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Module 9 General Mathematics
Module 9 General Mathematics
2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
MATH OF INVESTMENT
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the module, students shall be able to:
a. demonstrate understanding of key concepts of simple and compound
interests, and simple and general annuities;
b. distinguish between of simple and compound interests, and simple and
general annuities; and
c. investigate, analyze and solve problems involving simple and compound
interests and simple and general annuities using appropriate business and
financial instruments.
II. DISCUSSION
SIMPLE INTEREST
• Simple interest is charged only on the loan amount called the principal. Simple interest is
calculated by multiplying the principal by the rate of interest by the number of payment
periods in a year.
SIMPLE INTEREST FORMULA
I I = Prt
I I I
P = rt r = Pt t = Pr
P r t Where I = Interest, P = Principal, r = rate of
interest, and t = time or term in years
o The Principal P of a loan is also called the face value or the present value of the
loan.
• To find the maturity value, simply add interest to the principal
• Examples:
1. Teresa borrowed ₱ 120 000.00 from her uncle. If Teresa agreed to pay an 8% annual
interest rate, calculate the amount of interest she must pay if the loan period is (a) 1
year, (b) 9 months, and (c) 18 months.
Page 2 of 10
General Mathematics 1st Trimester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
9
b. Given: P = ₱ 120 000.00, r = 8% at 0.08, and t = 12 year
Unknown: Interest
Formula: I = Prt
9
Solution: 𝐼 = (120 000)(0.08) (12 )
Answer: 𝐼 = ₱ 7 200
18
c. Given: P = ₱ 120 000.00, r = 8% at 0.08, and t = 12 year
Unknown: Interest
Formula: I = Prt
18
Solution: 𝐼 = (120 000)(0.08) (12 )
Answer: 𝐼 = ₱ 14 400
2. To buy the school supplies for the coming school year, you get a summer job at a
resort. Suppose you save ₱ 4 200.00 of your salary and deposit it into an account
that earns simple interest. After 9 months, the balance is ₱ 4 263.00. What is the
annual interest rate?
9 3
Given: A = ₱ 4 263.00, P = ₱ 4 200.00, t = 9 months or 12 or 4 year
Unknown: rate
Formula: A = P(1 + rt) Formula should be based on the given and unknown
3
Solution: 4 263 = 4 200 [1 + 𝑟 (4)] Substitute all the given in the formula
Answer: r = 2%
3. If ₱ 10 000.00 is invested at 4.5% simple interest, how long will it take to grow to ₱ 11
800.00?
Given: A = ₱ 11 800.00, P = ₱ 10 000.00, r = 4.5% or 0.045
Unknown: time
Formula: A = P(1 + rt)
Solution: 11 800 = 10 000(1 + 0.045𝑡) Substitute all the given in the formula
11 800 = 10 000 + 450𝑡 Appy Distributive Property
1 800 = 450𝑡 Subtract 10 000 from each side
4=𝑡 Divide each side by 450
Answer: t = 4 years
Page 3 of 10
General Mathematics 1st Trimester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
Unknown: Principal
𝐴
Formula: 𝑃 = 1+𝑟𝑡 Derived formula from 𝐴 = 𝑃(𝐼 + 𝑟𝑡)
86 000
Solution: 𝑃 = 1+(0.08)(3)
Answer: P = ₱ 69 354.84
COMPOUND INTEREST
• When the interest due at the end of a certain period is added to the principal and that
sum earns interest for the next period, the interest paid us called compound interest. In
short, compound interest is “interest on interest”.
𝑟 𝐾𝑡 𝐴
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + ) 𝑃= 𝑟 𝐾𝑡
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐴 − 𝑃
𝐾 (1+ )
𝐾
𝑟
Where: K = number of compounding times per year; 𝐾 = periodic rate;
Kt = number of compounding period
Terms K
annually 1
semi-annually 2
quarterly 4
monthly 12
• Examples:
1. If ₱ 320 000.00 is invested for 5 years at 8% compounded quarterly, find (a) the
compound amount and (b) the compound interest
a.
Given: P = ₱ 320 000.00, t = 5 years, r = 8% or 0.08, K = 4
(quarterly)
Unknown: Compound amount
Formula: 𝑟 𝐾𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
𝐾
Solution: 0.08 (4)(5)
𝐴 = 320 000 (1 + )
4
Answer: A = ₱ 475 503.17
b.
Given: P = ₱ 320 000.00, A = ₱ 475 503.17
Unknown: Compound Interest
Formula: 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐴 − 𝑃
Solution 𝐼𝑐 = 475 503.17 − 320 000
Answer: 𝐼𝑐 = ₱ 155 503.17
Page 4 of 10
General Mathematics 1st Trimester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
2. What amount must be invested in order to have ₱ 128 376.52 after 8 years if money is
worth 6% compounded semi-annually?
ANNUITIES
ANNUITY
Types ANNUITY
CERTAIN
ANNUITY
UNCERTAIN
Kinds SIMPLE
ANNUITY
GENERAL
ANNUITIES
GENERAL GENERAL
Classifications ORDINARY
ANNUITY
ANNUITY
DUE
DEFERRED
ANUITY
ORDINARY
ANNUITY
ANNUITY
DUE
PERPETUTIES
Definition of Terms
• Annuity – a fixed sum of money paid to someone at regular intervals subject to a fixed
compound interest rate.
• Periodic Payment – each payment in an annuity.
• Payment interval – the time between the successive payment dates of an annuity.
• Term of the annuity – the interval between the beginning of the first payment period
and the end of the last payment period.
• Annuity Certain – payable for a definite duration. Begins and ends on a definite or fixed
date.
o Simple Annuity – interest conversion or compounding period is equal or the same
as the payment interval.
▪ Ordinary Annuity – annuity in which the periodic payment is made at the
end of each payment interval.
▪ Annuity Due – an annuity in which the periodic payment is made at the
beginning of each payment interval.
▪ Deferred Annuity – the periodic payment is not made at the beginning nor
at the end of each payment interval, but some later date.
o General Annuity – interest conversion or compounding period is unequal or not
the same as the payment interval.
Page 5 of 10
General Mathematics 1st Trimester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
• Examples
1. Determine if the given situations represent simple annuity or general annuity
a. Payments are made at the end of each month for a loan that charges 1.05%
interest compounded quarterly.
✓ Since the payment interval at the end of the month is not equal to the
compounding interval, quarterly, the situation represents a general
annuity.
b. A deposit of ₱ 5 500.00 was made at the end of every three months to an
account that earns 5.6% interest compounded quarterly.
✓ Since the payment interval at the end of every three months (or
quarterly) is equal to the compounding interval, quarterly, the situation
represents a simple annuity.
(𝐹𝑉)𝑖
(1 + 𝑖) − 1 𝑛 𝑃[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ] P=
FV = P ∙ PV = (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
𝑖 𝑖
(𝑃𝑉)𝑖
𝑃=
1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛
Page 6 of 10
General Mathematics 1st Trimester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
Examples:
1. Alex and Tony are twins. After graduation and being finally able to get a good job, they
plan for retirement as follows.
a. Starting at age 24, Alex deposits ₱ 10 000.00 at the end of each year for 36
years.
b. Starting at age 42, Tony deposits ₱ 20 000.00 at the end of each year for 18
years.
Who will have the greater amount at retirement if both annuities earn 12% per year
compounded annually?
2. Rose works very hard because she wants to have enough money in her retirement
account when she reaches the age of 60. She wants to withdraw ₱ 36 000.00 every 3
months for 20 years starting 3 months after she retires. How much must Rose deposit
at retirement at 12% per year compounded quarterly for the annuity?
Given P = ₱ 36 000 𝑛 = 𝑡𝐾 = (20)(4) = 80
𝑟 0.12
𝑖 = 𝐾 = 4 = 0.03
Unknown PV
Formula 𝑃[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]
PV =
𝑖
Solution 36 000[1 − (1 + 0.03)−80 ]
PV =
0.03
Answer PV = ₱ 1 087 227.48
3. Eva obtained a loan of ₱ 50 000 for the tuition fee of her son. She has to repay the
loan by equal payments at the end of every six months for 3 years at 10% interest
compounded semi-annually. Find the periodic payment.
Page 7 of 10
General Mathematics 1st Trimester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
PV = Present Value
PRESENT VALUE P = Periodic Payment
n = total number of
PERIODIC PAYMENT conversion periods
(𝐹𝑉)𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑡𝐾
𝑃=
[(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1](1 + 𝑖)
(𝑃𝑉)𝑖
𝑃=
[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ](1 + 𝑖)
Examples:
1. Suppose Mr. and Mrs. Mariano deposited ₱ 20 000.00 at the beginning of each year for 5
years un an investment that earns 10% per year compounded annually, what is the
amount or future value of the annuity?
2. Hope borrows money for the renovation of her house and repays by making yearly
payments of ₱ 50 000.00 at the beginning of each year for a period of 10 years at an
interest rate of 8% compounded annually. How much did Hope borrow?
Page 8 of 10
General Mathematics 1st Trimester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
3. Mary borrows ₱ 500 000 to buy a car. She has 24 monthly payments every beginning of
the month at 12% per year. If the interest is compounded monthly, how much will be her
monthly payment?
III. ASSESSMENT
A. Complete the table, applying the concepts of Simple Interest. No Need to show solution.
(5 items, 2 points each)
Principal (P) Interest Rate (r) Time (t) Maturity Value (A)
(1) 6% 9 months ₱ 37 202
₱ 140 250 (2) 15 months ₱ 157 781.25
₱ 75 800 8½% (3) ₱ 88 686
₱ 340 200 11% 6 years (4)
₱ 1 400 500 9% 10 years (5)
B. Complete the table to find the compound amount of ₱55 000.00 invested at 7.5%
interest. No Need to show solution. (10 items, 1 point each)
In 3 years In 12 years
Compounded annually (1) (6)
Compounded semi-annually (2) (7)
Compounded quarterly (3) (8)
Compounded monthly (4) (9)
Compounded daily (365 days) (5) (10)
1. Aaron’s mother saved ₱ 5 000.00 at the end of every 6 months in an education plan
that earns 6% per year compounded semi-annually. What is the amount at the end of
18 years?
2. Manuel is preparing for an income fund for his retirement. He wants to receive ₱ 15 000
at the beginning of each month for the next 25 years. The income fund pays 10.5% per
year compounded monthly. How much must Manuel deposit now to pay for the
annuity?
3. Ana gets a loan of ₱ 80 000.00 to start her small business. She will repay the loan with
equal payments at the beginning of each 3 months over 3 years at 8% per year
compounded quarterly. How much is Ana’s monthly payment?
Khan Academy. (n.d.) Introduction to interest | Interest and debt | Finance & Capital
Markets. Retrieved October 2, 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtaoP0skPWc&feature=youtu.be
Page 9 of 10
General Mathematics 1st Trimester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11 -
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
Khan Academy India – English. (2018, May 11). Intro to simple interest | Comparing
quantities. Retrieved October 2, 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rmol9IzSDXk&feature=youtu.be
Khan Academy. (2013, September 28). Compound interest introduction | Interest and
debt | Finance & Capital Markets. Retrieved October 2, 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm6UdfRs3gw&feature=youtu.be
Percdc Learnhub. (2020, August 19). General Mathematics - Simple and Compound
Interest. Retrieved October 2, 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVyCBBbzGdQ&list=PLGzO_GLB5IoRVOMexI2drW
O0BOac-cgRt&index=7
Percdc Learnhub. (2020, August 27). General Mathematics - Simple and General Annuities.
Retrieved October 2, 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYghPrs7JtM
V. Reference
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