Specification: Revision:Edexcel Chemistry Unit 3B - Laboratory Techniques - Test For Ions

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Laboratory Techniques - Test for Ions
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Chemistry Unit 3B - Laboratory Techniques - Test for Ions Getting a job at 16
Tests for Ions What's your body age?

Contents [hide] [hide]
How did you meet your best friend?
1 Specification
2 Tests
Is this plagiarism?
3 Also See
4 Comments
Latest discussions Trending

Specification
Law Offers for 2016?
a) Recognise the results of reactions of compounds specifically mentioned in Units 1 and 2 of the
Exams 2016
specification and the results of tests for simple ions: carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, sulphate(VI),
sulphite, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, ammonium, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, TSR Liberal Party Question Time
calcium, strontium and barium
Can you try and convince me what I should
vote for in EU referendum?
please please please

Tests
The "kind, caring" Corbyn strikes again with
Ion Formula Test Observations his kindness
Test 1
Heat the solid in a test tube with a Just talk to me :3
Bunsen burner.
Limewater should turn from (hacking-store.com)Sell Banklogin/Transfer
It should decompose producing the colourless to cloudy in the MTCN WU/Dumps+Track 1&2/Cvv US UK Eu
oxide and carbon dioxide. E.g. presence of carbon dioxide Au
due to precipitation of
calcium carbonate. New game - count down to 10 , one post at a
Carbonate CO32 - time one after the other!
Test for the gas using limewater
solution.
CURRENT/PAST BA students- research
Vigorous effervescence. project- third year question
Test 2 Limewater should turn from
Add dilute HCl to the solid. colourless to cloudy in the
Test for the gas evolved using presence of carbon dioxide see more 
limewater solution. due to precipitation of

calcium carbonate.
Test No precipitate forms since Poll
Hydrogencarbonate HCO3- Add calcium chloride to a calcium hydrogencarbonate
hydrogencarbonate solution. is soluble.
Marmite: do you love or hate it?
Test
White precipitate of barium
Sulphate (VI) SO42 - Add barium chloride solution acidified
sulphate forms. I LOVE it!
with dilute HCl to the test solution.
Test I HATE it!
Warm the sulphite with dilute HCl.
Sulphite SO32 - Test for gases using acidified The solution turns green.
potassium dichromate(VI) solution (or vote now 
paper)
Test 1
White steamy acidic fumes
Add concentrated sulphuric acid to the
are seen - HCl fumes. Study resources
solid chloride.
Test 2
Chloride Cl- Add dilute nitric acid to a solution of a
chloride to acidify the solution. This Latest discussions Trending
White precipitate of AgCl
eliminates any carbonates or
forms.
sulphites. FCO Graduate Internship
Add silver nitrate to the solution.
Solid dissolves.
Add dilute ammonia solution. so if "God doesn't exist" then explain this
Test 1
Steamy brownish acidic
Add concentrated sulphuric acid to the IBD and me
fumes are seen.
solid bromide.
Test 2' You Me at Six
Bromide Br- Add dilute nitric acid to a solution of a
bromide to acidify the solution. This Starting uni September 2016
Cream precipitate of AgBr
forms.
sulphites.
Solid dissolves.
Add concentrated ammonia solution.
Test 1 Purple acidic fumes are
Add concentrated sulphuric acid to the seen. The mixture turns to a
solid iodide. brown slurry.
Test 2
Add dilute nitric acid to a solution of a
Iodide I- iodide to acidify the solution. This
Yellow precipitate of AgI
forms.
sulphites.
Solid is insoluble.
Add concentrated ammonia solution.

Test 1
Heat solid nitrate.
If group 1 solid (not Li) then will

Oxygen gas is evolved that
decompose to give the nitrite and
will relight a glowing splint.
oxygen.
Brown gas is seen (NO2).
Nitrate NO3- All other solid nitrates decompose to
Oxygen gas is also evolved
give the metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide
and will relight a glowing
and oxygen.
splint.
Test 2
Boil nitrate solution with
Litmus paper turns blue in
aluminium/Devarda’s alloy, in sodium
the presence of ammonia.
hydroxide solution.
Test vapour with red litmus paper.
Test
NH
Warm ammonium compound with
Ammonium NH4+ 3
NaOH.
turns the litmus paper blue.
Test vapours immediately using
damp red litmus paper.
Test
Dip nichrome wire in HCl.
Dip wire in solid.

Lithium Li+
Heat wire in centre of flame.
A carmine red flame is seen.
Observe colour of flame.
Test
Dip wire in solid.

Sodium Na+
A yellow flame is seen.
Test
Dip wire in solid.

Potassium K+ A lilac flame is seen.

A white solid forms which is
Test
insoluble in excess
Magnesium Mg2+ Brilliant white flame
Add NaOH solution to the magnesium
NaOH(aq). This is
solid.
Mg(OH)2(s)
Test
Dip wire in solid.

Calcium C a2+ A brick red flame is seen.

Test
Dip wire in solid.

Strontium Sr2+ A crimson red flame is seen.

Test
Dip wire in solid.

Barium Ba2+ A apple green flame is seen.
Also See
Why not read these other revision notes for Edexcel Unit 3B - Laboratory Techniques?
Laboratory Techniques - Test for Gases
Laboratory Techniques - Volumetric Analysis
Laboratory Techniques - Organic Procedures
Laboratory Techniques - Group 1 and 2 Reactions
Comments
Suitable for: A Level Chemistry, Unit 3B, Edexcel Board.
Written by: Christophicus and rieuwa.
From here and here.
Categories: Unit 3B A Level Chemistry Revision Notes | A Level Chemistry Revision Notes | Chemistry
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Chemistry Unit 3B - Laboratory Techniques - Test for Gases Getting a job at 16
Test for Gases. What's your body age?

1 Specification
2 Tests
Is this plagiarism?
3 Also See
4 Comments

Specification
b) Recognise the chemical tests for simple gases, to include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
Exams 2016
ammonia, chlorine, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
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Tests vote for in EU referendum?

Name Formula Test Observations
Hydrogen H2 Ignite gas. Squeaky pop is heard. The "kind, caring" Corbyn strikes again with
Place a glowing splint in a his kindness
Oxygen O 2 The glowing splint relights.
sample of the gas.
Bubble gas through limewater A solution turns from colourless to cloudy. A Just talk to me :3
Carbon
CO2 (saturated solution of calcium white (milky) precipitate of calcium carbonate
dioxide
hydroxide) forms which is sparingly soluble. (hacking-store.com)Sell Banklogin/Transfer
Test for gas using damp red MTCN WU/Dumps+Track 1&2/Cvv US UK Eu
Ammonia NH3 Litmus paper turns blue.
litmus paper. Au
Test 1
Chlorine bleaches the litmus paper very
Test for gas using damp litmus New game - count down to 10 , one post at a
quickly.
paper (red or blue) time one after the other!
Test 2
Test for gas using moist starch- The paper turns blue-black. CURRENT/PAST BA students- research
iodide paper. project- third year question
Chlorine Cl2
Test 3
Pass gas through a solution of a The solution turns from colourless to orange. see more 
bromide.
Test 4
The solution turns from colourless to brown
Pass gas through a solution of
an iodide.
(possibly with a black precipitate, iodine). Poll
Nitrogen
NO2 Not many tests for this gas. The gas is brown. Marmite: do you love or hate it?
dioxide
Test 1
Bubble gas through a solution I LOVE it!
The solution turns from orange to green.
of potassium dichromate (VI)
Sulphur dissolved in sulphuric acid. I HATE it!
SO2
dioxide Test 2
Bubble gas through a solution
The solution turns from purple to colourless. vote now 
of potassium manganate (VII)
dissolved in sulphuric acid.
Study resources
Also See
FCO Graduate Internship
Laboratory Techniques - Test for Gases so if "God doesn't exist" then explain this
IBD and me
Laboratory Techniques - Group 1 and 2 Reactions You Me at Six
Starting uni September 2016
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Revision:Edexcel Chemistry Unit 3B - Tweet
TSR Wiki > Study Help > Subjects and Revision > Revision Notes > Chemistry > Edexcel Chemistry
Unit 3B - Laboratory Techniques - Group 1 and 2 Reactions Getting a job at 16
Group 1 and 2 Reactions What's your body age?

1 Specifications
2 Sulphate solubility
Is this plagiarism?
3 Hydroxide solubility
4 Heating carbonates and nitrates
5 Action of heat on compounds Latest discussions Trending
6 Distinguishing between hydrocarbons
7 Identifying some functional groups
8 Distinguishing between different classes of alcohol Exams 2016
9 Specification
10 General safety TSR Liberal Party Question Time
11 Also See
12 Comments vote for in EU referendum?

Specifications
e) recall and interpret details of the chemistry of the elements and compounds listed in Units 1 his kindness
and 2 of this specification
Just talk to me :3
this includes the chemistry of Groups 1, 2 and 7 and the chemistry associated with the organic
compounds listed in topic 2.2 (hacking-store.com)Sell Banklogin/Transfer
MTCN WU/Dumps+Track 1&2/Cvv US UK Eu
Au
Sulphate solubility New game - count down to 10 , one post at a

time one after the other!
If a solution of any sulphate is added to a solution of a group 2 metal compound then a
precipitate is likely. project- third year question
see more 
Group 2 ion in solution Effect of adding a sulphate solution
Mg2+ No precipitate, MgSO4 is soluble
C a2+ White precipitate of CaSO4 Poll
Sr2+ White precipitate of SrSO4
Ba2+ White precipitate of BaSO4
Hydroxide solubility
I LOVE it!
If sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of a group 2 compound then a precipitate is likely. I HATE it!
Group 2 ion in solution Effect of adding a hydroxide solution
Mg2+ Faint white precipitate of Mg(OH)2 vote now 
C a2+ Faint white precipitate of Ca(OH)2
Sr2+ Faint white precipitate of Sr(OH)2 on standing
Ba2+ No precipitate, Ba(OH)2 is soluble Study resources
Heating carbonates and nitrates Latest discussions Trending
FCO Graduate Internship

Substance Effect of heat
Lithium and all group 2 carbonates Carbon dioxide detected so if "God doesn't exist" then explain this
Sodium and potassium carbonates No effect (except water of crystallisation may be given off)
Sodium and potassium nitrates Oxygen only gas evolved IBD and me
Lithium and all group 2 nitrates Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen evolved
You Me at Six
Action of heat on compounds Starting uni September 2016
Carbonates - Carbon dioxide is given off.

Hydrogencarbonates - Carbon dioxide and water formed.
Group 1 nitrates - Nitrite and oxygen formed.
Group 2 nitrates - Oxide, brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide and oxygen formed.
Distinguishing between hydrocarbons

Alkane: Burn /oxidise/combust them. They will burn with a yellow flame and form CO2 and H2O
(limited supply of CO).
Alkene: A yellow, sootier flame is produced (due to the extra carbon and higher ratio of
carbon:hydrogen).
Identifying some functional groups

Alkene - Add to orange bromine water. The alkene will decolourise it.
Halogenalkane - Heat with sodium hydroxide solution. Acidify with dilute nitric acid and then
test with silver nitrate solution as with inorganic halides.
Alcohols or carboxylic acids containing C-OH - In a dry test tube (i.e. dry alcohol), add PCl5.
Misty fumes of HCl are produced, which turns blue litmus paper red.
Distinguishing between different classes of alcohol

Primary - Add PCl5. Warm it with aqueous potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and dilute H2SO4.
Misty fumes are given off and the colour changed from orange to green --> aldehyde.
Secondary - Misty fumes, changes to green --> ketone.

Tertiary - Misty fumes, no colour change.
Specification
f) interpret quantitative and qualitative results See
http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/attachment.php?attachmentid=12846 for notes on
calculations.
g) devise and plan simple experiments based on the chemistry and techniques summarised in a to
e above Normally the last question on the paper. It will ask you to identify certain compounds
from four. E.g. titrations, how to make a standard solution, how to titrate, identify QCO3 when
heating it where Q is a group 2 metal ion.
h) evaluate error in quantitative experiments see Appendix I for material available to assist
centres in teaching this area Percentage error = absolute uncertainty/actual value x 100%
j) comment on safety aspects of experiments based on supplied data or recall of the chemistry of
the compounds listed in Units l and 2. Safety considerations should relate to specific experiments
not be of a general nature it will be assumed that students wear eye protection during all
practical work.
Halogens are toxic and harmful by inhalation, although iodine is much less so than chlorine or
bromine, because it is a solid. Chlorine and bromine must always be used in a fume cupboard.
Liquid bromine causes serious burns an must be handled with gloves.
Ammonia is toxic. Concentrated ammonia solutions should be handled in the fume cupboard.
Concentrated mineral acids are corrosive. If spilt on the hands, washing with plenty of water is
usually enough, but advice must be sought. Acid in the eye requires immediate attention and
prompt professional medical attention.
Barium chloride solution and chromates and dichromates are extremely poisonous and so should
be used in the fume cupboard/should not be inhaled.
Sodium or potassium hydroxide or concentrated ammonia in the eye is extremely serious and
must always receive professional and immediate attention. Sodium hydroxide and other alkali
metal hydroxides are amongst the most damaging of all common substances to skin and other
tissue. Wear gloves, goggles and an apron when handling these solutions in high concentrations.
General safety
Toxic/carcinogenic – use gloves, fume cupboard
Flammable – Water baths, no naked fumes.
Harmful gases – Use fume cupboard
Corrosive – wear goggles/gloves
Spillage of concentrated acid – wash with plenty of water.
Also See

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Chemistry Unit 3B - Laboratory Techniques - Organic Procedures Getting a job at 16
Organic Procedures What's your body age?

1 Specification
2 Many organic reactions are slow and require prolonged heating
Is this plagiarism?
3 Simple distillation
4 Fractional distillation
4.1 Re-crystallisation method
5 Melting point determination
6 Organic tests Law Offers for 2016?
7 Also See Exams 2016
8 Comments
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Specification Can you try and convince me what I should
d) Describe the techniques used in simple organic preparations such as distillation and heating
under reflux please please please

Heating under reflux - This allows reactions to occur slowly, over a long period of time, without his kindness
any loss of volatile liquid. The solvent evaporates and is condensed and returns to the flask.
Just talk to me :3
(hacking-store.com)Sell Banklogin/Transfer
MTCN WU/Dumps+Track 1&2/Cvv US UK Eu
Many organic reactions are slow and require prolonged heating Au
To achieve this without loss of liquid, reaction mixtures are heated in a flask carrying a vertical New game - count down to 10 , one post at a
condenser. time one after the other!
This is heating under reflux; the solvent is condensed and returned to the flask, so the mixture CURRENT/PAST BA students- research
can be heated as long as desired. project- third year question
To heat the round bottomed flask, either use a water bath, an oil bath or a heated plate
mantle. A Bunsen burner isn’t really suitable. see more 
Poll
Simple distillation
To separate a volatile solvent from a mixture
Simple distillation is used where a volatile component has to be separated from a mixture, the I LOVE it!
other components of the mixture being very much volatile or non-volatile. I HATE it!
The mixture is heated.
The fraction that boils is collected within the temperature range of the fraction. (normally 1 or 2
vote now 
degrees before the boiling temperature)
The condenser cools the fraction so it distils and is collected in the receiving flask.
Study resources
Fractional distillation
To separate mixtures of volatile liquids. FCO Graduate Internship
Re-crystallisation - Used to purify a solid material by removing both soluble and insoluble
so if "God doesn't exist" then explain this
impurities. The choice of solvent is important. The substance must be easily soluble in the
boiling solvent and much less soluble at room temperature. This ensures the smallest possible IBD and me
loss of material, although some loss is inevitable with this technique.
You Me at Six
Re-crystallisation method
Starting uni September 2016
Dissolve the solid in the minimum amount of boiling solvent. This ensures that the solution
is saturated with respect to the main solute but not with respect to the impurities, which
are present in much smaller amounts.
Filter the hot mixture through a preheated filter funnel. This removes insoluble impurities.
The hot funnel is necessary to prevent the solute crystallising and blocking the funnel.
Filtration under vacuum using a Buchner funnel is often preferred, because it is fast.
Cool the hot filtrate, either to room temperature or, if necessary, in a bath of iced water.
Rapid cooling gives small crystals, slow cooling large ones. The large crystals are often less
pure.
Filter the cold mixture using a Buchner funnel.
Wash the crystals with a small amount of cold solvent. This removes any impurity remaining
on the surface of the crystals. A small amount of cold solvent is used so that the crystals
aren’t washed away / don’t dissolve.
Suck the crystals as dry as possible on the filter.
Transfer the crystals to a desiccator to dry. Drying between filter paper is sometimes
recommended, but it is a very poor method.
Melting point determination

This is used to determine the purity of the re-crystallisation solid. Place small amount of the solid
in the sealed end of a capillary tube. Place in the melting point apparatus. A sharp melting point
over a small range shows purity, when compared with the set-book value of a higher melting
point, that indicates an impure solid.
Organic tests
Collect 10 cm³ of the samples.
Test the samples in the following order
Alkenes – bromine water --> decolourises --> alkene
Alcohols – Spatula of solid PCl5. Test fumes with damp litmus paper --> litmus red? White
fumes near ammonia? --> alcohol
Halogenoalkane – Add NaOH, ethanol as solvent. Shake and warm for 3 minutes. Cool and add
nitric acid + silver nitrate. --> white = chloride; cream = bromide; yellow = iodide. --> Confirm
with ammonia
Alkane, the substance left is the alkane.
Also See
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Revision:Edexcel Chemistry Unit 3B - Tweet
Chemistry Unit 3B - Laboratory Techniques - Volumetric Analysis Getting a job at 16
Volumetric Analysis and Enthalpy Change What's your body age?

1 Specification
2 Volumetric analysis
Is this plagiarism?
2.1 What is a standard solution?
2.2 How is a 250cm3 standard solution prepared?
2.3 Using the pipette
2.4 Using the burette
2.5 Common indicators Law Offers for 2016?
3 Enthalpy change measurements Exams 2016
3.1 Possible sources of error
4 Also See TSR Liberal Party Question Time
5 Comments
Specification
c) Describe the techniques used in volumetric analysis and enthalpy change measurements
his kindness
Just talk to me :3
Volumetric analysis
(hacking-store.com)Sell Banklogin/Transfer
Volumetric analysis (titration) involves the reaction between two solutions. For one solution, both MTCN WU/Dumps+Track 1&2/Cvv US UK Eu
the volume and the concentration are known; for the other, the volume only is known. Apparatus Au
used includes a burette, a pipette and a volumetric flask.
New game - count down to 10 , one post at a
time one after the other!

What is a standard solution? project- third year question
A solution for which concentration is accurately known. The concentration may have been found
by a previous titration or by weighing the solute and making a solution of known volume. Such a see more 
solution is a primary standard solution.
Poll
How is a 250cm3 standard solution prepared? Marmite: do you love or hate it?
Make sure that the balance is clean and dry. Wipe it with a damp cloth.
Place the weighing bottle on the pan and take the balance (i.e. re-zero it) I LOVE it!
Take the bottle off the balance and add solid to it. This ensures that no spillages fall on the I HATE it!
pan.
Take the balance of the weighing bottle + solid and find the balance of solid by subtraction. vote now 
Replace on balance, and if the required amount is added, withdraw the mass.
When you have the required amount, write its value down immediately.
Wash out a 250cm3 volumetric flask three times using pure water. Study resources
Transfer the solid to a 250cm3 volumetric flask using a funnel, and wash out the weighing
bottle into the flask through the funnel using distilled water.
Add about 100cm3 of distilled water to the flask.
Stir the solution using a glass rod until all the solid visibly dissolves into a solution. FCO Graduate Internship
Wash all remaining apparatus including the glass rod, funnel and transfer the rest of this to the
so if "God doesn't exist" then explain this
flask.
Make up to 250cm3 with distilled water so that the bottom of the meniscus just touches the IBD and me
250cm3 mark.
You Me at Six
Attach a stopper to the flask.
Shake the flask vigorously and/or invert the flask 5 or 6 times to create a solution with uniform Starting uni September 2016
concentration.
Concentration of solution = mass of solid used/molar mass of solid x 1000/250 (units moldm-3)
Using the pipette

A glass bulb pipette will deliver the volume stated on it within acceptable limits only.
Using a pipette filler, draw a little of the solution to be used into the pipette and use this to
rinse the pipette.
Fill the pipette to about 2-3cm3 above the mark. Pipette fillers are difficult to adjust accurately,
so quickly remove the filler and close the pipette with your forefinger (not thumb). Release the
solution until the bottom of the meniscus is on the mark.
Immediately transfer the pipette to the conical flask in which you will do the titration, and allow
the solution to dispense under gravity.
Using the burette

Making sure that the tap is shut, add about 10-15cm3 of the appropriate solution to the
burette and rinse it out, not forgetting to open the tap and rinse the jet.
Close the tap and fill the burette. A small funnel should be used to add the solution but be
careful not to overfill the funnel.
Remove the funnel, because titrating with a funnel in the burette can lead to serious error if a
drop of liquid in the funnel stem falls into the burette during the titration.
Bring the meniscus on to the scale by opening the tap to allow solution to pass through the
burette. There is no particular reason to bring the meniscus exactly to the zero mark.
Make sure that the burette is full to the tip of the jet.
After a suitable indicator has been added to the solution in the conical flask, swirl the flask
under the burette with one hand whilst adjusting the burette tap with your other hand.
Add the solution in the burette to the conical flask slowly, swirling the flask all the time.
As the endpoint is approached, the indicator will change colour more slowly. The titrant should
be added drop by drop near to the endpoint.
Repeat the titration until you have three concordant titres, i.e. volumes that are similar. This
means within 0.2cm3 or better if you have been careful. Taking the mean of three tires that
differ by 1cm3 or more is no guarantee of an accurate answer.
Common indicators
Methyl orange - yellow in alkali, red in acid & orange in neutral solutions(usually the end point
of a titration)
Phenolphthalein - pink in alkali, colourless in acid.
Enthalpy change measurements

Weigh a spirit lamp (containing a liquid alcohol) using a balance accurate to 3 decimal places.
Record the mass measured.
Use a measuring cylinder to put 100 cm3 of distilled water into a small beaker and clamps this
at a fixed height above the spirit lamp (about 2 cm).
Record the initial temperature of the water using a thermometer.
Light the lamp using a burning splint.
Heat the water using the spirit lamp until the temperature has gone up by about 10C. Stir the
water with the thermometer the whole time.
Put a cap on the spirit to stop the alcohol burning. The lid stops also stops further evaporation
of the liquid alcohol.
Reweigh the spirit lamp and record the mass.
Calculate the enthalpy change
Possible sources of error

There may be heat loss due to the apparatus used and heat may have dissipated through the
insulating material --> should use a polystyrene cup and insulation like a lid.
The specific heat capacity and density of water are used (and not of HCl).
The masses of solid added to the acid are ignored.
It is assumed that the specific heat capacity of the polystyrene cup is negligible.
Some heat is lost when the hydrogen or carbon dioxide are evolved in the reactions.
Also See

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Tests for Ions What's your body age?

Latest discussions Trending

please please please

limewater solution. due to precipitation of

Add concentrated ammonia solution.

If group 1 solid (not Li) then will

Dip wire in solid.

Dip wire in solid.

Dip wire in solid.

Observe colour of flame.

Dip wire in solid.

Observe colour of flame.

Dip wire in solid.

Observe colour of flame.

Dip wire in solid.

Observe colour of flame.

Recent Changes Special Pages - Pages with useful functions.

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© Copyright The Student Room 2016 all rights reserved

Applying Careers Relationships News & Student

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Test for Gases. What's your body age?

Latest discussions Trending

Can you try and convince me what I should

please please please

Starting uni September 2016

Recent Changes Special Pages - Pages with useful functions.

Try Learn together, TSR's study area

© Copyright The Student Room 2016 all rights reserved

Applying Careers Relationships News & Student

Calling all writers

Group 1 and 2 Reactions What's your body age?

please please please

Sulphate solubility New game - count down to 10 , one post at a

Heating carbonates and nitrates Latest discussions Trending

FCO Graduate Internship

Carbonates - Carbon dioxide is given off.

Distinguishing between hydrocarbons

Identifying some functional groups

Distinguishing between different classes of alcohol

Secondary - Misty fumes, changes to green --> ketone.

Laboratory Techniques - Test for Ions

Recent Changes Special Pages - Pages with useful functions.

Try Learn together, TSR's study area

© Copyright The Student Room 2016 all rights reserved

Applying Careers Relationships News & Student

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Organic Procedures What's your body age?

The "kind, caring" Corbyn strikes again with

Melting point determination

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Volumetric Analysis and Enthalpy Change What's your body age?

CURRENT/PAST BA students- research

solution is a primary standard solution.

Using the pipette

Using the burette