GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Instructor Profile
Name : Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
Course : BS Biology major in Microbiology
minor in Microbial Genetics
Hobbies :
* Video games
* Tinkering
(www.facebook.com/tinkeringwithPaulomon)

Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

Major Exams and Performance Tasks
 Written exams – Week 4 and Week 8
 Performance Tasks – Week 4 and Week 7
 Final Exams – Week 9
Reminders
 There is no shame in asking questions.
 Open communication is the key.
 Honor before Excellence, even no one is looking.
 Raise your concerns to the person you are having the issue with.
 Have fun in learning!

* You may contact me via your GC, or Microsoft Teams PM. If you opt to message me via FB
Messenger, my response time might be slower especially during non-office hours.
BIOLOGY 2
MODULE 1: GENETICS
Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
Module Objectives

At the end of this module, you should be

familiar with the following:
Mendelian Principles of Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Principles of Inheritance
Pedigree Analysis

Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 LESSON 1: MENDELIAN
PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Lesson 1 Objectives

 At the end of this lesson, you should be familiar with

the following:
 Dominant and recessive allele
 Heterozygosity and homozygosity
 Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance
 Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratio

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Start-up

 Prepare two coins and think of the following

 What is the probability of the coin landing face up if
flipped?
 If two coins would be flipped, what is the probability
that they are both heads up when landed?
 If a third coin is added, what is the probability that they
are all heads?

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Definition of Terms
 Alleles – characteristic that is related with the hereditary factor
 Dominant allele – character that is mostly expressed, written in uppercase
 Recessive allele – character that is mostly repressed, written in lowercase
 Homozygous – an organism with identical allele (both D or both r)
 Heterozygous – an organism with different allele (mix of D and r)
 Genotype – the allele set that an organism has
 Phenotype – the expression of the genotype that was manifested

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

  Before, it was thought that heredity was just a simple
blending of traits from the parents (Blending
Hypothesis)

 What do you think would happen if this would be true?

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Gregor Mendel

Discovered the basic

principles of heredity
Bred garden peas while in
the monastery

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

  Mendel crossed “true-breeding” purple-
flowered plants and white-flowered
plants (Parental or P generation)
 The hybrid offspring had purple flowers
(First Filial or F1 generation)
 The F1 generation were crossed with
another F1 or self pollinated to form F2
Generation, which had the results from
the P generation.

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 The Law of Segregation
If the blending hypothesis were true, then the F1
hybrids from Mendel’s experiment would
resulted to pale-purple flowers.
However, the results were all purple. The same
with the P generation.
What happened to the white flowers?

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Here are the results of
Mendel’s experimentation
on other characters in pea
plants.
We can now compute the
ratio of having the dominant
trait to recessive trait.

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Step 2: Expected Genotype Frequencies
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
Aa x aa
Aa
Aa

aa
aa

½ Aa
½ aa

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Step 2: Expected Genotype Frequencies
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
Aa x aa BB x Bb
Aa BB
Aa Bb

aa BB
aa Bb

½ Aa ½ BB
½ aa ½ Bb
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
 Step 2: Expected Genotype Frequencies
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
Aa x aa BB x Bb Cc x Cc
Aa BB CC
Aa Bb Cc

aa BB Cc
aa Bb cc

½ Aa ½ BB ¼ CC
½ aa ½ Bb ½ Cc
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
¼ cc Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
 Forked Line Method to Solve a Trihybrid Cross
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
Aa x aa BB x Bb Cc x Cc Seed Genotype

½ Aa

½ aa

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Forked Line Method to Solve a Trihybrid Cross
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
Aa x aa BB x Bb Cc x Cc Seed Genotype

½ BB

½ Aa
½ Bb

½ BB

½ aa
½ Bb

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Forked Line Method to Solve a Trihybrid Cross
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
Aa x aa BB x Bb Cc x Cc Seed Genotype
¼ CC
½ BB ½ Cc
¼ cc

½ Aa ¼ CC
½ Bb ½ Cc
¼ cc

¼ CC
½ BB ½ Cc
¼ cc

¼ CC
½ aa
½ Bb ½ Cc
¼ cc
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
 Forked Line Method to Solve a Trihybrid Cross
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
Aa x aa BB x Bb Cc x Cc Seed Genotype
¼ CC
½ BB ½ Cc
¼ cc

½ Aa ¼ CC
½ Bb ½ Cc
¼ cc

¼ CC
½ BB ½ Cc
¼ cc

¼ CC
½ aa
½ Bb ½ Cc
¼ cc
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
 Forked Line Method to Solve a Trihybrid Cross
AaBBCc x aaBbCc
Aa x aa BB x Bb Cc x Cc Seed Genotype
¼ CC (½)(½)(¼) = 1/16 AaBBCC
½ BB ½ Cc (½)(½)(½) = 1/8 AaBBCc
¼ cc (½)(½)(¼) = 1/16 AaBBcc

½ Aa ¼ CC (½)(½)(¼) = 1/16 AaBbCC

½ Bb ½ Cc (½)(½)(½) = 1/8 AaBbCc
¼ cc (½)(½)(¼) = 1/16 AaBbcc

¼ CC (½)(½)(¼) = 1/16 aaBBCC

½ BB ½ Cc (½)(½)(½) = 1/8 aaBBCc
¼ cc (½)(½)(¼) = 1/16 aaBBcc

¼ CC (½)(½)(¼) = 1/16 aaBbCC

½ aa
½ Bb ½ Cc (½)(½)(½) = 1/8 aaBbCc
¼ cc (½)(½)(¼) = 1/16 aaBbcc
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
Answers Provided as Fractions can be Seed Genotype
Converted 1/16 AaBBCC = 6.25%
1/8 AaBBCc = 12.5%
1/16 AaBBcc = 6.25%

1/16 AaBbCC = 6.25%

1/8 AaBbCc = 12.5%
1/16 AaBbcc = 6.25%

1/16 aaBBCC = 6.25%

1/8 aaBBCc = 12.5%
1/16 aaBBcc = 6.25%

1/16 aaBbCC = 6.25%

1/8 aaBbCc = 12.5%
1/16 aaBbcc = 6.5%

100%
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
 Mendel’s Model
As seen from the ratio earlier, the ratio
formed was 3:1 where 3 dominant to 1
recessive.
To understand the model and the law of
segregation, we must first learn the concept
that Mendel formulated.
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro
 Punnett Squares
 Are used to compute for the
genotypic frequency of a specified
cross.

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 1. Alternative version of genes account for variations in
inherited characters.
• The gene for flower color exists in two variations or alleles.

2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles of a

gene from each parent.
3. If two alleles in a locus differ, then the dominant allele
dictates the phenotype of an organism, and the recessive
allele has no noticeable effect on the phenotype.
4. Two alleles for a heritable character separate from each
other and will end up in different gametes

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 The Law of Dominance and
Uniformity
Some alleles are dominant, others are recessive.
A dominant allele will always be displayed in an
allele combination, with some exceptions.

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 The Law of Independent
Assortment
If there were two allele
pairs that are present,
they will end up in
separate gametes.

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Degrees of
Dominance

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Complete dominance
If a dominant trait exists in an allele, the dominant trait will always be expressed
even on the presence of heterozygosity.

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Incomplete dominance
 Neither allele is dominant
 F1 hybrids are somehow in tune with the
blending hypothesis

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Co-dominance
 Both alleles are expressed

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro

 Patterns of Inheritance

 Autosomal Dominant – each organism has it expressed in their parents

 Autosomal Recessive – each organism has their parents carry the trait but not
expressed (carriers).
 X-linked Dominant – affects the females more frequently, but can also affect
males in their generation [Females: XX] and [Males: XY]
 X-linked Recessive – affects the males more frequently, and only males within
each generation
 Mitochondrial inheritance – affects both sexes, but passed on to females only.

Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance Paulo M. Edrozo, RMicro