11

ASP Week 4-TERM 1

 NONUNIFORM ACCELERATION
𝑑𝑥
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡 INSTANTENOUS VALUES

𝑑𝑣 For time dependence

𝑎=
𝑑𝑡 Quantities

""
𝑣 = 𝑣! + ( 𝑎. 𝑑𝑡
"!

""
𝑥 = 𝑥! + ( 𝑣. 𝑑𝑡
"!
LO2.5 UNIFORM Acceleration equations
EX : 𝑎 = 4𝑚/𝑠 !
1 + 1 +
∆𝑥 = 𝑣* 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑥, = 𝑥* + 𝑣* 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2 2

- -
∆𝑥 = 𝑣, + 𝑣* 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑥, = 𝑥* + + 𝑣, + 𝑣* 𝑡
+

𝑣! = 𝑣" + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣"! = 𝑣#! + 2𝑎∆𝑥

NOTE
∆𝑥 = 𝑥! − 𝑥"
5- 𝑑𝑥
𝑣#(") = = 2𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
𝑣&(") = = −6𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑣&("'()) = −6 1 = −6𝑚/𝑠

𝑣= (𝑣# * + 𝑣& * ) = (2* + 6* ) = 6.3𝑚/𝑠

6-
𝑥(") = 5 + 2𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑣#(") = = 2𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣#
𝑎#(") = = 0𝑚/𝑠 *
𝑑𝑡

To find distance on x axis use (constant speed)

∆𝑥 = 𝑣# ∆𝑡 = 2 3 = 6𝑚

𝑦(") = 2 − 3𝑡 *
𝑑𝑦
𝑣&(") = = −6𝑡 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣&
𝑎&(") = = −6 𝑚/𝑠 *
𝑑𝑡

To find distance on y axis use (constant acceleration)

* *
𝑣&+ = 𝑣&! + 2𝑎& ∆𝑦
(18)* = 0 * + 2(6)∆𝑦
∆𝑦 = 27𝑚

𝑟= (∆𝑥 * + ∆𝑦 * ) = (6* + 27* ) = 27.66𝑚 ≅ 28𝑚

 𝑣# = ( 𝑎# . 𝑑𝑡 = ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑑# = ( 𝑣# . 𝑑𝑡 = ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝜋
𝑑# ," "'- = − cos = 0𝑚
* 2

𝑣& = ( 𝑎& . 𝑑𝑡 = ( −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑑& = ( 𝑣& . 𝑑𝑡 = ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝜋
𝑑& ," "'- = sin = 1𝑚
* 2
 𝑎# = 2𝑚/𝑠 *

𝑎& = 1𝑚/𝑠 *

𝑑# =? 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑& = 12𝑚

The object moves in xy plane at the same time ,So time is common between x and y

Find the time from the y axis then use it to find distance
On the x axis

Given on the y axis Now find the x -coordinate

𝑣!& = 0 1
𝑑& = 12𝑚 𝑑# = 𝑣!# 𝑡 + 𝑎# 𝑡 *
2
𝑎& = 1𝑚 ∕ 𝑠 *
To find time 1
1 𝑑# = 0 𝑡 + 2 4.9 * = 24𝑚
𝑑& = 𝑣!& 𝑡 + 𝑎& 𝑡 * 2
2
1
12 = (0)𝑡 + (1)𝑡 *
2
*
𝑡 = 24
𝑡 = 24 = 4.9𝑠
1.2.6 Describe the velocity vector for one object relative to a second
object with respect to its frame of reference
1.2.7 Derive an expression for the vector position, velocity, or acceleration
of a particle, at some point in its trajectory, using a vector expression or
using two simultaneous equations
Differentiation and integration are necessary for determining functions that
relate position, velocity, and acceleration for an object in each dimension.
a. The accelerations may be different in each direction and may be
nonuniform.
b. The resultant vector of a given quantity such as position, velocity, or
acceleration is the vector sum of the components of each quantity.
1.2.9 Describe the motion of an object in two-dimensional motion in terms of
the consistency that exists between position and time, velocity and time, and
acceleration and time The position, velocity, and acceleration versus time for a
moving object are related to each other and depend on understanding of slope,
intercepts, asymptotes, and area or upon conceptual calculus concepts.
 A Projectile Launched Horizontally
X -axis Y – axis
𝑣!# ≠ 0 𝑣!& = 0
Air resistance is ignored ∑ 𝐹# = 0 Force of gravity act ∑ 𝐹& = 𝑚𝑔
𝑎# = 0 𝑎& = 𝑔
𝑣# = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣& = 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 as object goes down
because the motion and the gravity are in
the same direction
Only one equation to use Use 4 equations
∆𝑥 = 𝑣!# 𝑡 𝑣&+ = 𝑣&! + 𝑔𝑡
∆𝑥 is called the range: the horizontal * *
𝑣&+ = 𝑣&! + 2𝑔∆𝑦
distance traveled from base till the object 1 *
where it lands ∆𝑦 = 𝑣!& 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
1
∆𝑦 = 𝑣&+ + 𝑣&! 𝑡
2
 A Projectile Launched at an angle
X -axis Y – axis
𝑣!# = 𝑣! 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑣!& = 𝑣! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Air resistance is ignored ∑ 𝐹# = 0 Force of gravity act ∑ 𝐹& = 𝑚𝑔
𝑎# = 0 𝑎& = 𝑔
𝑣# = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣& = 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 as object goes down
because the motion and the gravity are in
the same direction
Only one equation to use Use 4 equations
∆𝑥 = 𝑣!# 𝑡 𝑣&+ = 𝑣&! + 𝑔𝑡
∆𝑥 is called the range: the horizontal * *
𝑣&+ = 𝑣&! + 2𝑔∆𝑦
distance traveled from base till the object 1 *
where it lands ∆𝑦 = 𝑣!& 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
1
∆𝑦 = 𝑣&+ + 𝑣&! 𝑡
2
 𝑣# → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎# = 0
As the object goes up Y𝑣 → 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
&

𝑣# → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎# = 0

As the maximum height V
𝑣& = 0, 𝑎& = −9.8𝑚/𝑠 *

𝑣# → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎# = 0

As the object goes down Y𝑣 → 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
&
At the top of the trajectory
𝑣# = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 25𝑐𝑜𝑠40 = 19.15𝑚/𝑠
𝑣& = 0
 *
𝑣&+ *
= 𝑣&! + 2𝑔∆𝑦 𝑣&+ = 𝑣&! + 𝑔𝑡

At the maximum height 𝑣&+ = 0 At the maximum height 𝑣&+ = 0

*
0 = 𝑣&! + 𝑔𝑡
0* = 𝑣&! + 2𝑔𝑦.,#
𝑡 ∝ 𝑣&!
𝑦.,# ∝ 𝑣&!
𝑡 ∝ 𝑣& 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦.,# ∝ 𝑣& 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/htm 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 0.5 < 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0.866 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 0.5 < 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 = 0.866
l/projectile-motion/latest/projectile- 𝑦/01 ," 2'34#5 𝑦/01 ," 2'64# 𝑡," 2'34# < 𝑡," 2'64#
motion_en.html
 1 *
∆𝑦 = 𝑣!& 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2

1 *
∆𝑦 = 𝑣! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2

1
∆𝑦 = 40 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 3 − (10)(3)*
2

∆𝑦 = 15𝑚
 ∆𝑥 = 𝑣!# 𝑡
∆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡 Back to equation 1

∆𝑥 = (35𝑐𝑜𝑠60)𝑡 equation1
∆𝑥 = 35𝑐𝑜𝑠60 5.58
Use the y axis to find the time
∆𝑥 = 98𝑚
1
∆𝑦 = 𝑣!& 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 *
2

1 *
∆𝑦 = 𝑣! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2

1
(15 − 1.8) = 35 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 𝑡 − (10)(𝑡)*
2

1
(15 − 1.8) = 35 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 𝑡 − (10)(𝑡)*
2

13.2 = 30.31 𝑡 − 5(𝑡)*

5(𝑡)* −30.31𝑡 + 13.2 = 0

𝑡 = 5.58𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 0.47𝑠
𝑣= (𝑣#* + 𝑣&* ) equation1

𝑣# = 𝑣7 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑣&+ = 𝑣&! − 𝑔𝑡

𝑣&+ = 𝑣7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡

Back to equation 1

𝑣= 𝑣7* 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 * + (𝑣7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡)*

 1 *
∆𝑦 = 𝑣!& 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2

For a projectile launched at an angle we will fix up as (+)

1 *
∆𝑦 = 𝑣!& 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
When it reaches the ground ∆𝑦 = 0
1 *
0 = 𝑣!& 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2

1 *
0 = 𝑣! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2

Divide entire equation by t

1
0 = 𝑣7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
2

1
𝑔𝑡 = 𝑣7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2

2𝑣7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡=
𝑔
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1URC2G2qnc
Topic 2: Newton's Laws of Motion

2.1 – First and Second Law

Explore how a net force will change the translational motion of an object

2.1.1 Describe an object (either in a state of equilibrium or acceleration) in different types of physical situations such as
inclines, falling through air resistance, Atwood machines, or circular tracks)
Newton’s second law can be applied to an object in accelerated motion or in a state of equilibrium

state of equilibrium ∑ 𝐹# = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ 𝐹& = 0 , 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Acceleration ∑ 𝐹# = 𝑚𝑎# 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ 𝐹& = 𝑚𝑎& , 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛8 𝑠 2𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑤)

2.1.2 Explain Newton’s first law in qualitative terms and apply the law to many different physical situations

Newton's first law states that if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest
or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed (constant velocity)
Inertia : tendency of an object to keep the same state of motion

Inertia : resistance to change the state of motion

Balanced forces : forces cancel each other so ∑ 𝐹 = 0, 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(objects at rest stay at rest and objects moving continue same velocity(both mag and direction )

Unbalanced forces : forces cancel each other so ∑ 𝐹 ≠ 0,

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Object accelerates in 3 ways :

1. Speed up
2. Slow down
3. Change in direction
a. Forces can be resolved into components and these components can be separately added in their respective directions.
Once the horizontal force is removed
And there is no friction and no other force
Then
𝐹# = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ 𝐹& = 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒
∑ 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
Newton’s first law of inertia says that
objects Tend to continue same state of
motion so .The bus stop but people's bodies
will keep same state of motion so their
bodies will continue moving forward and
jerk forward
speed of an object moving in a straight line is increasing
at a constant rate = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

e 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

e 𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

 e 𝐹# = 𝑚𝑎#

𝑎# = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

∑ 𝐹# = 0

𝐹,99:!;< − 𝐹+=!>"!7? = 0

𝐹 − 𝐹+ = 0

𝐹 = 𝐹+
 𝐹( = 3𝑢𝑝

𝐹@ = 2𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡

𝐹*# = 2 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡

𝐹*& = 3 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ

𝐹( , 𝐹@ & 𝐹* : cancel each other

 Mass at rest
e 𝐹# = 0 e 𝐹& = 0

e 𝐹& = 0 2𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛30 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 1 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔
2𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
2
 𝑻𝟏𝒚

𝑻𝟐𝒙
𝑻𝟏𝒙
𝑻𝟐𝒚

𝒘 = 𝟒𝟎𝑵

Mass at rest
𝑇( = 1.88 𝑇* 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝑇* cos 270 + 70 + 𝑇( cos 90 + 30 = 0
e 𝐹# = 0
(0.94)𝑇* −0.5𝑇( = 0

𝑇*# + 𝑇(# = 0 0.94

𝑇( = 𝑇
0.5 *
 Subtitute 𝑤 = 40 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇( = 1.88 𝑇*
Mass at rest

1.88𝑇* − 0.34𝑇* − 40 = 0
e 𝐹& = 0

0.53𝑇* = 40
𝑇(& + 𝑇*& + 𝑤 = 0 𝑇( = 1.88 𝑇* = 1.88 45.45 = 85.45𝑁

𝑇( sin(120) + 𝑇* sin(270 + 70) + 𝑤𝑠𝑖𝑛270 = 0

40
0.87𝑇( − 0.34𝑇* − 𝑤 = 0 𝑇* = = 26𝑁
0.53
On the x axis : x components cancel each other

On the y axis

2𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛 90 − 𝜃 = 𝑀𝑔

NOTE:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 90 − 𝜃 = cosθ

2𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑀𝑔

𝑀𝑔
𝑇=
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 e 𝐹# = 𝑚𝑎#

Take the right :direction of motion (+), friction is always

Opposite to motion then it will be (-)

𝑎# = 0, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝐹9C:: # − 𝑓 = 0

𝐹9C::;< 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑓 = 0

𝑓
𝐹9C::;< =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2.1.5 Calculate the average force acting on an object moving in a plane with a velocity vector that is changing
over a specified time interval
2.1.6 :Describe the trajectory of a moving object that experiences a constant force in a direction perpendicular to its
initial velocity vector