1.

Introduction of Bangladesh
The name of our motherland is Bangladesh. In 1971 Bangladesh appear as an independent country. The
independence came after many sacrifices. It is a small country situated in south-east Asia. Its area is
small but geographically and naturally it is one of the most beautiful countries of the world. Hundreds of
rivers are scattered all around the country. That’s why it is called riverine country. The green villages,
hilly area, forest, longest sea beach, various types of birds, animals, trees and many historical land marks
make this country more beautiful and make us proud.

Reference: http://www.visitbangladesh.biz/2014/04/bangladesh-overview.html

The birth of Bangladesh. Forty years ago, Bangladesh became an independent state, breaking away
from Pakistan. ... BANGLADESH APPEARED ON the world map as an independent country in 1971 after a
nine-month war of liberation in which nearly one million people died.

2. Geographical Situation of Bangladesh

[

The physical geography of Bangladesh is varied and has an area characterized by two distinctive
features: a broad deltaic plain subject to frequent flooding, and a small hilly region crossed by swiftly
flowing rivers. The country has an area of 147,610 square kilometres (56,990 sq mi) and extends 820
kilometres (510 mi) north to south and 600 kilometres (370 mi) east to west. Bangladesh is bordered on
the west, north, and east by a 4,095 kilometres (2,545 mi) land frontier with India and, in the southeast,
by a short land and water frontier (193 kilometres (120 mi)) with Burma (Myanmar). On the south is a
highly irregular deltaic coastline of about 580 kilometres (360 mi), fissured by many rivers and streams
flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The territorial waters of Bangladesh extend 12 nautical miles (22 km),
and the exclusive economic zone of the country is 200 nautical miles (370 km).

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh

The total area of Bangladesh is about 1,47,570 square kilometer. Three sides of Bangladesh are covered
with India and South-East side is covered with Myanmar. Bay of Bengal is situated in the South side of
Bangladesh. The West Bengal of India is situated in the West side of Bangladesh.

Reference: http://bonno-bangladesh.blogspot.com/2011/03/geographical-location-of-bangladesh.html

3. Independence of Bangladesh
Forty six years ago, in 1971 Bangladesh became an independent state. Before independence Bangladesh
was a part of Pakistan and then it was called East Pakistan. Birth of Bangladesh was the result of cultural
conflict, armed conflict, discrimination and finally the operation which was launched by West Pakistan
on 25 March 1971. On that day army of West Pakistan killed may intellectual people of our country.
These began the war between East and West Pakistan on 26 March 1971. The war is called liberation
war. We celebrate this day as our independence day. General people like students, young people,
women even kids joined with army in that war to free Bangladesh from Pakistan. The war was lasted for
nine months. During those nine months millions of people died and after many sacrifices we got our
victory on 16 December 1971. We celebrate this day as our Victory Day.

Bangladesh attained independence on 26 March 1971 as the culmination of decades of struggle for
freedom and statehood under the inspiring and resolute leadership of the Father of the Nation
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. At his call, the Bangalee people rose in resistance against the
occupation army of Pakistan and waged an epic war for the liberation of the land. The nine-month long
war ended in the victory for the Bangalees over the Pakistan Army on 16 December 1971.

http://www.socialismtoday.org/154/bangladesh.html
4. Main Districts/Division of Bangladesh
The administration of Bangladesh is divided into eight major regions called divisions (
bibhag). Each division is named after the major city within its jurisdiction that also serves as the
administrative headquarters of that division. Each division is further split into several districts
( jela) which are then further sub-divided into Upazilas ( upôjela).
5. The Rivers of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is the country of rivers. About 700 rivers flow in Bangladesh. The larger rivers serve as the
main source of water for cultivation. During the monsoon season our agricultural fields are developed
by the flooded water of rivers. Rich slit comes with that water make fields fertile. Rivers also provide
fish, an important source of protein. This is why the rivers are the life of the people of Bangladesh. The
rivers also drain excess monsoon rainfall into the Bay of Bengal. Some of the largest rivers of Bangladesh
are Padma, Meghna, Jamuna, Brahmaputra, Karnaphuli, Surma, Titas etc.
 6. The Capital of Bangladesh
Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. It is one of the world's most populated cities. Its
current population is around 17 million. It is also 3rd densely populated city in the world. Dhaka is
located in the geographic center of the country. It lies along the east bank of the Buriganga River.

Dhaka city has a great historical background and also is known as the city of mosques and muslin all over
the world because of its colorful history and rich cultural traditions. The old part of the city, known as
Old Dhaka or Old Town was the Mughal capital of Bengal in the 17th century. The old city is still holding
the architectural heritage starting from the sign of the Mughal Empire to the British Colonial buildings.
Its fame attracted travelers from far and near throughout the ages. There are many historical
monuments in Dhaka like Shahid Minar, National Memorial at Savar. The Lalbagh Fort, Bangabandhu
Memorial Museum, Dhaka Zoo, National Museum, Parliament House, Ahsan Manzil Museum and many
more are the attraction of Dhaka. University of Dhaka (1921) and several technical schools are located in
Dhaka.

Modern Dhaka developed from the late 19th century. Since then Dhaka has been developing fast. It is
the country's centre of industrial, commercial, cultural, educational and political activity. Motijheel is the
main commercial area of the city. Sadarghat is the main waterfront of Dhaka. It is on the banks of the
river Buriganga in Old Dhaka. This place is crowded with various ferries, yachts, paddle steamers and
fisherman's boats. The city is decorated with lights, roads are painted with beautiful colors during the
festivals like Pohela Baishakh, Eid-ul-fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Independence Day, Victory Day. People of Dhaka
comes out on the street and enjoy on those days.

7. Cultural Values in Bangladesh

8. Seasons in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a country of six seasons. Natural beauty of every season is different and attractive from
one another. The seasons are – Winter (Dec-Jan), Spring (Feb-Mar), Summer (Apr-May), Monsoon (June-
July), Autumn (Aug-Sep) and Late Autumn (Oct-Nov)

Reference: http://www.visitbangladesh.biz/2014/04/bangladesh-overview.html

i.e. Winter (Dec-Jan), Spring (Feb-Mar), Summer (Apr-May), Monsoon (June-July), Autumn (Aug-Sep) and
Late Autumn (Oct-Nov). While visiting Bangladesh, someone will discover a different Bangladesh in each
season by the grace of mesmeric nature.

Every season has its own different view and beauty

9. Agriculture of Bangladesh
10.Language in Bangladesh

The official language of Bangladesh is Bangla also known as Bengali. It is the first language
of more than 98 percent of the population. It is written in its own script, derived from that of
Sanskrit. Now a day’s more than 200 million people all over the world speak in this
language. It has a various dialects with different accents, pronunciations and minor
grammatical changes in different region in Bangladesh. Bangla is divided in two forms:
sadhu bhasha (formal language) and cholito bhasha (common language).

If opting for second language, most Bangladeshi people chose English as they have practical
efficiency in English and its interactive usage in common situation. Apart from our official
language, there are a significant number of tribal languages are spoken by the tribes of
Bangladesh. The major and well-known tribal languages are Garo, Khashia, Magh, Manipuri,
Munda, Chakma, Tipra etc.

11.Religion in Bangladesh

In the matter of faith and belief, the majority of Bangladeshi population is Muslims. The
remaining population is consisted of Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and others. Even though
religion is one the major thing that constitutes human identity, in Bangladesh, there exists no
boundary between the people of various religions. In happiness, sadness, or even celebration,
we live here like the perpetual siblings of a common motherland. With some powerful
Islamic architectural heritage, Muslims in Bangladesh are unique for their peaceful values
and devotions.

A century old traditional root and continuing faith is still keeping the Hindu culture and ritual
in Bangladesh as unique as the neighboring country. The age old background of Buddhism in
Bangladesh is clearly noticeable in many of our archeological wonders. But the ritualistic
practice of Buddhism is still intact and as astonishing as many other countries. Even though,
the era of Christianity in Bangladesh started during the late sixteenth to early seventeenth
century, the union and togetherness of Bangladeshi Christian population is well-built; not to
mention about the togetherness as one nation is unbroken.

The majority of Bangladeshis are Muslim. However, most still very much mix this with
pre-Islam folk traditions.

12. Bangladeshis identify with the folk traditions of Bengali culture. This includes belief in
shamanism and the powers of fakirs (Muslim holy men who are exorcists and faith
healers), ojhaa (shamins with magical healing powers), and Bauls (religious mendicants
and wandering musicians).
13. There is a strong tradition of music, dance, and literature that includes classical devotions
of Hindu and Muslim music.

14.Population in Bangladesh
15.The National Symbols of Bangladesh
 16.Main Food in Bangladesh
17.Festivals in Bangladesh
Bangladeshi daily life is replete with traditions and festivals that reflect the unique culture and
tradition of Bangladeshis. Some of the tradition and customs are as ancient as prehistoric days,
while others are relatively recent.
National Holidays
National days marking events of special interest to the nation.

Shaheed Dibosh/ Ekushey

Martyrs day. This February 21st day commemorates the lives sacrificed to make Bengali one of the
national languages when Bangladesh was part of Pakistan. The West Pakistani regime tried to force
Urdu as the national language, a fact that was strongly contested by Bengalis. On that fateful day a
procession by Bengalis was shot at by police resulting in the death of 4 martyrs. UNESCO created
February 21st as the International Mother Language Day in 1999.
Celebrated on the 21st day of February every year, Ekushey is known as the National Mother
Language Day, which marks the anniversary of the martyrdom of those who died while protesting
the imposition of Urdu as the national language of East and West Pakistan. Political leaders, writers,
intellectuals, poets, artisans and singers offer tributes to those that suffered.

Independence Day
March 16th celebrates the proclamation of Bangladesh’s independence, and each year, numerous
events are held to commemorate the historic date.

Victory Day
Victory Day remembers the day the Pakistani army surrendered to the joint Bangladeshi and Indian
Forces which is celebrated December 16.

Traditional Festivals
Traditional holidays such as Bengali New Year’s. Information about the Bangla Calendar.

Pawhela Boishakh
Of all the secular national festivities in Bangladesh, New Year’s Day is the most celebrated. The
Pawhela Boishakh festival is marked by a wide variety of cultural shows (Boishakhi Mela) and other
programs. Everyone eats sweets and dresses up in kurtas or saris, wishing everyone a joyous new
beginning.

Pahela Falgoon
Another traditional day (though not a national holiday) is Pawhela Falgoon, the first day of spring,
which is observed across the country through traditional festivities and colourful programmes.

Religious Holidays and Festivals

Holidays celebrated by people of various religion in Bangladesh.
Eid-ul-Fitr
The date of Eid-ul-Fitr varies each year based on the Muslim calendar. A feast that marks the
completion of the holy month of Ramadan (the month of fasting), this is the largest festival
celebrated annually in Bangladesh.

Eid-ul-Azha
Festival of sacrifice. The day marks the supreme devotion of Prophet Ibrahim (pbuh) by his
willingness to sacrifice his son. Those who can afford to sacrifice cattle in the name of God, and the
meat is then shared with friends, family, and the poor.

Janmastami: Celebration of the birth of Rama.

Durga Puja
Bangladeshis are predominantly Muslim, but some are devoted to other faiths, such as Hinduism.
Durga Puja is the biggest festival of the Hindu community. Different rituals are observed, including
the immersion of an idol of Durga into the river. Events are held at the Dhakeswari Temple and last
for 10 days.

Buddho Purnima: Buddhists commemorate the birth and enlightenment of Buddha. This occurs on
the first full-moon of the Bengali month of Baishakh

Christmas

Christmas is celebrated by the Christian community in Bangladesh. On the eve of December 25th,
congregational prayers are held in various churches, particularly in Tejgaon.

18.Tribal People in Bangladesh

19.Sports in Bangladesh
20.Export/Import in Bangladesh
21.Currency in Bangladesh
22.Heritage of Bangladesh
23.Famous Persons in Bangladesh
24.Prime Minister in Bangladesh
25.Conclusion
The rivers of Bangladesh mark both the physiography of the nation and the life of the people. About 700
in number, these rivers generally flow south. The larger rivers serve as the main source of water for
cultivation and as the principal arteries of commercial transportation. Rivers also provide fish, an
important source of protein. Flooding of the rivers during the monsoon season causes enormous
hardship and hinders development, but fresh deposits of rich silt replenish the fertile but overworked
soil. The rivers also drain excess monsoon rainfall into the Bay of Bengal. Thus, the great river system is
at the same time the country’s principal resource and its greatest hazard.

The profusion of rivers can be divided into five major networks. The Jamuna-Brahmaputra is 292
kilometers long and extends from northern Bangladesh to its confluence with the Padma. Originating as
the Yarlung Tsangpo River in China’s Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) and flowing through India’s
state of Arunachal Pradesh, where it becomes known as the Brahmaputra (“Son of Brahma”), it receives
waters from five major tributaries that total some 740 kilometers in length. At the point where the
Brahmaputra meets the TistaRiver in Bangladesh, it becomes known as the Jamuna. The Jamuna is
notorious for its shifting subchannels and for the formation of fertile silt islands (chars). No permanent
settlements can exist along its banks.

The second system is the Padma-Ganges, which is divided into two sections: a 258-kilometer segment,
the Ganges, which extends from the western border with India to its confluence with the Jamuna some
72 kilometers west of Dhaka, and a 126-kilometer segment, the Padma, which runs from the Ganges-
Jamuna confluence to where it joins the MeghnaRiver at Chandpur. The Padma-Ganges is the central
part of a deltaic river system with hundreds of rivers and streams—some 2,100 kilometers in length—
flowing generally east or west into the Padma.

The third network is the Surma-Meghna River System, which courses from the northeastern border with
India to Chandpur, where it joins the Padma. The Surma-Meghna, at 669 kilometers by itself the longest
river in Bangladesh, is formed by the union of six lesser rivers. Below the city of Kalipur it is known as the
Meghna. When the Padma and Meghna join together, they form the fourth river system—the Padma-
Meghna—which flows 145 kilometers to the Bay of Bengal.

This mighty network of four river systems flowing through the Bangladesh Plain drains an area of some
1.5 million square kilometers. The numerous channels of the Padma-Meghna, its distributaries, and
smaller parallel rivers that flow into the Bay of Bengal are referred to as the Mouths of the Ganges. Like
the Jamuna, the Padma-Meghna and other estuaries on the Bay of Bengal are also known for their many
chars.

A fifth river system, unconnected to the other four, is the Karnaphuli. Flowing through the region of
Chittagong and the Chittagong Hills, it cuts across the hills and runs rapidly downhill to the west and
southwest and then to the sea. The Feni, Karnaphuli, Sangu, and Matamuhari—an aggregate of some
420 kilometers—are the main rivers in the region. The port of Chittagong is situated on the banks of the
Karnaphuli. The Karnaphuli Reservoir and Karnaphuli Dam are located in this area. The dam impounds
the KarnaphuliRiver’s waters in the reservoir for the generation of hydroelectric power.

During the annual monsoon period, the rivers of Bangladesh flow at about 140,000 cubic meters
per second, but during the dry period they diminish to 7,000 cubic meters per second. Because
water is so vital to agriculture, more than 60% of the net arable land, some 91,000 km², is
cultivated in the rainy season despite the possibility of severe flooding, and nearly 40% of the
land is cultivated during the dry winter months. Water resources development has responded to
this “dual water regime” by providing flood protection, drainage to prevent overflooding and
waterlogging, and irrigation facilities for the expansion of winter cultivation. Major water control
projects have been developed by the national government to provide irrigation, flood control,
drainage facilities, aids to river navigation and road construction, and hydroelectric power. In
addition, thousands of tube wells and electric pumps are used for local irrigation. Despite severe
resource constraints, the government of Bangladesh has made it a policy to try to bring additional
areas under irrigation without salinity intrusion.

Culture

Bangladesh has a rich and diverse culture which is reflected in the architecture, culture, literature,
music, painting, clothing, discourse etc. Even in this era of rock ‘n’ roll, Bangladeshi culture is still being
cherished and respected by the people of all over the world. Even the culture of the tribes is rich and
diverse too. Clothing, one of the most important aspect of the culture of Bangladesh, defines the
Bangladeshi people very skillfully. Saree — a finely embroidered cloth worn by the Bangladeshi woman
and made by the skilled hands of Bangladeshi artisans — is now a global fashion trend. Festivals, held
throughout the year with great zeal and zest, play a significant role in our culture. Some festivals are so
intensely rooted in our cultural and social base that they are still being continued after centuries. Some
festivals are based on social and political significances with marking our communal and national value,
some are religious, and some are even observed seasonally. Bangladeshi people have so many reasons
to cheer their life and soul. This is why this land is called the Land of Festivals.

Language

The official language of Bangladesh is Bangla (or, Bengali). Dated even before the birth of
Christ, Bangla was widely spoken in this region, and now spoken by more than 200 million
people all over the world. It has a various dialects with different accents, pronunciations and
minor grammatical changes in different region in Bangladesh. Based on usage, Bangla is divided
in two forms: sadhu bhasha (formal language) and cholito bhasha (common language).

If opting for second language, most Bangladeshi people chose English as they have practical
efficiency in English and its interactive usage in common situation. Apart from our official
language, there are a significant number of tribal languages are spoken by the tribes of
Bangladesh. The major and well-known tribal languages are Garo, Khashia, Magh, Manipuri,
Munda, Chakma, Tipra etc.

Religion

In the matter of faith and belief, the majority of Bangladeshi population is Muslims. The
remaining population is consisted of Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and others. Even though
religion is one the major thing that constitutes human identity, in Bangladesh, there exists no
boundary between the people of various religions. In happiness, sadness, or even celebration, we
live here like the perpetual siblings of a common motherland. With some powerful Islamic
architectural heritage, Muslims in Bangladesh are unique for their peaceful values and devotions.

A century old traditional root and continuing faith is still keeping the Hindu culture and ritual in
Bangladesh as unique as the neighboring country. The age old background of Buddhism in
Bangladesh is clearly noticeable in many of our archeological wonders. But the ritualistic
practice of Buddhism is still intact and as astonishing as many other countries. Even though, the
era of Christianity in Bangladesh started during the late sixteenth to early seventeenth century,
the union and togetherness of Bangladeshi Christian population is well-built; not to mention
about the togetherness as one nation is unbroken.