Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 245–252

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Service life prediction of R.C structure incorporated with GGBS & silica
fume subjected to chloride ion penetration
Bangla Gayaz Basha ⇑, Burugapalli Kameswara Rao, Chappidi Hanumantha Rao
Department Of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed to be University), Guntur 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Service life prediction of RC structure has been focused because most of the retrofitted techniques are
Received 6 March 2020 failed to enhances the structure life. Durability of concrete to be increased to face such problems. In this
Received in revised form 30 March 2020 work ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is added to concrete at different levels of replacement
Accepted 3 April 2020
of cement at the rate of 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% along with 5% silica fume and 0.3, 0.4 & 0.5 w/c ratios to cal-
Available online 25 April 2020
culate its strength and chloride penetration of concrete is determined. 12 mixes each of 15 cubes were
casted. The process of concrete by conducting the experimental work on 180 cubes
Keywords:
(150 mm
150 mm
150 mm). The specimens were tested for 28, 56 and 90 days of compressive
Service life
GGBS
strength and 6, 12 weeks of 3.5% NaCl solution ponding tests at different depths from the exposed chlo-
Silica fume ride surface. Second law of Fick’s is used for prediction of chloride content at different depths. Chemical
Chloride diffusion analysis is carried out for exposed NaCl specimens. Comparing the results between replacement and
Fick’s law non-replacement of GGBS.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Future Generation Functional Materials and Research 2020.

1. Introduction environment, is the most common form of structural failure [14].

Generally, the life of R.C structure is 100 year, but todays are
failing in 30 years due to corrosion of reinforced steel. One of the
major problem to concrete from environmental attack is chloride
ingress which leads to corrosion of steel bars further leads to
decrease of its strength and service life of structure [20]. Service
life of RCC structure is termed as the time taken to start corrosion
of embedded steel in concrete by different modes which tends to
spalling and cracking of concrete and the strength of concrete
reduces [24]. As infrastructure is growing day by day the concrete
consumption also increased, with increase in concrete consump-
tion carbon dioxide emission is increase globally in order to control
the emission of carbon dioxide material is replaced with cement
such as GGBS, FLYASH etc.[16]. Concrete is material of composition
which consists essentially of cement, aggregate, water and admix-
ture in certain proportion. However, the utilization of cement
courses pollution to the environment and reduction of raw mate-
rial. A vast research is going across the world on cement replace-
ment and results are positive [19]. Marine structures, corrosion
of embedded steel in concrete caused due to chloride rich
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: banglagayazbasha@gmail.com (B. Gayaz Basha).
Predicting the life of structure is based on initiation of corrosion,
propagation of corrosion and reduction of the strength of concrete.
For finding the non-steady diffusion process of chloride penetra-
tion into the concrete convenient mathematical model is Fick’s sec-
ond law. Corrosion can be affected by two types there are
carbonation & chloride attack
1.1. Carbonation
When concrete structure exposed to carbon rich environment,
Carbon dioxide is penetrated into the concrete and reaction takes
place between carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide to form car-
bonates of calcium [2]. Carbonation is another major reason for
corrosion of embedded reinforcement in concrete.
1.2. Chloride attack
When concrete structure is face chloride rich environment, the
ions of chloride are diffused into concrete through the passive layer
and reaches the surface of steel and initiate corrosion. Statistics
have shown around 40% of failures are caused because of chloride
attack to the embedded steel reinforcement [6].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.040
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Future Generation Functional Materials and Research 2020.
246 B. Gayaz Basha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 245–252
1.3. Mechanism of chloride penetration
Concrete can be exposed to chloride attack in marine environ-
ment, where seawater contains large amount of dissolved salts,
predominantly sodium chloride. the chloride ions that appears at
exposed surface of the concrete ‘‘migrate” inside and concentrates
within the concrete. Fig. 1 show the chloride penetration process in
concrete is a very complicated process; involving many properties
such as diffusivity, binding capacity, pore solution chemistry etc.,
as well as different physical modes of penetration such as salt solu-
tion[1]. It has been temperature also play a vital role in chloride
penetration.
In this paper we used Fick’s 2nd law (Crank 1975) is commonly
used to predict both steady and non-steady state migration of chlo-
ride ions in a porous medium such as concrete, as follows.
@Cðx; tÞ @ 2 Cðx; tÞ
¼D
@t @x2
where C is the chloride concentration, D is the chloride diffusion
coefficient, x is depth of penetration, and t is the exposure time.
Based on this, several models have been developed for prediction
of the life of concrete structures when exposed to chloride rich
environment.
The solution for the above equation is
 
x
C ðx; tÞ ¼ Co 1  erf pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4Dt
where
erf is the error function
D is diffusion coefficient
2. Objective
Experiment conducted to find out the strength development on
concrete with varying percentage of GGBS & 5% of SILICA FUME and
the comparison with concrete containing OPC [17]. Study the dura-
bility property like chloride diffusion formulation of correlation
among chloride ingress (diffusion coefficient) obtained from the
study to determine the service life estimation of RCC structure
induced by chloride ingress [21].
Fig. 1. Chloride penetration process.
3. Scope
Work is planned to be carried out using GGBS & SILICA FUME as
replacement to OPC. The chloride penetration test is planned to be
done with varies percentage of GGBS & SILICA FUME [8].
3.1. Service life
Service life of RC structure is defined as the time taken by a
structure in order to meet the safety and requirement of user.
When corrosion occurs the volume of steel increases 5–6 times
the actual volume. The volume increase leads to spalling of con-
crete around the steel surface [11]. Fig. 2 show the service life of
the prediction. Thus the load carrying capacity of the structure is
reduced and the structure may fail at any point of time. The over
all service life of RC structure exposed to chloride rich environment
can be classified with two stages as follows:
1. Initiation stage
2. Propagation stage
Initiation stage is much longer than the other two stages. By
finding the initiation stage time period we can predict the accuracy
of overall service life of structure.
4. Corrosion effect
Corrosion of reinforcement leads to decrease the life of struc-
ture and leads to crack and spall of concrete. In order to arrest this
problem, are conducting experiment by partial replacement of
cement [4]. Low porosity, permeability which reduce the entering
of chloride and sulfate attacking agents into the concrete, which
can be achieved by lowering the w/c ratio.
Mainly corrosion in steel occurs due to cathode anode reaction
Fe ! Fe2þ þ 2e       anodic ðoxidationÞ reaction
1
O þ H2 O þ 2e ! 2ðOHÞ   
2 2
   ::cathodic ðreductionÞ reaction
5. Materials
5.1. Coarse aggregate
In this experiment the coarse aggregate used is 10 mm & 20 mm
sizes as the natural aggregate which met the grading requirements of
IS 383-1970 [12]. Fig. 3, Fig. 4 shows the coarse aggregate used mate-
rial and Table 1 shows the physical values of the coarse aggregate
Fig. 2. Service life prediction.
 B. Gayaz Basha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 245–252 247

5.2. Fine aggregate

In this experiment used normal sand of zone II. The aggregate

which passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve are known as fine aggre-
gate (F.A) [12]. Fig. 5 shows the fine aggregate used material and
Table 2 shows the physical values of the fine aggregate.

5.3. Cement

In this experiment used OPC (Ordinary Portland cement) of

grade 53 [3]. Fig. 6. Shows the cement OPC material used and
Table 3. shows the physical values of the cement.

5.4. GGBs

In this experiment used ground granulated blast furnace GGBS

is by product from the industry of iron industry [22]. Fig. 7 shows
the GGBS material used and Table 4 shows the physical values of
the GGBS.
Fig. 3. 20 mm coarse aggregate.

5.5. Silica fume

Experiment used densified silica fume (920D grade) from Elkem

industry. It is an ultrafine powder to fill the pores of concrete and is
by – product of the silicon production [18]. Fig. 8 shows the silica

Table 2
Physical properties of fine aggregate:

Sl. No Tests Values

1 Sieve analysis 2.6
2 Bulk of sand 15%
3 Specific gravity 2.65

Fig. 4. 10 mm coarse aggregate.

Table 1
Physical properties of coarse aggregate:

Sl. No Tests Values

1 Specific gravity 2.89
2 Water absorption 0.24%
3 Bulk density 1680 kg/m3

Fig. 6. Cement (opc 53).

Table 3
Physical properties of cement:

Sl. No Tests Values

1 Fineness 96%
2 Specific gravity 3.15
3 Initial setting time 30 min
4 Final setting time 600 min
Fig. 5. Fine aggregate.
248 B. Gayaz Basha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 245–252

Table 6
Strength at compression of concrete mixes at different time span of conventional &
GGBS & silica fume.

Sl. no Mix GGBS 28 Days 56 Days 90 Days

1 0.3 0% 49.70 55.66 58.69
2 30% 50.12 51.66 52.15
3 50% 55.77 57.25 60.35
4 70% 43.99 46.81 48.54
5 0.4 0% 56.15 56.73 62.66
6 30% 51.25 52.74 54.74
7 50% 44.73 55.50 55.54
8 70% 41.30 42.07 43.70
9 .5 0% 42.13 48.07 50.51
10 30% 46.36 50.22 53.25
11 50% 50.36 53.32 55.24
12 70% 34.07 34.66 36.27

Fig. 7. GGBS (ground granulated blast furance).

Table 4
Physical properties of GGBS.

Sl. No Tests Values

1 Colour off White
2 Surface area 425–470 m2/kg
3 Bulk density 1200 kg/m3
4 Specific gravity 2.9

Fig. 8. Silica fume.

Table 5
Physical properties of silica fume.

SL.NO TESTS VALUES

1 Colour off Gray
2 Surface area 13,000–30,000 m2/kgm2 =kg
3 Bulk density 600 kg/m3
4 Specific gravity 2.2–2.3

Fig. 9. Compression strength test machine.

fume material used and Table 5 shows the physical values of the
silica fume (Table 6).

5.7. Admixture
5.6. Water
In this experiment used admixture in concrete to enhance the
In this experiment used distilled water, water plays an impor- performance of the mix in various way, we used during the mix
tant role in concrete. process admixture can increase the strength of the mix [7].
 B. Gayaz Basha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 245–252
Fig. 10. Compressive strength of 0.3 w/c ratio.
Fig. 11. Compressive strength of 0.4 w/c ratio.
Fig. 12. Compressive strength of 0.5 w/c ratio.
Fig. 13. Chloride penetration test process.
249
6. Experimental process
In this paper, the resistance of concrete against chloride pene-
tration with different percentages of GGBS is tested. Conducting
the experimental work on 180 cubes (150 mm
150 mm

150 mm) with replacement of cement by GGBS of different per-
centages (30%, 50%,70%) & SILICA FUME of 5% in all mixes. 12
mixes, each mix casted 15 cubes in that 9 cubes for compression
test & 6 cubes for ponding test. In that 12 mixes, 3 mixes are con-
ventional & 9 mixes are replacement of cement. Comparing the
results between conventional and replacement in compressive
strength test for 28, 56, 90 days and ponding test for 6 & 12 weeks.
After casting the cubes of specified mix, cured for 28 days, and then
the specimens are exposed to solution of 3.5% NaCl for ponding test
for 6 & 12 weeks of time period [5].
7. Results & discussion
7.1. Compression test
This test has been done by taken three cubes of each mix 0.3,
0.4, 0.5 w/c ratio with different percentage of GGBS (0%, 30%,
50%, 70%) & silica fume 5% calculated the strength of the cubes
Fig. 9. Shows the compression test machine process for 28, 56,
90 days. Then we compare the results of conventional & replace-
ment of the cubes strength [15].
7.1.1. Representation of the compressive strength of concrete
graphically
Fig. 10 shows the 0.3 w/cm ratio of different percentages com-
pressive strength of 28, 56 and 90 days
Fig. 11 shows the 0.4 w/cm ratio of different percentages com-
pressive strength of 28, 56 and 90 days.
Fig. 12 shows the 0.5 w/cm ratio of different percentages com-
pressive strength of 28, 56 and 90 days.
7.2. Ponding test
This test has been done by cubes kept for 6&12 weeks in NaCl
solution with 3.5% concentration after completion of curing period
cubes taken out and cleaned the surface of cubes & kept one day for
drying and then we start the drilling process at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mm
depth of cubes taken the concrete powder, later we start the titra-
tion process with AgNO3. Percentage of chloride in the concrete
powder is calculated by the equation. Fig. 13 shows the ponding
test process of the analysis [9].
250 B. Gayaz Basha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 245–252

Table 7
Results of ponding test with W/C 0.3.

Sl. no Mix GGBS Solution in conc (%) Exposure duration (weeks) Average depth of drilling & respective chloride conc (%)
(%)
5 mm 10 mm 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm
1 0.3 0% 3.5% 6 1.26 1.18 1.14 1.06 0.97
12 2.162 2.024 1.956 1.819 1.664
2 30% 6 1.075 1.025 1 0.925 0.85
12 1.844 1.759 1.768 1.598 1.462
3 50% 6 1.25 1.175 1.05 1 0.925
12 2.145 2.023 1.802 1.751 1.581
4 70% 6 1.2 1.06 1 0.9 0.857
12 2.060 1.819 1.717 1.547 1.46

Table 8
Results of ponding test with W/C 0.4.

Sl. no Mix GGBS Solution in conc (%) Exposure duration (weeks) Average depth of drilling & respective chloride conc (%)
(%)
5 mm 10 mm 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm
1 0.4 0% 3.5% 6 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1
12 2.04 2.006 1.990 1.955 1.734
2 30% 6 1.23 1.2 1.13 1.11 0.89
12 2.108 2.057 2.057 1.904 1.564
3 50% 6 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.1 0.93
12 2.036 1.997 1.938 1.904 1.615
4 70% 6 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.12 0.93
12 2.024 1.992 1.939 1.717 1.615

Table 9
Results of ponding test with W/C 0.5.

Sl. no Mix GGBS Solution in conc (%) Exposure duration (weeks) Average depth of drilling & respective chloride conc (%)
(%)
5 mm 10 mm 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm
1 0.5 0% 3.5% 6 1.38 1.33 1.22 1.15 0.95
12 2.368 2.283 2.094 1.973 1.630
2 30% 6 1.325 1.3 1.15 1 0.973
12 2.359 2.232 1.973 1.717 1.669
3 50% 6 1.425 1.3 1.05 1 0.935
12 2.446 2.232 1.802 1.717 1.587
4 70% 6 1.32 1.28 1.17 1.12 0.85
12 2.266 2.196 2.007 1.922 1.458

Fig. 14. Chloride ion penetration w/c 0.3 (6 weeks).

Fig. 15. Chloride ion penetration w/c 0.4 (6 weeks).
7.2.1. Analytical procedure
100 ml by adding distilled water. Added 2–3 drops of potassium
7.2.1.1. Water extraction. The process is carried out at room tem-
chromate indicator and titrated against silver nitrate of 0.02 N.
perature i.e., at 27 ± 2 °C. Taken 4 g of the concrete powder. Place
this sample in a beaker of 100 ml. Add 40 ml of distilled water,
rinse the solution and the beaker is placed undisturbed for 1 h. 7.2.1.2. Analysis. After adding the indicator, the solution changes
Take 10 ml sample from the prepared solution and dilute it to from colourless to pale yellow. The prepared 100 ml solution is
 B. Gayaz Basha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 245–252 251

titrated against AgNO3 till the pale-yellow colour changes to brick

red. The consumption of AgNO3 is more when sulphate’s are
present.

7.3. Water soluble chloride content

Ions of chloride amount present in the collected sample which

can be identified by leaching with water at room temperature [10].

7.4. Calculations

Soluble chloride ions in water content in the concrete, are

expressed in percentage relative to sample weight (% Cl):

% of chloride in concrete ¼ k  N  V=W

Fig. 17. Chloride ion penetration w/c 0.3 (12 weeks).
where

k = constant, depending upon total volume of solution made &

the volume of solution take for titration
N = Normality of AgNO3 solution, here equal to 0.02
V = volume of AgNO3 dispended to reach the end point
W = weight of concrete powder.

8. Ponding test results after exposure to alternate wetting &

drying in NaCl solution results

Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 shows the percentage of chloride con-

tent at different depths at 6 & 12 weeks of all mixes.

9. Graphical representation of ponding test

Fig. 18. CHLORIDE ion penetration w/c 0.4 (12 weeks).
Fig. 14 shows the 0.3 water cementitious material 0% GGBS
gives effective values with respect to different depths after 6 weeks
of immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution.
Fig. 15 shows the 0.4 water cementitious material 70% GGBS
gives effective values with respect to different depths after 6 weeks
of immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution.
Fig. 16 shows the 0.5 water cementitious material 50% GGBS
gives effective values with respect to different depths after 6 weeks
of immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution.
Fig. 17 shows the 0.3 water cementitious material 0%& 50%
GGBS gives effective values with respect to different depths after
12 weeks of immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution.
Fig. 18 shows the 0.4 water cementitious material 30% GGBS
gives effective values with respect to different depths after
12 weeks of immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution.

Fig. 19. Chloride ion penetration w/c 0.5 (12 weeks).

Fig. 19 shows the 0.5 water cementitious material 50% GGBS

gives effective values with respect to different depths after
12 weeks of immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution.

9.1. Chloride diffusion coefficient

The chloride concentration of different depths are plotted. The

Fig. 16. Chloride ion penetration w/c 0.5 (6 weeks).
effect of parameters such as water-binder ratio, replacement level
of slag, age, etc. Thus show the variation of the chloride ion concen-
tration with depth for the concrete at the 6 weeks, and 12 weeks
exposure, respectively. It can be seen that at all ages, the presence
of slag in the matrix tends to reduce the extent of chloride ion pen-
etration [13]. However, it is difficult to draw any conclusions on
252 B. Gayaz Basha et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020) 245–252

Table 10 Declaration of Competing Interest

Variation of the estimated apparent coefficient of diffusion of chloride ions in
concrete (108 cm2/s).
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
W/B ratio Mix Exposure duration (Weeks) cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
6 weeks 12 weeks to influence the work reported in this paper.
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