Leakage fields are magnetic flux lines that emerge from discontinuities in magnetized parts. When iron particles are applied to a part's surface, they are attracted to and accumulate at these leakage fields, outlining any cracks or defects. The strength and appearance of these magnetic particle indications depends on factors like the discontinuity's orientation relative to magnetic flux lines, and whether it is surface-breaking, near the surface, or deep within the material. Proper magnetization is necessary to produce leakage fields revealing discontinuities.
Leakage fields are magnetic flux lines that emerge from discontinuities in magnetized parts. When iron particles are applied to a part's surface, they are attracted to and accumulate at these leakage fields, outlining any cracks or defects. The strength and appearance of these magnetic particle indications depends on factors like the discontinuity's orientation relative to magnetic flux lines, and whether it is surface-breaking, near the surface, or deep within the material. Proper magnetization is necessary to produce leakage fields revealing discontinuities.
Leakage fields are magnetic flux lines that emerge from discontinuities in magnetized parts. When iron particles are applied to a part's surface, they are attracted to and accumulate at these leakage fields, outlining any cracks or defects. The strength and appearance of these magnetic particle indications depends on factors like the discontinuity's orientation relative to magnetic flux lines, and whether it is surface-breaking, near the surface, or deep within the material. Proper magnetization is necessary to produce leakage fields revealing discontinuities.
aLeakage fields are the basis for magnetic particle examination. A
leakage field are the flux lines in the air surrounding a discontinuity in a magnetized part. The leakage field which develop at and above the surface of a magnetized material attracts and accumulates iron particles which forms a visible indication on the surface. A bar magnet has a pole at each end. They are a North Pole and a south pole. Magnetic lines of force flow through the bar from the south pole to the north pole. Because the lines of force within the bar magnet run the length of the bar, it is said to be longitudinally magnetized. If the magnet is cracked at right angle to the length but not broken completely in two, a north and a south pole form at opposite edges of the crack and a leakage field emerge. This leakage field attracts iron particles that outlines the crack. Surface Discontinuity : When a part is magnetized such that the direction of the magnetic lines of force is at right angles or nearly right angles to the length of a surface breaking discontinuity, the flux lines are bend into the air above the crack. This bending is caused by the change from high permeability of the magnetic material to the low permeability of air in the gap of the crack. The leakage field spans the narrow air gap throughout the length of the discontinuity. When fine iron particles are applied to the surface, the particles are attracted to the poles of this miniature leakage field. The first layer of particles shorten and strengthen the leakage field causing additional particles to be attracted. These particles attract more particles until the entire leakage field is filled with chains of tightly held magnetized particles. A surface breaking discontinuity forms a sharply defined indication. Near surface Discontinuity : When the discontinuity is near the surface, some of the bent lines of force complete their path within the metal above the discontinuity. Others that complete their bent path in the air form a leakage field that is broader and weaker than the leakage field for a similar surface breaking discontinuity. Thus, the attracted particles which accumulate at the leakage field of a near surface discontinuity are more loosely held. The indication looks wide and fuzzy. For a deep discontinuity, all of the bent lines of discontinuity, they follow the metal path along the force complete their path within the metal above the edges of that discontinuity, rather than span the long discontinuity, as a result no leakage field emerges from the direction of the air gap. The result is that no leakage part. field is created, and in tern no magnetic indication is Orientation : The direction of magnetic flux must be at right produced to reveal that discontinuity. angles to the length of any discontinuity to produce the strongest indication of that discontinuity. When the lines of force are parallel to the length of a
Compiled by K. Chatterjee, 75643 Center for NDT P 00 Rv 03 Self study material.