Police car

A police car (also called a police cruiser, police interceptor, patrol car, cop car, prowl car, squad car,
radio car, or radio motor patrol (RMP)) is a ground vehicle used by police for transportation during
patrols and to enable them to respond to incidents and chases. Typical uses of a police car include
transporting officers so they can reach the scene of an incident quickly, transporting and temporarily
detaining suspects in the back seats, as a location to use their police radio or laptop, or to patrol an area, all
while providing a visible deterrent to crime. Some police cars are specially adapted for certain locations
(e.g., traffic duty on busy roads) or for certain operations (e.g., to transport police dogs or bomb squads).
Police cars typically have rooftop flashing lights, a siren, and emblems or markings indicating that the
vehicle is a police car. Some police cars may have reinforced bumpers and alley lights, for illuminating
darkened alleys.

Terms for police cars include area car and patrol car. In some places, a police car may also be informally
known as a cop car, a black and white, a cherry top, a gumball machine, a jam sandwich or panda car.
Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and livery, a police car may be considered a
marked or unmarked unit.

Contents
History
Functional types
Patrol car
Response car (pursuit car)
Traffic car (highway patrol)
Multi-purpose car
Sport utility vehicles (SUV) and pickup trucks
Community liaison car
Unmarked car
Police dogs
Surveillance car
High visibility decoy car
Rescue unit
Explosive ordnance disposal
Demonstration cars
Riot control vehicles
Equipment
Mechanical modifications
Safety equipment
Audible and visual warnings
Passive visual warnings
Active visual warnings
Audible warnings
 Police-specific equipment
Ballistic protection
In popular culture
Use by country
See also
General
Other types of emergency vehicles West Midlands Police use
Vauxhall Insignias as Incident
References
Response Vehicles
External links

History
The first police car was a wagon run by electricity fielded on the
streets of Akron, Ohio, in 1899. The first operator of the police patrol
wagon was Akron Police officer Louis Mueller, Sr. It could reach A BMW 3 Series Polish police
16 mph (26 km/h) and travel 30 mi (48 km) before its battery needed car
to be recharged.[1] The car was built by city mechanical engineer
Frank Loomis. The US$2,400 vehicle was equipped with electric
lights, gongs, and a stretcher. The car's first assignment was to pick up
a drunken man at the junction of Main and Exchange streets.[2]

Ford introduced the Ford flathead V-8 in its Model B, as the first
mass-marketed V8 car in 1932. In the 1940s, major American car
makers began to manufacture specialized police cars.[3] A CHP Ford Police Interceptor
Utility Vehicle.
Functional types
There are several types of police car.

Patrol car

The car that replaces walking for the 'beat' police officer.[4] Their Victoria Police Mercedes E Class
primary function is to convey normal police officers between their Highway Patrol car
duties (such as taking statements or visiting warnings). Patrol cars are
also able to respond to emergencies,[5] and as such are normally fitted
with visual and audible warnings.

Response car (pursuit car)

A response car is similar to a patrol car, but is likely to be of a higher

specification, capable of higher speeds, and will certainly be fitted
A BYD e6 police car
with audible and visual warnings. These cars are usually only used to
respond to emergency incidents, so are designed to travel fast, and
may carry specialist equipment, such as assault rifles, or shotguns. In
the UK, each station usually only has one, which is called an area car.[6][7][8]
Traffic car (highway patrol)

Traffic police cars, known in the UK as road policing units, are cars
designed for the job of enforcing traffic laws, and as such usually
have the highest performance of any of the police vehicles, as they
must be capable of catching most other vehicles on the road. They
may be fitted with special bumpers designed to force vehicles off
the road, and may have visual and audible warnings, with special
audible warnings which can be heard from a greater distance. In
some police forces, the term traffic car may refer to cars specifically
Police Car, Akron, Ohio, 1899
equipped for traffic control in addition to enforcing traffic laws. As
such, these cars may differ only slightly from a patrol car, including
having radar and laser speed detection equipment, traffic cones,
flares, and traffic control signs.

Multi-purpose car

Some police forces do not distinguish between patrol, response and

traffic cars, and may use one vehicle to fulfill some or all roles even
though in some cases this may not be appropriate (such as a police
city vehicle in a motorway high speed pursuit chase). These cars Former Yugoslav Police Car -
are usually a compromise between the different functions with "Zastava" 750
elements added or removed.

Sport utility vehicles (SUV) and pickup trucks

Sports utility vehicles and pickups are used for a variety of reasons;
off-road needs, applications where a lot of equipment must be
carried, or for towing.[9] Four-wheel drive versions may be used
for patrolling off-road areas such as mountains, forests, flooded
areas, shorelines and beaches, where a police car would have
difficulty maneuvering. They can be used for transporting SWAT Alfa Romeo 159 Patrol car in Italy
teams and often have facilities to securely detain and transport a
small number of suspects. Sometimes, police agencies use trucks
equipped with cages for animal control.[10]

Community liaison car

Volvo S60 T5 Community Liaison car for the New South Wales
Police Force

This is a standard production car, visibly marked, but without Mercedes-Benz W212 Patrol car in
audible and visual warning devices. It is used by community police Hamburg, Germany
officers to show a presence, transport them between jobs and make
appearances at community events. These cars do not respond to
emergencies.[11][12]

Unmarked car
Many forces also operate unmarked cars, in any of the roles shown
above, but most frequently for the use of traffic enforcement or
detectives. They have the advantage of not being immediately
recognizable, and are a valuable tool in catching criminals while the
crime is still taking place.[13] In the United States, unmarked cars
are also used by federal law enforcement agencies such as the FBI
and the Secret Service, but can be recognized by their U.S.
government plates; however, they often have normal license
plates.[14][15] All unmarked cars bear license plates. Many U.S.
jurisdictions use regular civilian issued license plates on unmarked Luxgen Patrol car in Taiwan
cars, especially gang suppression and vice prevention units. Also
see Q-car. Unmarked vehicles can range from normal patrol
vehicles: Ford Explorer, Dodge Charger, Ford Crown Victoria,
Chevrolet Impala, etc, to completely unmarked foreign vehicles:
Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mazda, etc.

There have been cases where criminals have pulled over motorists
while pretending to be driving unmarked police cars, a form of
police impersonation.[16][17] Some US police officers advise BMW 530d highway patrol car in
motorists that they do not have to pull over in a secluded location
Sydney, Australia
and instead can wait until they reach somewhere safer.[17] In the
UK, officers must be wearing uniform in order to make traffic
stops. Motorists can also ask for a police badge and peace officer
identification.[18] Motorists often have the option to call a non-
emergency number (like Police 101 in the UK) or, if the country
does not have one, the emergency number. This telephone call can
then be used verify that the police car (and officer(s)) are genuine.

Police dogs

This type of car is used to transport police dogs. In some

Chevrolet Blazer Highway patrol in
jurisdictions, this will be a station wagon or car based van, due to
Brazil
the installation of cages to carry the dogs. These units may also be
known as K9 units (a homophone of canine, also used to refer to
the animals themselves). These cars are typically marked in order to
warn people that there is a police dog on board.[19]

Surveillance car

Forces may operate surveillance cars. These cars can be marked or

unmarked, and are there to gather evidence of any criminal offence.
Overt marked cars may have CCTV cameras mounted on the roof Police pickup truck in Olympia,
to discourage wrongdoing, whereas unmarked cars would have Washington
them hidden inside. This type of vehicle is particularly common in
the United Kingdom. In the United States, some police
departments' vice, narcotics, and gang suppression units utilize vehicles that contain no identifiable police
equipment (such as lights, sirens or radios) to conduct covert surveillance. Some police vehicles equipped
with surveillance are Bait cars which are deployed in high-volume car theft areas.
High visibility decoy car

Some police forces use vehicles (or sometimes fake "cut outs" of
vehicles) to deter crime. They may be old vehicles retired from use,
stock models restyled as police cars, or a metal sign made to look
like a police car. They are placed in areas thought to be susceptible
to crime in order to provide a high visibility presence without
committing an officer. Examples of these can be seen on many
main roads, freeways and motorways. In 2005, Virginia's (United German unmarked Mercedes-Benz
States) legislature considered a bill which stated, in part: E-Class
"Whenever any law-enforcement vehicle is permanently taken out
of service ... such vehicle shall be placed at a conspicuous location
within a highway median in order to deter violations of motor
vehicle laws at that location. Such vehicles shall ... be rotated from
one location to another as needed to maintain their deterrent
effect."[20] Such cars may also be used in conjunction with hidden
units further down the road to trick speeders into speeding back up
again, and being clocked by the hidden unit. In Chicago, Illinois, a
small fleet of highly visible vans are parked alongside major state
and federal routes with automated speed detection and camera
equipment, monitoring both for speeders and other offenders by An Australian Federal Police dog
license plate. Tickets are then mailed to the offenders or, in case of Squad van, based on a ute (pickup)
chassis, in Canberra.
other crimes related to the licensed owner, may be served by the
hidden unit further down the road.

Rescue unit

In some jurisdictions, the police may operate a rescue service, and special units will be required for this.

Explosive ordnance disposal

In jurisdictions where the police are responsible for, or participate in, explosive ordnance disposal squads
(bomb squads), dedicated vehicles transport the squads' crews and equipment.

Demonstration cars

Cars which are not for active duty, but simply for display. These are often high-performance or modified
cars, sometimes seized from criminals, used to try to get across specific messages (such as with the
D.A.R.E. program), or to help break down barriers with certain groups (such as using a car with modified
'jumping' suspension as a talking point with young people).

To show the police what is new, a marked police car with the manufacturer's name (Ford, General Motors,
Chrysler) can be displayed with the words "Not In Service" to show what is new with that model of car
and get feedback from police departments. Companies like Whelen, Federal Signal and Code 3 also have
demo cars with their names on the side and showing the police what is new in the field of emergency
vehicle equipment.

Riot control vehicles

These vehicles could be divided into three sub-categories. Modified trucks equipped with water cannons,
modified stock cars and modified APCs (Armored Personnel Carriers). Their function is to help control
riots. Modified stock cars will have caged windows for protection against objects thrown at them and could
include mini-buses, 4x4s or prisoner transport vans. APCs usually will not require any added protection but
their modifications might include some sort of tear gas ejecting method or shields that unfold to create
barriers. The water cannon vehicles are used either to break up riots or extinguish fires set by the rioters.
Although plain water is usually used some variations might include tear gas or special dye (to mark the
people that are present for later apprehension). Previously fire trucks were used as anti-riot vehicles of this
type. As a non-lethal, and effective method of clearing out protesters or rioters, the Long Range Acoustic
Device (LRAD) can be used. The LRAD is a device that can send announcements, warnings, and harmful
pain-inducing tones.

A Turkish TOMA water cannon Yugoslav built BOV-M riot

of the General Directorate of control armored vehicle
Security in Turkey.

A WaWe 10.000 water cannon

of the State Police of Hamburg
in Germany

Equipment
Police cars are usually passenger car models which are upgraded to the specifications required by the
purchasing police service. Several vehicle manufacturers provide a "police package" option, which is built
to police specifications in the factory. Police forces may add to these modifications by adding their own
equipment and making their own modifications after purchasing a vehicle.[21]
Mechanical modifications

Modifications a police car might undergo include adjustments for

higher durability, speed, high-mileage driving, and long periods of
idling at a higher temperature. This is usually accomplished by The police car on the left is fitted
heavy duty suspension, brakes, calibrated speedometer, tires, with a lightbar, making it instantly
alternator, transmission, and cooling systems, and also sometimes recognizable as a police vehicle. The
includes slight modifications to the car's stock engine or the one on the right, commonly known
installation of a more powerful engine than would be standard in as a 'slicktop' in the US does not
that model. It is also usual to upgrade the capacity of the electrical have a lightbar, making it less
system of the car to accommodate the use of additional electronic obvious, particularly when seen from
equipment. the front (e.g. in a driver's rear-view
mirror)

Safety equipment

Police vehicles are often outfitted with AEDs (Automated external

defibrillator), first aid kits, fire extinguishers, flares, life buoys,
barrier tapes, cones, et cetera.

Audible and visual warnings

Police vehicles are often fitted with audible and visual warning
systems to alert other motorists of their approach or position on the
road. In many countries, use of the audible and visual warnings A Beijing Municipal Public Security
affords the officer a degree of exemption from road traffic laws Bureau car at Tiananmen Square.
(such as the right to exceed speed limits, or to treat red stop lights as
a yield sign) and may also suggest a duty on other motorists to
move out of the direction of passage of the police car or face possible prosecution.

Visual warnings on a police car can be of two types: either passive or active.

Passive visual warnings

Passive visual warnings are the markings on the vehicle. Police vehicle markings usually make use of
bright colors or strong contrast with the base color of the vehicle. Modern police vehicles in some countries
have retroreflective markings which reflect light for better visibility at night. Other police vehicles may only
have painted on or non-reflective markings. Most marked police vehicles in the United Kingdom and
Sweden have reflective Battenburg markings on the sides, which are large blue and yellow rectangles.[22]
These markings are designed to have high contrast and be highly visible on the road, to deter crime and
improve safety. Another passive visual warning of police vehicles is simply the interceptor's silhouette. This
is easily observed in the United States and Canada, where the ubiquitous nature of the Ford Crown Victoria
in police fleets has made the model synonymous with police vehicles.

Police vehicle marking schemes usually include the word Police or similar phrase (such as State Trooper or
Highway Patrol) or the force's crest. Some police forces use unmarked vehicles, which do not have any
passive visual warnings at all, and others (called stealth cars) have markings that are visible only at certain
angles, such as from the rear or sides, making these cars appear unmarked when viewed from the front.[23]

Active visual warnings

The active visual warnings are usually in the form of flashing
colored lights (also known as 'beacons' or 'lightbars'). These flashes
are used in order to attract the attention of other road users as the
police car approaches, or to provide warning to motorists
approaching a stopped vehicle in a dangerous position on the road.
Common colours for police warning beacons are blue and red;
however, this often varies by force. Several types of flashing lights
are used, such as rotating beacons, halogen lights, or light emitting
diode strobes. Some police forces also use arrow sticks to direct Whatcom County Sheriff's Office –
traffic, or message display boards to provide short messages or Stealth Dodge Charger
instructions to motorists. The headlights of some vehicles can be
made to flash, or small strobe lights can be fitted in the headlight,
tail light and indicator lights of the vehicle.

Audible warnings

In addition to visual warnings, most police cars are also fitted with
audible warnings, sometimes known as sirens, which can alert
people and vehicles to the presence of an emergency vehicle before
they can be seen. The first audible warnings were mechanical bells,
Ford Crown Victoria Police
mounted to either the front or roof of the car. A later development
Interceptor with emergency lights
was the rotating air siren, which made noise when air moved past system (ELS) activated.
it. Most modern vehicles are now fitted with electronic sirens,
which can produce a range of different noises. Police driving
training often includes the use of different noises depending on
traffic conditions and maneuver being performed. In North
America for instance, on a clear road, approaching a junction, the
"wail" setting may be used, which gives a long up and down
variation, with an unbroken tone, whereas, in heavy slow traffic, a
"yelp" setting may be preferred, which is a sped up version of the
"wail". Some vehicles may also be fitted with airhorn audible
warnings. Also in some European countries, where a hi-lo two tone Play media
siren is the only permitted siren for emergency vehicles, a "stadt" Audible warnings on a police car in
siren will be used in cities where it has a loud echo that can be Toronto
heard from blocks away to warn the traffic an emergency vehicle is
coming, or a "land" siren will be used on highways to project its
noise to the front to produce more penetration into the vehicles ahead to alert the drivers.

A development is the use of the RDS, a system of car radios, whereby the vehicle can be fitted with a short
range FM transmitter, set to RDS code 31, which interrupts the radio of all cars within range, in the manner
of a traffic broadcast, but in such a way that the user of the receiving radio is unable to opt out of the
message (as with traffic broadcasts). This feature is built into all RDS radios for use in national emergency
broadcast systems, but short range units on emergency vehicles can prove an effective means of alerting
traffic to their presence, although is not able to alert pedestrians, non-RDS radio users, or drivers with their
radios turned off.

A new technology has been developed and is slowly becoming more popular with police called the
Rumbler. It is a siren that emits a low frequency sound which can be felt. Motorists that may have loud
music playing in their car, for example, may not hear the audible siren of a police car behind them, but will
feel the vibrations of the Rumbler. The feeling is that of standing next to a large speaker with pumped
bass.[24]
Police-specific equipment

Police officers' additional equipment may include:

Two-way radio
Equipment consoles
These are used to house two-way radios, light
switches, and siren switches. Some may be equipped
with locking compartments for safe storage of firearms
or file compartments. A police lightbar with an LED
Suspect transport enclosures message board and radio antennas
These are steel and plastic barriers which ensure that
a suspect—who has been
frisked, disarmed,
handcuffed and seat belted,
is unable to attack the driver
or passenger and unable to
tamper with equipment in
the front seat. These may be
simple bars or grilles,
although they can include
highly impact-resistant but
not bullet-resistant glass. A separate compartment at the A barrier separating the rear and
Many use expanded steel rear of a police van used to carry front seats of a police car, also
instead of plastic glazing for suspects known as a partition
the upper half of the
partition.
Firearm lockers
In certain countries, including the United States, some police vehicles are equipped with
lockers or locking racks in which to store firearms. These are usually tactical firearms such
as shotguns or rifles, which would not normally be carried on the person of the officer.
Mobile data terminal
Many police cars are fitted with mobile data terminals (or MDTs), which are connected via
wireless methods to the police central computer, and enable the officer to call up
information such as vehicle license details, offender records, and incident logs.
Vehicle tracking system
Some police vehicles, especially traffic units, may be fitted with equipment which will alert
the officers to the presence nearby of a stolen vehicle fitted with a special transponder,
and guide them towards it, using GPS (turn-by-turn navigation along with dedicated
tracking assistance features) or simpler radio triangulation.
Evidence-gathering CCTV
Police vehicles can be fitted with video cameras used to record activity either inside or
outside the car. They may also be fitted with sound recording facilities. This can then later
be used in a court to prove or disprove witness statements, or act as evidence in itself
(such as evidence of a traffic violation).
Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR)
ANPR is a computerised system which uses cameras to observe the number plates of all
vehicles passing or being passed by the police car, and alerts the driver or user to any
cars which are on a 'watch list' as being stolen, used in crime, or having not paid vehicle
duty.
Speed recognition device
Some police cars are fitted with devices to measure the speed of vehicles being followed,
such as ProViDa, usually through a system of following the vehicle between two points a
set distance apart. This is separate to any radar gun device which is likely to be handheld,
and not attached to the vehicle.
Remote rear door locking
This enables officers in the front to remotely control the
rear locks—usually used in conjunction with a
transport enclosure.

PIT bumper
The Pursuit Intervention Technique (PIT) bumper
attaches to the front frame of a patrol car. It is designed
to end vehicle pursuits by spinning the fleeing vehicle Automatic number-plate recognition
with a nudge to the rear quarter panel. Cars not fitted cameras fitted on a police car
with a PIT Bumper can still attempt a PIT maneuver at
risk of increased front-end damage and possible
disablement if the maneuver fails and the pursuit
continues.
Push bumper
Also referred to as nudge bars or bullbars, these are
fitted to the chassis of the car and located to augment
the front bumper, to allow the car to be used as a
battering ram for simple structures or fences, or to push
disabled vehicles off the road.
Runlock
This allows the vehicle's engine to be left running
without the keys being in the ignition. This enables Damage from a PIT maneuver on a
adequate power, without battery drain, to be supplied Crown Victoria
to the vehicle's equipment at the scene of an incident.
The vehicle can only be driven off after re-inserting the
keys. If the keys are not re-inserted, the engine will switch off if the handbrake is
disengaged or the footbrake is activated.[25]

The installation of this equipment in a car partially transforms it into a desk. Police officers use their car to
fill out different forms, print documents, type on a computer or a console, consult and read different
screens, etc. Ergonomics in layout and installation of these items in the police car plays an important role in
the comfort and safety of the police officers at work and preventing injuries such as back pain and
musculoskeletal disorders.[26][27][28][29]

Ballistic protection

Some police cars can be optionally upgraded with bullet-resistant armor in the car doors.[30] The armor is
typically made from ceramic ballistic plates and aramid baffles. A 2016 news report said that Ford sells 5 to
10 percent of their US police vehicles with ballistic protection in the doors. In 2017 Bill de Blasio, the
mayor of New York City, announced that all NYPD patrol cars would be installed with bullet-resistant
door panels and bullet-resistant window inserts.[31][32]

In popular culture
Police chases have been dramatized in television programs and movies, and occasionally feature in
television news coverage of unusual circumstances, showing footage from an airborne camera.

In crime drama, such as police procedural stories, police cars are often portrayed as containing a team of at
least two police officers so that they may converse and interact with each other while on patrol. Depending
on local policy, real patrols (especially rural and low population areas) may have only one officer per
vehicle, although, at night, this may increase to two.
Use by country
Police vehicles in Armenia
Police vehicles in Australia
Police vehicles in Austria
Police vehicles in Belgium
Police vehicles in China
Police vehicles in the Czech Republic
Police vehicles in Denmark
Police vehicles in France
Police vehicles in Germany
Police vehicles in Greece
Police vehicles in Hong Kong
Police vehicles in Hungary
Police vehicles in Iceland
Police vehicles in India
Police vehicles in Indonesia
Police vehicles in Italy
Police vehicles in Japan
Police vehicles in Malaysia
Police vehicles in the Netherlands
Police vehicles in New Zealand
Police vehicles in The Philippines
Police vehicles in Poland
Police vehicles in Russia
Police vehicles in South Africa
Police vehicles in Spain
Police vehicles in Sweden
Police vehicles in Taiwan
Police vehicles in Turkey
Police vehicles in Ukraine
Police vehicles in the United Kingdom
Police vehicles in the United States and Canada
Police vehicles in Vietnam
Police vehicles in South Korea

See also

General
Armoured personnel carrier
Emergency vehicle
Mounted police
Police van
Road policing unit
 Use of UAVs in law enforcement

Other types of emergency vehicles

Ambulance
Black and white
D.A.R.E. Car
Fire chief's vehicle
Fire motorbike
Fire truck
Jam sandwich (police car)
Military police vehicle
Panda car (British police forces)
Police aircraft
Police bicycle
Police bus
Police emergency wagon
Police motorcycle
Police van
Police watercraft
SWAT vehicle

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23. "Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study" (http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/
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24. Washington Post (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/28/AR20
07102801465.html) With New Device, Police Shake, Rattle and Roll
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om/watch?v=mWHlOidJ0uo). YouTube. 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
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Prevention of Low Back Pain (http://www.irsst.qc.ca/-publication-irsst-design-d-auto-patrouill
e-et-prevention-des-lombalgies-r-049.html)Report R-049, IRSST: Montréal, 109 pages
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rgusleader.com/story/news/2016/03/10/bullet-proof-doors-police/81597594/). Argus Leader.
USA Today. 10 March 2016.
31. Gonen, Yoav (23 January 2017). "NYPD to install bulletproof windows in all patrol cars" (http
s://nypost.com/2017/01/23/nypd-to-install-bulletproof-windows-in-all-patrol-cars/). NYPost.
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windows-in-all-patrol-cars/).

External links
Media related to Police automobiles at Wikimedia Commons

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