WS UPG 2019: Ingineria Exploatarii Optimale A Utilajului Petrolier

WS UPG 2019
Ingineria exploatarii optimale a utilajului petrolier
By Dr. C. Teodoriu
Ingineria exploatarii optimale a utilajului petrolier
Drilling Concepts, Drilling Optimization
By Dr. C. Teodoriu
UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

2
Outcomes
 At the end of this lecture, you will be able to;
- Understand the costs involved in drilling operation
- Understand the meaning of RISK in drilling and fishing
- Calculate when to quit fishing operations, calculate the cost per foot

3
Well Integrity Concept
Simulations
Virtual
Well Re-
evaluation
Quality
assurance
Well Planning
Well
Well Exploitation Construction
Well
Repair monitoring

4
Well Components
Well head complex
Production tubing Casing-cement system

and completion

5
Barrier Terminology, D-010 Well Integrity in Drilling and Well Operations, Presentation from 07.09.2004
Primary Well Barrier: Working Well

This is first object that prevents Barrier Stage:
flow from a source. This is the stage which shows
Example - blue items: Strippers + CT the well barrier elements that
BOP+ surface test tree,+++ are used to confine the pressure
in a normal working mode.
Example: Closed CT strippers + CT body +
surface test tree w. closed wing valve, +++
Secondary Well Barrier:
This is the second object that
prevents flow from a source. Intermediate Well
Example - red items: Lower riser package
Barrier Stage:
+ production tree + wellhead,+++ This is the stage(s) of a well
barrier element activation
sequence before the ultimate
Well Barrier Element: well barrier stage is reached.
An object that alone can not Examples:
Leak in CT strippers – close CT pipe rams.
prevent flow from one side to
the other side of itself.
Example: CT BOP
Ultimate Well
Common Well Barrier Stage:
Barrier Element: This is the final stage of a well
This is a barrier element that is barrier element activation
shared between primary and sequence which normally
secondary barrier. includes closing a shearing
Examples: Body of LRP, X.mas tree and device.
production wing valve Example: Closed CT shear ram (primary
barrier) or closed master valve (secondary
barrier),+++
6
5.
D-010 Well Integrity in Drilling and Well Operations, Presentation from 07.09.2004
See
1) Well barrier Table 3) Comments
elements
2)
Well Barrier Schematics
Primary well barrier
1. Fluid column 1
Secondary
wellbarrier
1. Casing cement 22
2. Casing 2 Last casing set
3. Wellhead 5
4. High pressure riser 26 If installed
5. Drilling BOP 4
4) NOTE:
Legend:
1. This describes the name of the well barrier elements.
2. A complete description of general acceptance criteria for this barrier element is found in
Clause 15, which contains a library of Well Barrier Element Acceptance Criteria tables.
3. This table column is used to describe comments.
4. The place can be used for describing additional requirements and guidelines. For example a
description of compensative measures if there exist common barrier elements.
5. The illustration shows the primary barrier in its normal working stage, while the secondary
barrier is shown in its ultimate stage. This stage often described with a closed shearing device.

7
Risk Assessment of Drilling Projects
 1. Introduction
 2. Definition
- Kind of Risks
- Development of Risk Assessment
- Methods of Risk Assessment
 3. General Conditions of Risk Assessment
External Conditions
Internal Conditions
 4. Example
 Risk Assessment to compare different Projects
Risk Assessment for a certain Drilling Project

8
9
Accidents?
NO THANK YOU!
RISK?
Let´s talk about!
Source: geosphere

10
What is a Risk?

11
Risk Workshop Frequency Assessment Guidelines
SPE 50949

12
Chances and Dangers
Source: Risk Management

13
Kind of Risks
 Geological Risks
 Technical Risks
 HSE Risks
(Health, Safety & Environment)
 Financial Risks
 Human lives!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

14
Development of Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment
Deterministic Analysis Stochastic Analysis

15
16
Decision –Tree

17
Spider Diagram for a Diesel Powered Vehicle

18
General Conditions of Risk Assessments
 External  Internal
Conditions: Conditions:
 Governmental Regulation  Economical Forces
 Non – Governmental
Relations

19
Trend lost in Time incident Frequency (LTIF) per region

20
How to Tackle Corporate Problems?

21
The Two Questions:
 Is the project viable?
 Which options of the chosen

project is the favourable?

22
Price Sensitivity of three Example Projects

23
Scenario Analysis of three Example Projects

24
Example Well Design Options

25
Casing Option 1

26
Casing Option 2

27
Comparison of three Casing Options

28
Decison Tree – Definition
 A decision tree maps out the result of different decisions which can be
made.
 It helps to select the best way to proceed in a situation when the

outcomes are uncertain.
 It uses values and probabilities to calculate

Effective Monetary Value

29
Decision Tree 1

30
Decision Tree: Exercise New Game
 Now instead of either winning or not losing money you have a different
game: win $ 100 or lose $ 110
 Would you play this game?

31
Decision Tree: Answer
 EMV = (0.56 x $ 100) + (0.44 x (- $100)) = $7.60
 I Would!

32
Decision Tree 2

33
Fishing Decision Tree
A decision tree is used to evaluate the Effective Monetary Value (EMV) of

different courses of action.

34
Decision Tree if Fail on the First Day

35
Decision Tree if Fail on the First Day

36
Some Rules of Thumb
 Fishing economics become secondary when radiactive sources are in the

fish.
 Don´t carry out another fishing attempt unles you learned something
new.
 The earliest fishing attempt has the best probability of success.
 Fishing after 96 hours is futile, according to historical data.

37
Project Time Breakdown – Texas
SPE18669

38
Project Time Breakdown – Senegal
SPE18669

39
Project Cost Breakdown – Texas
SPE18669

40
Project Cost Breakdown – Texas
SPE18669

41
Drilling Concept – think different!!!
SPE56444

42
Drilling Optimization Using Different Drilling Concepts

43
Drilling Optimization

44
ROP
Optimization
SPE74522

45
How to Improve Bit Life – Optimized BHA Design

46
Jet Nozzles Optimization
Standard Diverting Mini Extended
Central Jet System

47
Drill Bit Optimization
Recommended rotary speed for core bits (Courtesy Hughes Christensen)

48
Drill Bit Optimization
Bit weight for core bits (Courtesy Hughes Christensen)

49
Drill Bit Specifications
Critical rotary speed for core bits

(Courtesy Hughes Christensen)

50
Feet per Day vs. Effective ROP, SPE 50557

51
Interval length vs. Bits per Interval, SPE 50557

52
Drill Path Optimization
Plan view of application B shows the comparison between

optimized GA design and conventional design

53
Source: Bit Optimization for the Shetland in Hydro’s
Oseberg south Field, SPE Bergen, April 2004

54
Drilling Costs
 Increase exponentially with depth.
 Thus, when curve-fitting drilling cost data, it is often to assume a

relationship between total well cost, C, and depth, D, given by:

55
Penetration Rate
 When major variations are not present in the subsurface lithology, the
penetration rate usually decreases exponentially with depth. Under these
conditions, the penetration rate can be related to depth, D, by:
Where K and a2 are constants.

56
Drilling Time
 The Drilling time td, required to drill a given depth can be obtained by
separating variables and integrating.
Seperating variables gives;
Integrating and solving for td yields

57
The Drilling Cost Equation
C b  C r( tb  tc  tt ) $
Cf 
D ft Eq. 1
Cf = drilling cost, $/ft

Cb= cost of bit, $/bit
Cr= fixed operating cost of rig, $/hr
tb= total rotating time, hrs
tc= total non-rotating time, hrs
tt= trip time (round trip), hrs
D= footage drilled with bit, ft
Cost per ft for one entire bit run

59
Economic Procedure
 Can pull bit after about 25 hr. ($42.50/ft)
- The precise pulling time is not critical
- Note that the cost in dollars per foot was $43.00 after 30 hr
 Primarily applicable to tooth – type bits where wear rate is predictable

60
Economic Procedure
 Also used with tungsten carbide insert bits when inserts are brolken or
pulled out of the matrix
 Unfortunately, wear rate with insert bits is unpredictable
 Economically, the insert bit should be pulled when the

cost in $/ft begins to increase

61
Economic Procedure
 Bits pulled for economic reasons make it hard to obtain

wear information
 Operator might pull bit after 120 hr of use but part of bit
might get left in hole.
Recovery is difficult. AVOID!
 75% of rock bits are pulled green or before the bit is worn
out

62
Factors Affecting Penetration Rate
 Variables:
-Type of Drill Bit
-Bit weight
-Rotary speed
-Bottom-hole cleaning
-Mud properties
 Fixed factors:
-Rock hardness
-Formation pore pressure

63
Exercise
 Evaluate whether to fish or sidetrack?
- Assume one fishing attempt cost $60,000

- Assume sidetrack cost is $500,000
- Assume probability for success first attempt is 60%
- Assume probability for success second attempt is 40%
- Assume probability for success third attempt is 30%

64
Fishing Exercise Results
 EMV = probability of success time cost of fishing plugs probability of
failure times cost of failure of even event plus side track cost
 EMV first attempt = .6 x $60k +.4 x $560k = $260k

- Since EMV < ST decide to fish
 EMV second attempt = .4 x $120k +.6 x $620k = $420k

- Since EMV < ST decide to fish
 EMV third attempt = .3 x $180k +.7 x $680k = $524k

- Since EMV > ST don´t fish third time

65
Optimum Fishing Time (OFT)
 OFT = Time at which the fishing problem occured until

fishing should stop
 Based on complex statistical studies of historical data, the

OFT can be calculated
 Suprisingly, OFT is independent of location and

independent of the nature of the problem

66
Calculate the OFT
SPE 22380

67
Example
 All time depent fishing costs = $48,000/day = $2,000/hour
 Cost of sidetracking to the same depth = $750,000

68

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WS UPG 2019

Ingineria exploatarii optimale a utilajului petrolier

Drilling Concepts, Drilling Optimization

By Dr. C. Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

 At the end of this lecture, you will be able to;

- Understand the costs involved in drilling operation

- Understand the meaning of RISK in drilling and fishing

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

Well head complex

Production tubing Casing-cement system

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

Primary Well Barrier: Working Well

3. This table column is used to describe comments.

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

Let´s talk about!

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

Source: Risk Management

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

Deterministic Analysis Stochastic Analysis

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

 Governmental Regulation  Economical Forces

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

 Is the project viable?

 Which options of the chosen

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

 It helps to select the best way to proceed in a situation when the

 It uses values and probabilities to calculate

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

 Would you play this game?

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

 EMV = (0.56 x $ 100) + (0.44 x (- $100)) = $7.60

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

A decision tree is used to evaluate the Effective Monetary Value (EMV) of

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

 Fishing economics become secondary when radiactive sources are in the

 The earliest fishing attempt has the best probability of success.

 Fishing after 96 hours is futile, according to historical data.

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu

UPG 2019, Dr. Dr. –Ing. habil. Catalin Teodoriu