‫دروس ا و ا‬ 

‫ ا
 م ا‬: ‫دة‬
MISSOURI Mohamed ( ‫ ا
ء )ا"!ء ا‬  ‫ ا
 آ
ر  م‬: ‫ا
ى‬
$%‫ا)('ل ا"ول ا‬
B ‫ اة‬-$. : 2 ‫ا
ل‬
‫ ا
ء‬/ ‫ ا
ء‬/ AH +
,‫ ا‬-$. :1 ‫ا
ل‬
B + H 2O
BH + HO − +
 
‫"د
 ا‬ ‫ول ا
 ر‬
− +
‫ ل‬$
 ‫دة‬$
‫ ا‬$‫آ‬ ‫م‬%
‫ا‬ 
# AH + H 2 O
A + H 3 O  
‫"د
 ا‬
 $$
‫ا‬ ‫ ل‬$
 ‫دة‬$
‫ ا‬$‫آ‬ ‫م‬%
‫ا‬  $$
‫
 ا‬#

ni = CV (‫و‬ 0 0 0  
# ni = CV (‫و‬ 0 0 0  
#
CV − x (‫و‬ x x x ) 
# CV − x (‫و‬ x x x ) 
#
CV − x f (‫و‬ xf xf xf * 
# CV − x f (‫و‬ xf xf xf * 
#

: pH 0)‫ا‬1 ‫ر‬0‫درا) ا‬ : pH 0)‫ا‬1 ‫ر‬0‫درا) ا‬

n ( H 3O + ) n ( A− )
n ( HO ) n ( BH )
− + + −
xf
xf  H 3O  =  A  = f
= f
= = 10− pH
− +
 HO  =  BH  = =
f f
= f f V V V
f f V V V x f =  H 3O +  .V
−14
Ke 10
 HO −  = +
= − pH = 10 pH −14 CV − xm = 0 ⇒ xm = CV
f  H 3O  10
f : 234‫ ام ا‬6 
+ +
: 234‫ ام ا‬6 
xf  H 3O  .V  H 3O  10− pH
x f =  HO −  .V τ= = = =
f f

xm CV C C
CV − xm = 0 ⇒ xm = CV +‫ آ‬,  
‫ ا‬τ ≺ 1
−
 HO  .V  HO  − +‫ ا
  آ‬τ = 1
xf 10 pH −14
τ= = = = n ( AH ) f
f f
CV − x f
xm CV C C [ AH ] f = =
n ( B ) f CV − x f V V
[ B] f = = +
CV −  H 3O  .V
V V = = C −  H 3O + 
− V f
CV −  HO  .V
= = C −  HO −  ( ‫ آ‬7= -$‫ ا‬768)‫ اازن‬4 -$‫رج ا‬: 768.
V 2
(‫ آ‬7= -$‫ ا‬768)‫ اازن‬4 -$‫رج ا‬: 768.  H 3O +   A−   H 3O + 
= =
éq éq éq
Qr ,éq
2
[ AH ]éq [ AH ]éq
 BH +   HO −   HO − 
k = Qr ,éq =
éq éq
=
éq xf
τ= ⇒ x f = τ .xm = τ .C.V
[ B ]éq [ B ]éq xm
xf x τ .C.V
τ= ⇒ x f = τ .xm = τ .C.V  H 3O +  = f = = τ .C
xm éq V V
τ .C.V CV − x f
x
 HO −  = f = = τ .C [ AH ]éq = = C −  H 3O +  = C − τ C = C (1 − τ )
éq V V V
(τ .C )
2
CV − x f τ 2C
[ B ]éq = = C −  HO −  = C − τ C = C (1 − τ ) Qr ,éq = =
C (1 − τ ) 1 − τ
V
(τ .C ) = τ 2C
2
: %
‫ ا‬0)‫ا‬1 ‫ر‬0‫درا) ا‬
k = Qr ,éq = ( 0$-
‫ ل ا‬-" ) ‫ ل‬-$
‫ ا‬. "
C (1 − τ ) 1 − τ
σ = λH O  H 3O +  + λA  A− 
+ −
3

: BH + @‫ 
!دو‬A
,‫ ا‬1B 768.  H 3O +  =  A−  =
x
B V
Ke 1 − τ
( ) Vx
Ke
K= ⇒ Ka = = Ke ⇒ σ = λH O+ + λ A−
Ka K τ 2C 3

x σ
⇒  H 3O +  =  A−  = =
V λH O+ + λ A−
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ‬ 3
 ‫دروس ا و ا‬ 
‫ ا
 م ا‬: ‫دة‬
MISSOURI Mohamed ( ‫ ا
ء )ا"!ء ا‬  ‫ ا
 آ
ر  م‬: ‫ا
ى‬
$%‫ا)('ل ا"ول ا‬
( )
n M ( S ) = nx : +‫ ن ه‬3$
‫ا‬ M ( S ) ‫ "دة‬$‫آ‬ ‫ل‬,
1 ‫ ا
ء‬/ 2!@ -$ AH +
D ‫ل‬, ‫ة‬78 :3 ‫ا
ل‬
‫ ا
ء‬E ‫ آ‬-$. ‫ة‬F
n ( e− ) ‫ول ا
 ر‬
(
n M (S ) = ) m
: )

‫د‬$
‫ ا‬G5 D" −
AH + HO
A + H O−  
‫ا‬
2

‫"د‬

: 
‫ و‬n ( e− ) = mnx ‫إذن‬
‫ ل‬$
 ‫دة‬$
‫ ا‬$‫آ‬ ‫م‬%
‫ا‬  $$
‫
 ا‬#

CaVa CbVb 0 0 0  

#
Q I ∆t I ∆t I ∆t
n ( e− ) = = = ⇒x= CaVa − x CbVb − x x x x ) 
#
F F N Ae mnF
CaVa − x f CbVb − x f xf xf xf * 
#
:‫ت‬6J
 ‫آ‬H
:( ‫ت‬E $
‫دة ) د ا‬$
‫ ا‬$‫آ‬ CbVbE − xm = 0 ‫ و‬CaVa − xm = 0 )
: 2(3
‫) ا‬
m( X ) ⇒ xm = CaVa = CbVbE
n( X ) =
M (X) xm CaVa CV
⇒  A−  = = = b bE
N Va + VbE Va + VbE a Va + VbE a
n( X ) =
f

Na +
D ‫ل‬, ‫ت ا م و‬17‫ آ‬I1 -$‫ ا‬:4 ‫ا
ل‬
V (X )
J‫ارر‬
n( X ) =
Vm CaCO3 + 2 H 3O + → Ca 2+ + CO2 + 3H 2O  
‫"د
 ا‬
: +
$
‫ا
آ ا‬ ‫م‬%
‫ا‬ 
#
‫ ل‬$
 ‫دة‬$
‫ ا‬$‫آ‬
n ( A)  $$
‫ا‬
C= ni C.V 0 0 0 0  
#
Vs
ni − x C.V − x x x 3x x ) 
#
n( X )
[X ] = ni − x f C.V − x f xf xf 3x f xf * 
#
Vs
‫ و‬ni ( H 3O ) = C.V : 4567‫م ا‬%
‫ ا‬-
m
Cm =
m
:+3
‫ا
آ ا‬ ni ( CaCO3 ) = +

Vs M
m ni ( CaCO3 ) − xm = 0 ‫ أو‬ni ( H 3O + ) − xm = 0
ρ= : $-
‫ ا‬3
‫ا‬
V m
⇒ xm = ‫ أو‬xm = C.V
ρ M
d= : ‫ء‬$
?)
 ;? (‫آ‬
ρ eau : 89:
‫; او ا‬-
‫درا< ا
 ر  ا< ا‬
: 
‫د‬$
‫= ا‬%- ‫ ن‬3$
‫ ن ا‬3
‫ أوآ? ا‬+A ‫ز‬, ;#
M
d= :‫ز 
)?
* اء‬, (‫آ‬ PCO2 .VCO2 = n ( CO2 ) .R.T
29
PCO2 .VCO2
x = n ( CO2 ) =
L$<‫ا‬ ‫ن‬3
7‫ا‬ n ( CO2 ) .R.T
‫ن‬$
‫ا‬ CH 4 ‫ د‬$ <‫ درا‬:5 ‫ل‬$
‫ا‬
‫ن‬E‫ا‬ C2 H 6
‫ا
ون‬ C3 H 8
‫ا
 ن‬ C4 H10 mN ( S ) + nM (maq+) → mN (nS+) + nM ( S )  
‫"د
 ا‬

‫ا
))ن‬ ‫ ل‬$
 ‫دة‬$
‫ ا‬$‫آ‬ ‫م‬%
‫ا‬ 
#
C5 H12  $$
‫ا‬
‫?ن‬3*
‫ا‬ C6 H14 n1i n2i n3i n4i 0 
#

‫ا
*ن‬ C7 H16 n1i − mx n2i − nx n3i + mx n4i + nx x 
#
)

 N naq+ 
m (
ni N (naq+ ) )
 ( )
= V +V ' =
C 'V '
Qr ;i = i

 M maq+ 
 ( ) i
n
(m +
ni M ( aq ) CV )
V +V '
N ( S ) → N ( aq ) + ne − : D‫و‬3
E‫ ا‬D
‫د‬$
‫ ا‬+ 5
n+

M (maq+) + me− → M ( S )