Head shot Method:

The part is fixed between the heads ensuring good electrical

contact and the current is passed from end to end. A circular field
is developed in and around the part and the discontinuities oriented
along the length are indicated.
If the part contains more than one diameter, then the part is to be
tested separately for each diameter. The current applicable for each
diameter is applied and the corresponding section is tested. The
applicable currents are used in ascending order.

Central Conductor:
When current is passed through a hollow cylindrical conductor, the
magnetic field on the inner surface is zero. A component with a
continuous hole through it can be magnetized without contact by
means of a current carrying straight conductor passing through the
hole. The examination technique is often used in examination of
parts such as pipe connectors, hollow cylinders, gear wheels, springs
and large nuts.
For this technique, a central conductor is used to magnetize the
inner surface of the bore with a circumferential magnetic field.
Defect on the outer surface of a tubular can also be detected if
the wall thickness is not too large but there may be a large
difference in the magnetic field strength on the two surfaces.
When the axis of the central conductor is located near the central
axis of the test object, 12 to 31 amps current per mm of test
object diameter should be applied. The diameter to be used for
current computation is the largest distance between two points, 180
degrees apart on the inside circumference.
Alternating current is to be used only for surface discontinuities on
the inside surface of the test object. Where large diameter
cylindrical parts are to be examined, the conductor shall be
positioned close to the internal surface of the bore and the
circumference of the part shall be examined in increments. A
current of 12 to 31 amps per mm shall apply except that the
diameter shall be considered the sum of the diameter of the
conductor and twice the wall thickness of the part. The distance
along the test object circumference [ ID / OD ] which is effectively
magnetized is to be taken 4 times the diameter of the conductor.
The parts are the inspected in four quadrants or segments. This provides
a greater induced field for a lesser current value.
Bars or cables, passing through the bore of a cylindrical part, may
be used to induce circular magnetization.
Bars are usually made of copper to reduce heating. If a flexible cable
is used, several turns of cable may be passed through the bore
and the current reduced in proportion to the number of turns.
The magnetic field will increase in proportion to the number of
times the central conductor cable pass through the bore.
The magnetic field adequacy shall be verified using a field indicator.
The strength of the magnetic field around a magnetic or non
magnetic conductor decreases as the distance from the surface of
the conductor increases. The amount of decreases is dependent on
the conductor material, cross section and type of current.

Indications
produced by
central
conductor.

K. Chatterjee, 75643 Center for NDT P 00 Rv 02 Self study material.