 72 degree Fahrenheit temp in year-round ,
o Humidity range of 35-50%.
• On small renovation projects where it is not
possible to maintain these conditions due to
existing building or mechanical system
design restraints, consult with the project
administrator to determine acceptable
ranges of temperature and humidity
Outdoor air temperatures:
• The winter outdoor air temperature used to
determine the heating load shall be 99.6%
heating design temperature.
To increase energy efficiency and reduce noise
levels:
• Use equipment with a minimum 10.0 Energy
Efficiency Rating (EER)
• Fans, ductwork, and diffuser noise ratings shall
not exceed NC-25
•Provide balancing dampers in supply ductwork
to serve all diffusers. Locate dampers far enough
upstream (minimum 2.5 equivalent duct
diameters)
To provide uniform airflow at the inlet to the
diffuser:
• Use opposed-blade dampers in rectangular
ductwork.
• Use butterfly dampers in round ductwork.
•If there isn’t enough space to provide a long-
enough straight duct into the diffuser neck, use
Equalizing Grid, Opposed-blade Dampers, Etc.
• Provide tamper-proof covers for thermostats
LECTUREHALLS:
7.Aesthetic considerations
Surface Treatments and Colors

• Special use requires a softer, more luxurious floor finish than resilient flooring.
• Operating budgets are sufficient to insure proper maintenance.
• Colors of finishes, furnishings, and audio-visual components shall be fully coordinated.
• Colors in the front of rooms behind marker boards and projection screens should be
darker than in other areas to reduce light reflections when media projectors are in use.
• Colors for furnishings and audio-visual components shall be coordinated with finish
colors used in the same building or on the same campus.
• Neutral colors are preferred so these items can be moved from room to room.
• Avoid use of “cool” colors in rooms with “warm” finishes, and vice-versa
 Inferences:

• Stepped or sloped floors will always be required in order to provide optimum viewing conditions
raised seating introduces more intimacy in these rooms and may allow the interaction desired for
case presentations and discussions .

• whenever possible, aisles and circulation spaces should be kept out of the viewing area to assure
the maximum number of seats located within optimum viewing conditions.

• Display of information and the use of media are a significant function in the large-group room,
windows and natural light are a liability

• The lack of natural windows and ventilation, and the concentration required by this type of learning
experience such conditioning will include cooling, air change, filtration, and humidity control

• Space should be thoroughly acoustically isolated from interfering sounds from the outside .
LITERATURE
LIBRARIES
 CONTENTS -Square-footage Requirements for a
Standard Stack Section
ANTHROPOMETRY -Card Catalog Capacity
- Barrier free design: - Double-Sided Bookcases
- Reception - Low Library Bookshelves
LIBRARIES - Book Displays
TYPES OF LIBRARIES: - Breakout Areas
- Academic Libraries RECEPTION FURNITURE
- Digital Library -different types of library furniture
- Standards & Workspaces WORK STATIONS
- Functions in library GOVERNMENT STANDARDS:
CEILING HEIGHTS AND FLOOR AREAS: LIGHTING IN LIBRARY
- Clear ceiling heights - Artificial lighting sources
- Suggested minimum and maximum - Fluorescent Lamps
- formulas for %’s of green square footage - Incandescent Lamps
READERS ACCOMMODATION - High-Intensity Discharge (HID)
For undergraduates, graduates and faculty Lamps
BOOK STORAGE - Lighting for bookstacks
-Square-footage Requirements for - Approaches to Stack Lighting
Standard Stack Section - Indirect Lighting
- Direct Lighting
DAYLIGHTING IN LIBRARIES NATURAL LIGHT
SOURCE
- natural light source
- Incorporation of natural lighting
- Some Libraries with Successful
Lighting
TOILETS
TOILET FACILITY FOR DISABLED PERSON
CASE STUDIES ON LIBRARIES
-IIM Ahmedabad
-CEPT college
-Library in London
INFERENCES
Anthropometry
: Barrier free design:
Reception

Reception

Reception
 LIBRARIES

Library

A building or room containing collections

of books, periodicals, and sometimes films
and recorded music for people to read,
borrow.
Types of libraries:
▪ Academic Libraries
▪ Public Libraries
▪ National Library
▪ Digital Library
▪ University Library
▪ Science Library

Standards & Workspaces

▪ Reading Table
▪ Shelves
▪ Circulation
▪ Washroom
▪ Meeting Room
▪ Computer Room
▪ Reference Desk
LIBRARIES
Academic Libraries
• Collection and storage of literature for
education and research purpose.
• Spaces: reference rooms , Counters for issuing
special books, reading rooms.
• Services : inter library loans , photocopying ,
reading and printing from microforms ,
online literature search and data stored in CD
ROM
• Information is arranged in systematic ways
• Books are placed to be accessed by all.
academic libraries
Digital Library
• A digital library is a library in which
collections are stored in digital formats (as
opposed to print, microform, or other
media) and accessible via computers.
• The digital content may be stored locally,
or accessed remotely via computer
networks. A digital library is a type of
information retrieval system.
Digital library
 TRADITIONAL
Functions in library
• Library staff performs their duties
in:
o Acquisition section
o Cataloguing section
o Classification section
o Periodical section, etc.
• To procure books in library
economically and qualitatively.
• To acquire books , periodicals ,
journals, etc.
• To circulate publisher catalogues
among the faculties
• To record properly acquire.
resources both print and digital.
• Process the material for access by
catalogues and classify books
• To provide indexing ; abstracting ;
reference service; information
services etc.
• To provide current awareness
services as well as selective
dissemination service
MODERN
Functions in library
• To provide easy access to
information to users available in
various electronic formats.
• To identify the users needs and
precure the information resources
for the users.
• To procure e-books and online
journals and other digital
publication to subscribe online
journals , e-books , database
• To automate the library with library
software.
• To provide access to back issues of
online journals to the users.
• Learn skills to maintain the digital
library in additional to technical.
 PARTICULAR TRADITIONAL MODERN
Library services Library services
• Library infrastructure • Temple , museum , very old • New and sophisticated and
• Library provides and not well furnished. well furnished.
knowledge • Society, students etc. • Students , academics ,
• Library products • Books, magazines etc laboratories , researchers.
• Library processing for • In old catalogue cards records • Books , CDs , DVDs, magazines
recording • All work is manual in register and journals , e-resources etc.
• Library technical • In online catalogue records.
processing • Provide manual • All work is systematic and
• By manual in register automated.
• Library services • Provide automated.
• Library operations • Manual • By software in his account only.
mode • Encyclopaedia • Database , e-resources
• Reference • Less efficient • It is more efficient
• Service tools • Time consuming • Less time consuming
• Efficiency • Less require • More require with modern
• Time factor equipment's.
• Space require
LIBRARIES
References:

Various functional activities in libraries

LIBRARIES:
1.Ceiling heights and floor areas:
• Minimum and maximum ceiling heights and floor areas involve basic functional and aesthetic
problems .
• Decisions in regard to them may properly be influenced by the site surroundings, the slope of
the ground, and the value of the property, which at beat are only approximations, as to the
percentage of the gross square footage of a library building which functionally should be on the
entrance or central-services level in a typical academic library

Norway: Oslo's New Main Library (reference)

LIBRARIES:
Clear ceiling heights
AREA SUGGESTED MINIMUM SUGGESTED FUNCTIONAL
MAXIMUM
• BOOK STACKS 7 FT 6 IN 8 FT 6 IN
• STACKS WITH LIGHTS AT
RIGHT ANGLE TO RANGES 8 FT 4 IN 8 FT 9 IN
• STACKS WITH LIGHTS ON 9 FT 0 IN 9 FT 6 IN
RANGE TOPS
FUNCTIONING BY CEILING .
• READING AREAS UNDER 7 FT 6 IN 8 FT 6 IN
100 SQ FT
• INDIVIDUAL SEATING IN 8 FT 4 IN 9FT 6 IN
LARGE AREAS
• LARGE READING ROOMS 9 FT 6 IN 10 FT 6 IN
OVER 100 FT LONG
BROKEN BY SCREENS OR
BOOKCASES
▪ AUDITORIUMS UP TO 1500 9 FT 6 IN 10 FT 6 IN
SQ FT ..
• ENTRANCE OR MAIN LEVEL 9 FT 6 IN 10 FT 6 IN
WITH OVER 20,000 SQ FT
• FLOOR WITH MAZZANINE 15 FT 6 IN 18 FT 6 IN
• REFLECTION
LIBRARIES:

Suggested formulas for %’s of green square footage functionally desirable

on the central – services level

GROSS BUILDING AREA SIZE OF COLLECTIONS IN MINIMUM PERCENTAGES OF

IN SQFT VOLUMES GROSS AREA ON CENTRAL
SERVICES LEVEL

UNDER 20,000 UNDER 100,000 40-50

20,000 – 45,000 100,000-250,000 33.5-40

40,000 – 80,000 250,000-500,000 25-33.5

75,000 - 150,000 500,000-1,000,000 20-30

135,000 + 1,000,000 + 16.5-25

LIBRARIES:

Readers accommodation:
A Formulas for Percentage of Students for Whom Seating Accommodations Are Required The
formula used should depend on :

1 . The quality of the student body and faculty The higher the quality, the greater the library use .
2 . The library facilities provided . The more satisfactory the seating accommodations and the
services provided, the greater the use .
3 . The quality of the collections Superior collections increase use.
4 . The curriculum . In general, students in the humanities and social sciences use the library more
then do those in the pure and applied sciences .
5 . The emphasis placed on textbook instruction, which tends to reduce library use .

IIM BANGALORE MAIN LIBRARY(reference)

LIBRARIES:
6. Whether the student body is resident or commuting and,
if the former, whether the dormitories provide suitable
study facilities . Heaviest library use in most residential
institutions is in the evening ; in commuting ones, during the
daytime hours
7. Whether the location is rural, suburban, or urban . Large
population centers tend to decrease evening use because of
other available activities and attractions .

8 . Whether the institution is coeducational or for one sex only .

Coeducation tends to increase library use,
particularly in the evening
9 . The emphasis placed by the faculty on the library and on no
textbook reading .

10 . The percentage of graduate students and the fields in which

they work
11 . The institution's policy in regard to use by persons other
than those connected with it

12 . The departmental library arrangements which may make

available other reading facilities and reduce the use of the
central library Table 8 suggests formulas for percentage of
students for whom seating is suggested
LIBRARIES:
Suggestions for types of seating accommodations and the percentage of each type
(For undergraduates, graduates and faculty):

• a . Tables for four or more . Not more then 20 percent Should be largely restricted to those in
reserve-book and reference rooms

b . Lounge chairs . Not more than 15 percent . Should in

general be restricted to lounge areas, smoking rooms,
current-periodical rooms, or used to break up
unpleasantly long rows of other types of
accommodations In many libraries 8 to 10 percent of
seating of this kind is adequate .
c . Individual accommodations . Up to 85 percent .
These should provide in most cases for working surfaces
cut off from immediately adjacent neighbors,
READERS ACCOMODATION
Seating accommodations for
readers and the service to
readers are the largest space
consumers in most libraries .
The required areas depend
on : A. The number of
accommodations provided B .
The types of
accommodations and the
percentage of each
IIMB Library is housed in an
independent building of 55000 Sq.
Ft. spread across four levels
abutting the amphitheater. Its
collection comprises
predominantly literature on
Business, Management, and the
allied areas.
LIBRARIES:
Book storage:
The Number of Volumes Shelved in a Standard Stack
Section:
1 . Book Heights and Shelves per Section . Stack
sections in academic libraries are considered. standard
if they are 7 ft 6 in . high and 3 ft wide sections of this
height make possible seven shelves this spacing is
adequate for books.
For adults 5-6 selves of 1.8m are preferred and for
children 4 selves of 1.2m are preferred.
2 . Book Thickness and the Number of Volumes that
Can Be Shelved Satisfactorily on Each Linear Foot of
Shelving.
The average thickness will depend on
(a) The definition of a volume.
(b) binding policy, particularly for pamphlets and
serials and periodicals .
(c) the collection under consideration .
3 . The Decision on when a Section is full.
For many libraries 125 volumes per stack section is
considered safe.
LIBRARIES:
Book storage:
Square-footage Requirements for a Standard
Stack Section:

1 . Range spacing should be based on column

spacing.
For shelf depths, In many libraries a 7-in
actual depth shelf is suitable for a large part of
the collections closed-access storage stack has
minimum aisle width of 24 In and maximum of
30 In.
2 . Stack-aisle widths and Stack-range lengths
based on column spacing the amount of use by
individuals and the length of the ranges before a
cross aisle is reached.
Other things being equal, the longer the
range, the wider the aisle should be .
LIBRARIES:
Book storage:
Square-footage Requirements for a Standard Stack
Section:

3 . Widths for Main and Subsidiary Cross-stack

Aisles. Cross-aisle widths should be based on
amount of use and are inevitably affected by the
column spacing these are mostly 3 ft or multiples of
3 ft.
4 . Cross-aisle Area Charged against Adjacent
Reader Accommodations . The effect on square-
footage requirements per stack section and volume
capacity per net square foot of stack area, resulting
from the provision of reader accommodations in the
form of stack carrels.
5 . Non assignable Space includes, mechanical
services, and vertical transportation, these space
should not amount to more than 10 percent of the
gross stack area.
LIBRARIES:
Book storage:
Card Catalog Capacity :
Card catalogs are generally placed in double-faced rows
parallel to each other, at suitable distances apart, so spaced
that it is possible to go around either end of each row to
reach the next one .

1 . The Number of Trays in a Card Cabinet. This depends on

the number of trays in each direction, that is, vertically and
horizontally .
6 In wide and 10 to 12 high are considered standard,
giving 60 or 72 to a unit.
2 . The Depth of the Trays . Trays can be purchased in
almost any depth, but just over 15, 17, and 19 In ,but not
less than 15 In.
3 . Five-tray-wide cabinets occupy approximately 33y, in i n
width and can be placed in a standard 3-ft-wide stack
section.
4 . Square Footage of Floor Space Required to File 1,000
Cards depends on :
a) The depth of the trays is a somewhat variable factor, as
already noted .
b)b) . The height of the cabinets .
 LIBRARIES

Different Types of Library Furniture:

Double-Sided Bookcases

Low Library Bookshelves

LIBRARIES
Different Types of Library Furniture:
Book Displays

Breakout Areas
LIBRARIES
Reception Furniture
▪ For libraries, schools and colleges, you might also
need to include a reception area.

▪ We have an extensive range of wood and glass

desks or wood/glass combinations of reception
furniture to choose from too.

▪ Some of our reception desks also have integral

lighting systems and a wide variety of different
finish and styling options.
LIBRARIES
Work stations :
▪ it is essential that the design of this electronic work stations be responsive to human factors.

▪ the location of the keyboard,angle of the visual display terminal, adjustability of chair, provisions for
back support, height of the seat, rest are few of the consideration.

▪ the use of an adjustable will permit the eye height of the viewto be raised or lowered view.

▪ an adjustment range between 150 to 180 should be adequate to accommodate the eye eight setting
requirement of about 90% of viewers.

▪ it is recommended that the display plane should have a slope of about 15% because the more
perpendicular the normal sight line is to display plane, the greater the viewing comfort .
Governmentt standards:

The following space standards are to serve as guidelines for the design of new buildings or
additions to existing buildings :
1.Book-stack areas at the rate of 0 .10 act ft per volume
2.Readers' stations at the rate of 25 sq ft per station, with stations to be provided for 25%
of predicted FTE (full-time equivalent students) .
3.Special materials . An additional area equal to 25 percent of the bound-volume area
should be the budget standard for special materials : unbound periodicals, maps, courses
of study, and sample textbooks .
4.Special functions: (These data relate to each person employed in any of these
categories)
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 sq ft
Administrative conference room . . . . .150 sq ft
Secretary-reception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 sq ft
catalog librarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 sq ft
Asst order librarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 sq ft
Serials librarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 sq ft
Documents librarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 sq ft
Clerical-per position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 sq ft
 LIBRARIES:
LIGHTING (ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES)
Fluorescent Lamps
o-Fluorescent sources are efficient and they have
very long life.
o-Fluorescent lamps are available in a wide
variety of shapes and sizes.
o-Compact fluorescent lamps come in many sizes
and wattages, they are often used in small ceiling
fixtures, wall sconces, and table lamps.
• Incandescent Lamps
o -Incandescent lamps are very inefficient and
o have relatively short lamp life, but they have a
familiar warm yellowish color of light that is
often
o associated with non-study environments.
o -Some designers like to use a small number of
incandescent lamps in lounges or lobbies to
make the library feel less institutional.
 LIBRARIES:
•High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps :
o- HID sources are energy efficient and have long life, but until
recently their color has not been very acceptable.

o-Although color is still a problem with high-pressure sodium

lamps, improved-color metal halide lamps are now available.

o-These lamps, called ceramic-arc-tube lamps have very good

color that is similar to incandescent light.

o-As these lamps become available in a wider range of sizes

and wattages, they will become increasingly common in library
interiors.

o-HID sources are often used in high-ceiling public spaces such

as lobbies or main reading rooms because they can provide
much higher levels of light over greater distances than
fluorescent sources.
LIBRARIES:

Lighting for bookstacks

Bookstacks must be lit adequately so people
can find books and also staff can spend long
hours shelving books without visual discomfort.

Evenness of lighting across the stack face is

more important than achieving a high lighting
level at any single point.

For the design of new stack areas, standard

lighting computer calculations should be used
to demonstrate that these lighting
requirements are met. In addition, the stack
ends should be lit so range signs are visible.
 LIBRARIES:
Approaches to Stack Lighting-

Parallel scheme, where rows of linear fixtures are located directly above the stack aisles.

Perpendicular scheme, where rows of fixtures run perpendicular to the stacks and stack aisles.

Indirect scheme, where lighting is aimed upward rather than downward, and is bounced off the ceiling.
The resulting light is diffuse and non-directional.

Hybrid scheme, this hybrid scheme can be a very successful solution that provides good lighting on stacks
at moderate cost and with reasonable energy use.

Parallel Perpendicular Scheme Indirect Scheme Hybrid Scheme

Scheme
 LIBRARIES:
Lighting in general reading & staff areas:
Indirect Lighting
- Indirect lighting uses fluorescent or metal halide
lamps to up light a light color ceiling, the resulting
reflected light is shadow-free, and low-glare.
- Indirect lighting works well for both paper-based
and computer tasks in rooms where the ceiling
height is at least 9'-6" and preferably more than
10'-0".
Direct Lighting
- Direct lighting uses down lights to illuminate the
reading tables.
- The down lights can be as small as 6" diameter
fixtures with fluorescent or metal halide lamps and
parabolic cones, or they can be linear or
rectangular fluorescent fixtures with parabolic
louvers.
LIBRARIES:
Daylighting in libraries
natural light source-

Effective use of daylighting can reduce energy

consumption and make the library feel more
human and less institutional.

North-facing windows or clerestories admit

daylight while excluding direct sunlight.

South facing glazing with adequate overhangs

can also be effective. Where direct sun is
allowed to enter reading areas, adjustable
window coverings should be provided.
LIBRARIES:
Daylighting in libraries
natural light source-

A saw-tooth clerestory above the structural bays

provides daylight over the circulation desk, reading
areas and reference stacks.
A butterfly roof configuration with glazed ends and
a central elongated light well provides illumination
for the open stacks area.

Passive cooling in the building is achieved in a

number ways. Shade trees and a light-colored roof
membrane reduce the impact of solar radiation in
summer.
Operable windows allow for natural ventilation
when the weather permits, and thick white
colored masonry exterior walls provide the
thermal lag necessary to delay the effect of the
summer sun on the interior until the evening
hours when the library is closed.
 LIBRARIES:
Incorporation of natural lighting
Multiple, smaller openings are desirable over
few, larger apertures. Skylight roof aperture
Roof Monitor
Light should be introduced high on the
exterior wall or at the ceiling.
Direct sunlight beams should be avoided by
using building elements to diffuse the light,
preferably prior to entering the interior.
The color and texture of all surfaces in the
interior should be coordinated to balance
reflectance, contrast, and aesthetic
considerations. sunshade for south-side sun protected roof monitor
When properly planned, daylight can provide
task lighting as well as ambient light, but in any
case it should be utilized whenever and
wherever possible.

wire mesh solar shades vertical shading

 LIBRARIES:
Some Libraries with Successful Lighting
References:

Reading Room Cross-Section, Sari Jauri Chpistiano Regional Bran

Building Cross-Section, Conrad Sulzer Library
Regional Library

Building Cross-Section, Frances Howard

Reading Room Cross-Section, Folger Shakespeare
Goldwyn Hollywood Regional Library
Library Addition
Toilets
 Toilet Facility For Disabled Person:

• 1 toilet compartment for the disabled shall be provided with min. internal dimension of
1.7x1.8 m for every 20 toilet compartments.

• Disabled toilets are the only toilet facilities that operate as dual sex.
CASE STUDIES ON LIBRARIES
IIM Ahmedabad:
• The library is the most prominent building of the whole campus.
• It is approached by a broad, imposing flight of steps from the parking lot. It is so designed as to
become the center of faculty student interaction.
• The library building is a five storyed structure with a rectangular plan.

Has library administrative areas and stores. Issuing counter, reference books, catalogues,
book stacks and carrels.
Triple height reading hall and conference halls. Bound volumes of old books and journals.
CASE STUDY ON LIBRARY OF CEPT COLLEGE
 • A Library space type may include both open and closed storage systems and moveable shelving
systems, and be applicable to file rooms and other dense storage of material in conditioned office
environments.
• The CEPT Library is a space for interaction between
students and faculty of the various academic
departments.
• It is a Neutrally oriented central location with separate
and equal entrances, facing all cardinal directions, access
to the building – and identification with it – is collective
across the campus.
• Using the functional requirements of the library with a
contemporary theme, the building formally weaves itself
into the pre-existing campus narrative.

• The building respects the continuing of existing architectural

expression that has defined the CEPT University campus for
decades.

• At the most fundamental performative level, the CEPT

Library is a technologically adept repository of multi-format
media, both responding to and anticipating the current and
future acquisitions of the university.

• Reading rooms, formal and informal reading spaces,

individual carrels, seminar rooms, and administrative offices
are accommodated in addition to softer and more flexible
functions such as exhibition and presentation spaces.
• The library is at once a built manifestation of the university’s ongoing shift away from a
traditionally perscriptive form towards a choice-based curriculum, as well as a demonstration of
passive climate mitigation strategies in architecture.

• The building’s modulated, louvered facade can be manually adjusted to allow in less light or
more ventilation in response to Ahmedabad’s severely hot and dry climate.

• Located at -4 meters and -8 meters below ground level, the book stacks, carrels, and study
spaces benefit from both plentiful and filtered natural lighting that pours in through the
louvered facade as well as the natural cooling effect provided by the surrounding earth.

• In this way, the building serves as a hands-on laboratory for students to experiment with the
principles of passive ventilation, lighting, and traditional cooling systems in South Asia.
• Library scheme pays homage to the Indian Modern master, as well as Ahmedabad’s rich mid-century
heritage.

• Mehrotra made the library no higher than CEPT’s existing buildings—all three stories tall—but in
order to fit the required 30,000-square-foot program on the constrained site, he submerged half of
the building.

• A central book core, surrounded by study carrels, with archives at the base, extends almost 40 feet
down into the ground, a strategy that provides a geo-thermal advantage in the hot climate.

• In the same vein, the broad stretch of operable louvers

on the two upper floors gives an open airy feel to
the whole building topped by a gently sloped pavilion
roof with large protective overhangs.

• In order to keep the new building height aligned with the

rest of the
campus, Mehrotra placed three levels underground.

• This more enclosed environment with ceiling heights

of only 2.4 m​​
• Services and the vertical circulation block are compacted on the south side, allowing the building to
“open up” on the north towards Shrenik Bhai Plaza.

• The ground-level entrances on the other three sides provide further accessibility to the building,
turning it into a circulation crossroads for the whole campus.

• These three entrances continue inside the building as bridges spanning the 4-story height between
the outer envelope and the central block, enclosed in fiber cement board with a stucco lustro-
equivalent paint finish.

• As well as allowing light to penetrate deep into the library, this large free space between the inner
and outer elements is also key to efficient natural ventilation.

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN​
Basement 1 plan and mezzanine 2 plan Basement 2
mezzanine 1 plan
Library in London(case study)
 Concept Design Considerations
• Challenges conception of library as • Sustainability
"daunting" and" hermetic". • Natural
• Derived from L shape form. • Lighting
• Acts like "Container & Contained" • Ventilation System
• Main focus was to create equality. • Energy Consumption
• It was Designed on the basis of site's social
context.

Entrance
• The reading room creates a deep overhang
beyond
• the footprint of the building, providing a large,
covered
• open area for the public in front of the entrance.
Plan
The ground floor level is a double height
space containing a reception desk and an
interview space for community advice

The floor above ground floor has the

multimedia centre as well as staff offices
and amenities. During busy hours the
second floor can be used as overflow
study space.

The main reading area is in the fourth floor

and a double heighted space.
There were sensible justifications for placing
the reading room above street level, not least
that it freed up the site.
However the main advantage of the
arrangement, and a major success of the
building, are sweeping views across the city
that allow residents of Peckham to know that
they are in London
Section
The vertical stack of the offices and the horizontal bar of the reading space form an
L-shaped "bookend" that leaves the void of the landscaped outdoor square very pure.

The vertical block emphasizes "transparency and permanent ability to reinforce the idea
of the horizontal block as its own solid
Seating Arranegments
The "POD"
• Three enclosed ' pods' are located within the library space; they contain a meeting
room, a children's activity center and an Afro-Caribbean study center.
• The 'pods' are elevated on columns and are an efficient use of space - they leave
usable, accessible space below them while providing private areas for quiet study
above the main library floor.

Façade Treatment
• The north face of the building is completely glazed with a grid of clear and vividly
colored glass, This provides an excellent combination of natural light and colored tinted
light within the library spaces.
• The distinctive green of the copper cladding contrasts with the orang tongue-shaped
attachment protruding from above the front of the roof; this acts as a shade for the
study center on the top floor.
detail Structure of POD
Façade Treatment
• The north face of the building is completely glazed with a grid of clear and vividly
colored glass, This provides an excellent combination of natural light and colored tinted
light within the library spaces.
• The distinctive green of the copper cladding contrasts with the orang tongue-shaped
attachment protruding from above the front of the roof; this acts as a shade for the
study center on the top floor.
Light
Light becomes another material separating the area from
the rest of the library.The ceiling contains cut-outs and to
make the space airy and light. niches the exterior, the
windows and skylights appear randomly placed. But once
inside the reading space, you can see the natural lighting
was really calculated. Light falls into the space from
around the pods and around the perimeter of the
dropped ceiling. What a novelty to read and work by
natural light! The walls are painted a creamy white, with
light seeping in around the edges of the ceiling through a
gap between the ceiling and the wall.

Structure(column)
The most obvious structural feature of the building
is the large overhang which is supported by 6 thin,
slanted metal columns giving it a dynamic and
destructed aspect. Viewers are perturbed by the
shape as the notion of
such a large load being supported on such small
beams makes the structure visually unstable and
therefore makes the viewer uneasy but
nevertheless intrigued.
Material

• Variety of materials used including pre-patinated copper, steel, colored glasspanels and
wood. The interior and exterior are contrasting in nature through materials.
• The red carpeting and the various sitting pockets under the pods makes the interior
cozy and comfortable The copper and wire mesh used on the exterior makes the
building rough and tough and with the colored panels this library becomes striking to
look a
Inferences

▪ Flexible, with layout, structure and services which are easy to adopt.
Compact for ease of movement of readers, staff and books.

▪ Accessible, from the exterior into the building and from the entrance to all parts of the building
with an easy comprehensive plan.

▪ Extendible, to permit future growth with minimum disruption.

Organized, to improve appropriate confrontation between books and readers.

▪ Comfortable, to promote efficiency of use.

▪ Varied, in its position of reader space, to give wide freedom of choice.

Constant, in environment for the preservation of library materials.

▪ Secure, to control user behavior and loss of books.

indicative, of its functions