International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 94 (2019) 24–28

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijadhadh

Bond integrity of cross laminated timber from Acacia mangium wood as T

affected by adhesive types, pressing pressures and loading direction
Norwahyuni Mohd Yusofa, Paridah Md Tahira,b,∗, Adlin Sabrina Muhammad Roseleya,b,
Lee Seng Huaa,∗∗, Juliana Abdul Halipa,c, Redzuan Mohammad Suffian Jamesa, Zaidon Ashaarib
a
Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
b
Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
c
Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Cross laminated timber (CLT) was fabricated from Acacia mangium wood by using phenol resorcinol for-
A. adhesive for wood maldehyde (PRF) and one component polyurethane (PUR) as binders. The purpose of the study was to evaluate
A. phenolic the bond integrity of A. mangium CLT produced using different working parameters. The assemblies were pressed
B. wood and wood composites at 30 °C for 30 min using three pressing pressures (0.9 N/mm2, 1.2 N/mm2, and 1.5 N/mm2). Delamination and
D. delamination
block shear tests were conducted on the CLT according to European Standards, EN 391 and EN 392, respectively.
The results revealed that PRF-bonded CLT experienced lower percent delamination compared to that bonded
with one component PUR. It appears that a higher clamping pressure i.e. 1.5 N/mm2, is needed to sufficiently
bond A. mangium lumbers as indicated by a marked increase in bond shear strength with an increase of pressing
pressure. PRF was found to be a more superior adhesive than PUR irrespective of cramping pressure and loading
direction. A. mangium wood is relatively dense thus requires quite high pressure, 1.5 N/mm2, irrespective of
adhesive used. PRF appears to bond A. mangium wood better compared to PUR with shear bond strength of 21%
and wood failure percentage of 220% higher.

1. Introduction and width of ≥3 m. Typically, temperate softwood lumber is used to

A typical cross laminated timber (CLT) is made from lamellae of
lumbers which are bonded on top of one another in a perpendicular
direction using a polymer adhesive. The resulting alternating grain di-
rections give CLT strength and stiffness in two directions, making it
suitable for primary structural material in multi-storey construction
such as two-way spanning slabs, walls, and diaphragms. CLT falls
within the “mass timber” family of engineered wood products, along-
side glued-laminated timber (glulam) which has been widely used in
buildings for decades. According to Van De Kuilen et al. [1], con-
struction using mass timber building systems has become more popular
due to various sustainability advantages and benefits in terms of the
speed and ease with which CLT buildings can be constructed particu-
larly in congested urban centres (North American, Austria, Germany,
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Switzerland, Ireland, Sweden, and
United Kingdom). CLT is formed in a similar way to glue-laminated.
Usually, CLT panels are produced with 3, 5, 7 or more layers with a
maximum thickness of approximately 500 mm, length of ≥16–20 m
manufacture CLT. With an exception of a study by Hamdan et al. [2]
who used sesenduk (Endospermum spp) in CLT, very little information
can be found for CLT made from other tropical hardwoods.
A. mangium is the main planted forest species in Malaysia. It is one
of the most popular fast-growing wood species in the tropics owing to
its good mechanical properties and suitability for laminated product
[3]. The density of A. mangium ranges from 290 kg/m³ to as high as
675 kg/m³ depending on the age, location and parts where the sampling
was done [4]. Owing to its highly refractory nature, A. mangium is re-
latively difficult to dry with tangential and radial shrinkages averaging
6.4% and 2.7% respectively [5]. Its movement in service is classified as
medium. Lumber from this species has been classified under strength
group SG5-SG6 (modulus of elasticity at green condition ranged from
6700 to 8800 N/mm2) of the Malaysian timber strength classes.
Both strength and movement of wood are closely related to the bond
integrity of laminated structure consequently influencing the types of
adhesive to be used. There are several types of adhesives that have been
used for structural adhesives and dominating the current industry

∗
Corresponding author. Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
∗∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: parida@upm.edu.my (P. Md Tahir), lee_seng@upm.edu.my (S.H. Lee).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.05.010

Available online 23 May 2019

0143-7496/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
N. Mohd Yusof, et al.
include phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF), polyurethane (PUR),
melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) and emulsion polymer isocyanate
(EPI). The selection of a suitable adhesive depends very much on the
species of wood. Hamdan et al. [2] used phenol resorcinol for-
maldehyde (PRF) to bond CLT from tropical wood due to its structural
capabilities in bonding for outdoor applications. While Frangi et al. [6]
used melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) to bond CLT from temperate
wood at lower costs and shorter hardening times. They also used
polyurethane (PUR), a fast ambient temperature curing adhesive, which
offers a broad range of application possibilities. Furthermore, PUR is
simple to use, it does not require any premixing and most importantly,
it is a formaldehyde free adhesive.
The integrity of a wood-adhesive bond is of particular importance to
the manufacturers and end users of glued products. This property can
be measured using a shear block test which gives the shear strength of
the bonded wood as well as estimated wood failure percentages. The
latter measurement is particularly important as it indicates the extent of
bonding which has occurred within the wood, interface, boundary
layers and adhesive. In the delamination test, water is forced to pene-
trate into the glued specimens which consequently causes substantial
swelling in wood cells. In the course of being dried, the wood shrinks
and experiences considerable mechanical stresses in the glue lines.
Poorly made joints cannot withstand such stresses thus open glue lines
appear at the edges of the bonded surfaces. This is known as “delami-
nation” which is usually more prominent at end joints because of
greater penetration of water into the transverse of the wood. The extent
of both bonding shear and delamination are significantly influenced by
wood species as the rate of permeability, absorption, wettability,
movement and density differ amongst species; other factors include
types of adhesive, compression pressure, grain direction of the face
layers, and wood-adhesive compatibility. This study evaluates the
bonding integrity of A. mangium Cross Laminated Lumber (CLT) bonded
with PRF and PUR adhesives under different pressing pressures and
loading directions.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Acacia lumber
Twenty-year-old Acacia mangium wood with density of
637 ± 92 kg/m³ and moisture content of 12 ± 3% was obtained from
a local processing mill located at Bukit Rambai, Melaka, Malaysia. Only
heartwood section was used in this study. The wood was sawn, trimmed
and planed into 400 mm long by 90 mm wide and 20 mm thick lumber.
Since the diameter of the A. mangium logs is relatively small, i. e.
around 30 cm, and tropical hardwoods have no growth rings, the
lumber was flat sawn to the desired dimensions. The planed samples
were conditioned for 2 weeks prior to adhesive application.
2.1.2. Adhesives
Two types of adhesives were used in this study i.e., phenol re-
sorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) and one component polyurethane (PUR)
supplied by AkzoNobel, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. A hardener was also
used in the preparation of PRF at a ratio of 100 to 15 parts by weight of
PRF to hardener.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. CLT fabrication
In this study, a 3-layer CLT of 400 × 90 × 60 mm in size was pro-
duced by gluing three pieces of lumber perpendicular to each other
without any edge bonding. Prior to lamination, the A. mangium lumbers
were segregated into two groups, A and B, based on the quality of
lumber. The criteria for the grouping is shown in Table 1. The A-group
lumber was used for face and back layer, whilst group B for core. Three-
25
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 94 (2019) 24–28
Table 1
Criteria used for lumber selection.
Group Criteria
A Free from defects and good appearance
B Contain small amount of defects such as knots, ripple marks, fuzzy grain
etc.
layer A. mangium CLT boards were fabricated by arranging each lumber
on top of each other with the second layer in a perpendicular direction
to the face and back layers as shown in Fig. 1. The adhesive spread rate
was set at 150 g/m2 for both PRF and PUR. Using a compressive ma-
chine, the assemblies were subjected to three pressing pressures, 0.9 N/
mm2, 1.2 N/mm2, and 1.5 N/mm2, and retained under pressure at room
temperature for more than 30 min. Then the laminated panels were
conditioned at 65 ± 5% RH and 20 ± 2 °C for 2 weeks prior to cutting
into specimens of size 90 × 90 × 60 mm for delamination testing.
2.2.2. Shear block test specimen preparation
The shear block test specimens were prepared by gluing two layers
of 400 mm long x 30 mm wide x 20 mm thick lumbers with grain par-
allel to each other. PRF and PUR were used as binders and pressing
pressures were set at either 0.9 N/mm2, 1.2 N/mm2, or 1.5 N/mm2 at
30 °C. After being conditioned at 65 ± 5% RH and 20 ± 2 °C for 2
weeks, each two-layer laminated lumber was cut into seven pieces of
50 mm-long sections. The block shear specimens were prepared by
shaving off 5 mm from the ends of the joints for shear testing parallel to
the grain and from the edges of the joints for shear testing perpendi-
cular to the grain (Fig. 2).
2.2.3. Delamination test
The 3-layer Acacia CLT with dimensions of 90 × 90 × 60 mm were
subjected to delamination testing according to BS EN 391:2002 [7] for
Glued Laminated Timber (delamination test of glue lines) method ‘B’.
Three specimens were tested for each adhesive type and pressing
pressure with a total of 18 specimens. The specimens were placed in a
pressure vessel and submerged in water at ambient temperature. Then a
vacuum of 60 kPa was drawn and held for 30 min. Subsequently, the
vacuum was released and a pressure of 550 kPa was applied and re-
tained for 2 h. Once the vacuuming was complete, the test pieces were
dried for a period of approximately 24 h in a circulating oven at
70 ± 5 °C. Delamination was observed and recorded when the mass of
the test pieces had returned to within 100%–110% of the original mass.
Upon removal from the oven, the specimens were examined for the
occurrence of delamination or open glue lines. The length of the open
glue lines was determined by first inserting a thin metal probe between
the two delaminated surfaces. Measurements were only carried out if
the depth of the delaminated area was more than 2.5 mm and the length
more than 5 mm. Two attributes were recorded: (i) total length of de-
laminated area and (ii) maximum length of delaminated area of each
test piece. The percent delamination was calculated using equation (1)
and equation (2).
ltot , delam
Delam tot = 100 (%)
ltot , glueline (1)
lmax , delam
Delam max = 100 (%)
l, glueline (2)
Where.
ltot , delam is the total delaminated length (in mm),
ltot , glueline is the sum of the length of all glue lines in the test
specimen (in mm),
lmax , delam is the maximum delaminated length (in mm),
l, glueline is the length of one glue line in the test specimen (in mm).
N. Mohd Yusof, et al.
Fig. 1. Three-layer A. mangium CLT fabricated in this study (a), and delamination test specimen (b).
2.2.4. Block shear test
Small block shear testing was carried out using a Universal testing
machine brand GOTECH on shear block specimens according to BS:
EN392:1995 for Glued laminated Timber (shear test of glue lines) [8].
The tests were carried out in both loading directions, parallel and
perpendicular to the grain (Fig. 3). A total of 36 specimens were tested
comprising three replications for each adhesive type and pressing
pressure. The loading was applied under displacement control at a rate
of 3 mm/min, ensuring failure after no less than 20 s with the appli-
cation of a 50 KN load carried out at a constant rate reaching the failure
of the specimen in a time of at least 20 s. The effects of pressure and
loading direction on the bonding performance of the 2-layer A. mangium
board was evaluated by performing a two-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The effects were further analysed using least significant
difference (LSD) test.
2.2.5. Estimation of wood failure percentage
The estimation of wood failure was performed on the sheared test
specimens. According to Frihart and Hunt [10], the wood failure refers
to the percentage of the total failure area that is wood, rather than
adhesive. High wood failure is preferred because the load design values
can be based upon the known wood strength and not reduced because
of the quality of the bond line. Each of the wood failure surfaces was
measured and the results were averaged. The wood failure percentage
was estimated to the nearest 5% by examining the total area covered by
wood fibres (signifies wood failures) on the sheared area in comparison
to the area covered with glue failure and this percentage were ac-
cording to The Fibre and Biocomposite Development Centre (FIDEC),
an accredited lab. The obtained results were compared with specifica-
tions stated in EN 386 - Performance requirements and minimum pro-
duction requirements [9].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effects of adhesive types and pressure on the delamination percentage
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) in Table 2 shows the effect of
adhesive type and pressing pressure on the delamination percentage of
laminated A. mangium. There was no interaction found between the
adhesive types and pressing pressure on the delamination percentage of
the CLT, implying that both factors act independently towards dela-
mination. Both adhesive types and pressing pressure did not exert a
significant influence on the delamination percentage of the laminated
Fig. 2. Shear block test specimens: Shear parallel to grain (left) and shear perpendicular to grain (right).
26
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 94 (2019) 24–28
A. mangium.
On further examination, PRF-bonded CLT experienced lower dela-
mination compared to PUR with 56–63.9% in the former and 69–73%
in the latter. Pressing pressure did not have any significant influence on
the extent of delamination as shown by the same lettering “A” upon LSD
analysis in Table 3. Table 3 tabulates the average values of delamina-
tion percentage of 3-layer CLT made from A. mangium. Although no
significant difference was detected between the samples made with two
different adhesive types, the CLT panel bonded with PRF displayed
slightly better delamination properties compared to that of the PUR-
bonded CLT.
As reported by Ammann and Niemz [11], laminated softwood
samples bonded with PRF were less prone to delamination during the
test when compared with PUR. A similar finding was reported by Castro
and Paganini [12] where PRF-bonded poplar and Eucalyptus grandis
laminated boards had the lowest percentage of delamination as com-
pared to other adhesives used in their study. The prEN16351 specifies
that the allowable delamination can be met in two ways: (i) De-
lamtot ≤ 10% and Delammax ≤ 40% or (ii) Delamtot ≥ 50% and Delammax
≥70%. In this study, the extent of delamination of A. mangium CLT met
the second (ii) requirement only. PRF provides better water resistance
compared to one-component PUR. PUR tends to foam during curing/
hardening due to the reaction between a hydroxyl-terminated polyether
or polyester with a reactive isocyanate group [13]. A foam will result
when CO2 is trapped within the mass of the adhesive due to the reaction
of isocyanate with water to abstract CO2, while a low gel strength hy-
drogel (CO2 will bubble away) is formed when the provision is not
made [14]. The foam eventually formed void in the glueline during
curing, creating a weak point along the joint. Upon shear loading, this
weak point will initiate the breakage of the glueline resulting in total
delamination. Furthermore, A. mangium is a relatively hard wood with
an average density of 637 ± 92 kg/m3 and average tangential and
radial shrinkages of 6.4% and 2.7%, respectively [4]. Hence, delami-
nation in laminated A. mangium board is likely to occur when it is being
exposed to hot and wet conditions.
3.2. Effects of adhesive types and pressure on the wood-adhesive bond
integrity
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the effect of adhesive types,
pressing pressure and loading direction on shear bond strength is ta-
bulated in Table 4. Loading direction was found to be the most domi-
nant factor in influencing the shear strength of the laminated A.
N. Mohd Yusof, et al. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 94 (2019) 24–28

Fig. 3. Loading direction for shear block test: (i) Parallel and (ii) Perpendicular to the grain.

Table 2 0.9 N/mm2. While all the shear strengths perpendicular to wood grain
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the effects of adhesive and pressure on dela- (┴ shear) were found to be lower than the minimum value (6 N/mm2)
mination. which is 4.9 N/mm2 for PRF and 4 N/mm2 for PUR adhesive. As can be
Source df p-value seen in this study, all the//shear bond strengths of PRF-bonded A.
mangium laminated lumber met the minimum requirement specified in
Delamination EN386 for shear strength. Meanwhile, all the ┴ shear values did not
Adhesive 1 0.0887 ns
meet the minimum requirement irrespective of adhesive type.
Pressure 2 0.8195 ns
Adhesive * pressure 2 0.8624 ns Between PRF and PUR adhesives, the former performed sig-
nificantly superior which can be attributed to the better gap-filling
Note: ns Not significant at p > 0.05. properties of PRF [15]. This can be seen in the higher shear strength
* Significant different at p ≤ 0.05. value of 10.5 N/mm2 and wood failure percentage of 70% compared to
PUR. These findings are in agreement with Ammann and Niemz [11]
Table 3 where the samples bonded with PRF show better shear performance
Effects of adhesive and pressing pressure on percent delamination of 3-layer than those of PUR under increasing clamping pressure. According to
CLT made from A. mangium. Nadir and Nagarajan [16], the minimum specified pressure for lami-
Adhesive Pressing pressure (N/mm2) Delamination (%) nated specimens is 1 MPa. This is not usually true as the pressure de-
pends on the density of the wood. A study done by Shams et al. [17]
PRF 0.9 63.9A (24.7) revealed that there is a linear relationship between pressing pressure
1.2 56.0A (7.6)
1.5 57.9A (12.1)
and density. A. mangium has a density of 290 kg/m³ to 675 kg/m³ [18],
PUR 0.9 70.8A (8.0) 637 ± 92 kg/m³ in the present study, thus requiring a relatively
1.2 69.0A (5.8) medium level of pressing pressure such as 1–2 N/mm2. Generally, la-
1.5 73.0A (12.3) minated samples that were tested in a parallel direction exhibited better
shear strength properties in comparison to those tested in a perpendi-
Values in parenthesis are standard deviations.
cular direction.
Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05
according to LSD. Generally, the CLT panels bonded with PRF displayed better prop-
erties (shear bond strength and wood failure percentage) compared to
those bonded with PUR. Loading direction had a substantial influence
Table 4
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the effects of adhesive, pressing pressure and on the shear bond strength. Loading in parallel to the wood grain can
loading direction on the shear bond strength of laminated A. mangium lumber. carry much more force than in perpendicular; the average strength of
8.6 N/mm2 and 3.9 N/mm2, respectively for PRF, and 6.6 N/mm2 and
Source df p-value
3.1 N/mm2, respectively for PUR. This effect is reversed in the wood
Shear bond strength failure percentage values where the average wood failure is 33% and
Adhesive 1 0.0812 ns 50% respectively, for PRF, and 3% and 23%, respectively for PUR.
Pressure 2 0.4196 ns When tested parallel to the grain, the shear strength value is extremely
Loading direction 1 < .0001 ***
strong (ranged from 6.1 to 10.5 N/mm2) with corresponding wood
Adhesive * pressure 2 0.1217 ns
Pressure * Loading direction 2 0.0659 ns failure 0–70% with an average of 18.3%. On the other hand, when
Adhesive * Loading direction 1 0.4593 ns tested perpendicular to the grain, the shear strength values were ranged
Adhesive * pressure * Loading direction 2 0.4449 ns from 1.3 to 4.9 N/mm2 only but its corresponding wood failures were
relatively higher, ranging from 5 to 70% with an average of 36.7%.
Note: ns No significant at p > 0.05.
Ideally, a good bonding represents high shear strength and wood failure
*** Significantly different at p ≤ 0.05.
percentage. In the case of high strength substrates, the shear values
would be much higher than the normal so much so that the wood would
mangium, while both adhesive types and pressing pressure did not have
experience very limited failure. Conversely, the low strength substrates
significant effects on the shear strength. There was no significant in-
would experience the opposite as shown in this study. Thus, it is im-
teraction found in all the factors studied.
portant to consider both shear strength and wood failure percentage
Table 5 gives the shear strength and wood failure percentage of
when evaluating the bond integrity of wood joints. In this study, all the
laminated A. mangium bonded with PRF and PUR adhesives. It was
parallel shear values met the minimum shear value requirements (6 N/
observed that all the shear bond strengths parallel to the wood grain
mm2) stipulated in EN 386, except for PUR bonded at 0.9 N/mm2. On
(//shear) were greater than the minimum (6 N/mm2) acceptable value
the contrary, all perpendicular values did not meet the minimum re-
stated in EN 386 (Performance requirements and minimum production
quirement.
requirements) [9], except for PUR-bonded laminated lumber pressed at

27
N. Mohd Yusof, et al.
Table 5
Average shear bond strength and wood failure percentage of 2-layer laminated lumber made from Acacia mangium.
Adhesive Pressing pressure (N/mm2) Shear strength (N/mm2)
//to grain
PRF 0.9 9.3A (2.0)
1.2 6.1B (2.1)
1.5 10.5A (1.8)
PUR 0.9 4.4B (1.6)
1.2 6.6A (5.0)
1.5 8.7A (4.8)
Values in parenthesis are standard deviations.
Means followed by the same letters in the same column are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 according to LSD.
4. Conclusions
Cross laminated lumber (CLT) Acacia mangium wood bonded with
PRF adhesive and PUR adhesive at different pressing pressure were
produced in the present study. Strength and bonding integrity between
laminations are vital factors that determine the compound effect of the
assembly for any glued composite materials. Generally, PRF-bonded
samples, owing to the better gap-filling properties of PRF, exhibited
better properties in terms of delamination and shear strength compared
to that of the PUR-bonded samples. The minimum acceptable shear
bond strengths parallel to the wood grain value stated in EN 386 is 6 N/
mm2, where the PRF-bonded samples pressed at any pressure levels has
successfully achieved. However, all the samples produced failed to meet
the minimum requirement of shear strengths perpendicular to the wood
grain. Although pressing pressure did not exert a significant influence
on the shear strength of the CLT, higher pressures, i.e. > 1.5 N/mm2
might be needed in order to fabricate CLT with higher shear strength
that fulfils the standard. Also, pressing pressure is highly dependent on
wood density, in which case the A. mangium is a relatively hard wood
that might require a higher clamping pressure. In addition, glue spread
rate and pressing time are also the main factors that have to be taken
into consideration in achieving the stipulated values stated in the
standard. In conclusion, with all factors considered and revised ac-
cordingly, A. mangium should have potential to serve as a raw material
for the fabrication of CLT in combating global dwindling forest re-
sources.
Funding
This work was supported by Higher Institution Centre of Excellence
(HICoE) grant, the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, project no.
6369109.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to extend their gratitude for the facilities
28
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 94 (2019) 24–28
Wood failure (%)
┴ to grain //to grain ┴ to grain
4.9B (0.35) 20 70
2.7B (1.25) 10 10
4.2B (0.72) 70 70
3.9B (1.08) 0 45
4.0B (0.25) 10 20
1.3C (1.3) 0 5
support from HLM Wood Products Sdn. Bhd.
References
[1] Van De Kuilen JWG, Ceccotti A, Xia Z, He M. Very tall wooden buildings with cross
laminated timber. Procedia Engineering 2011;14:1621–8.
[2] Hamdan H, Iskandar M, Anwar U. Cross laminated timber: production of panel
using sesenduk timber species. Timber technology buletin vol. 59. Kuala Lumpur:
Forest Research Institute Malaysia; 2016. p. 1–6.
[3] Alamsyah EM, Yamada M, Taki K. Bondability of tropical fast-growing tree species
III: curing behavior of resorcinol formaldehyde resin adhesive at room temperature
and effects of extractives of Acacia mangium wood on bonding. J Wood Sci
2008;54:208–13.
[4] Lim SC, Gan KS, Choo KT. The characteristics, properties and uses of plantation
timbers- rubberwood and Acacia mangium. Timber technology buletin vol. 26. Kuala
Lumpur: Forest Research Institute Malaysia; 2002. p. 1–11.
[5] Lim SC, Choo KT, Gan KS. The characteristics, properties and uses of plantation
timbers-rubberwood and Acacia mangium. Timber Technology Centre, FRIM; 2003.
[6] Frangi A, Fontana M, Hugi E, Jübstl R. Experimental analysis of cross-laminated
timber panels in fire. Fire Saf J 2009;44:1078–87.
[7] EN 391. Delamination test of glue lines. European Committee for Standardization;
2002.
[8] EN 392. Shear test of glue lines. European Committee for Standardization; 1995.
[9] EN 386. Performance requirement and minimum production requirements.
European Committee for Standardization; 2001.
[10] Frihart CR, Hunt CG. Adhesives with wood materials: bond formation and perfor-
mance. In: USDAeditor. Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. Forest
products laboratory. Winconsin: United States Department of Agriculture Forest
Service; 2010. p. 1–24.
[11] Ammann S, Niemz P. Mixed-mode fracture toughness of bond lines of PRF and PUR
adhesives in European beech wood. Holzforschung 2015;69:415–20.
[12] Castro G, Paganini F. Mixed glued laminated timber of poplar and Eucalyptus grandis
clones. Holz Roh Werkst 2003;61:291–8.
[13] Na B, Pizzi A, Delmotte L, Lu X. One‐component polyurethane adhesives for green
wood gluing: structure and temperature‐dependent creep. J Appl Polym Sci
2005;96(4):1231–43.
[14] Thomson T. Polyurethanes as specialty chemicals: principles and applications.
Florida: CRC press; 2004.
[15] Kurt R. The strength of press-glued and screw-glued wood-plywood joints. Holz Roh
Werkst 2003;61(4):269–72.
[16] Nadir Y, Nagarajan P. The behavior of horizontally glued laminated beams using
rubber wood. Constr Build Mater 2014;55:398–405.
[17] Shams MI, Yano H, Endou K. Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with
low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin I: effects of pressing pressure
and pressure holding. J Wood Sci 2004;50:337–42.
[18] Nordahlia A, Hamdan H, Anwar U. Wood properties of selected plantation species:
Khaya ivorensis (African Mahogany), Azadirachta excelsa (sentang), Endospermum
malaccense (sesendok) and Acacia mangium. Timber technology buletin vol. 51.
Kuala Lumpur: Forest Research Institute Malaysia; 2013. p. 1–9.