1) We start our list with Sir Isaac Newton, considered by many to be the greatest scientist of all time.

There aren't
many subjects that Newton didn't have a huge impact in — he was one of the inventors of calculus, built the
first reflecting telescope and helped establish the field of classical mechanics with his seminal work, "Philosophiæ
Naturalis Principia Mathematica." He was the first to decompose white light into its component colors and gave
us the three laws of motion, now known as Newton's laws. (You might remember the first one from school:
"Objects at rest tend to stay at rest and objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an external
force.")

We would live in a very different world had Newton not been born. Other scientists would probably have worked out
most of his ideas eventually, but there is no telling how long it would have taken and how far behind we might have fallen
from our current technological trajectory.

2) Isaac Newton is a hard act to follow, but if anyone can pull it off, it's Carl Gauss. If Newton is considered the greatest
scientist of all time, Gauss could easily be called the greatest mathematician ever. Carl Friedrich Gauss was born to a poor
family in Germany in 1777 and quickly showed himself to be a brilliant mathematician. He published "Arithmetical
Investigations," a foundational textbook that laid out the tenets of number theory (the study of whole numbers). Without
number theory, you could kiss computers goodbye. Computers operate, on a the most basic level, using just two digits —
1 and 0, and many of the advancements that we've made in using computers to solve problems are solved using number
theory. Gauss was prolific, and his work on number theory was just a small part of his contribution to math; you can find
his influence throughout algebra, statistics, geometry, optics, astronomy and many other subjects that underlie our modern
world.

3)John von Neumann was born János Neumann in Budapest a few years after the start of the 20th century, a well-timed
birth for all of us, for he went on to design the architecture underlying nearly every single computer built on the planet
today. Right now, whatever device or computer that you are reading this on, be it phone or computer, is cycling through a
series of basic steps billions of times over each second; steps that allow it to do things like render internet articles and play
videos and music, steps that were first thought up by von Neumann.

Von Neumann received his Ph.D. in mathematics at the age of 22 while also earning a degree in chemical engineering to
appease his father, who was keen on his son having a good marketable skill. Thankfully for all of us, he stuck with math.
In 1930, he went to work at Princeton University with Albert Einstein at the Institute of Advanced Study. Before his death
in 1957, von Neumann made important discoveries in set theory, geometry, quantum mechanics, game theory, statistics,
and computer science and was a vital member of the Manhattan Project.
4) Aryabhata was the first person to say that the Earth is spherical and it revolves around the sun & stated the
correct number of days in a year is 365. He also gave the formula (a + b) 2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab. Further, he worked
on the place value system using letters to signify numbers and stating qualities.         

5) The introduction of zero (0) to mathematics, which stood for “nothing”, was the biggest contribution of
Brahmagupta. He also explained how to find the cube and cube root of an integer and gave rules facilitating the
computation of squares and square roots.
Geography[edit]
Panvel is one of the cities in the district Raigad. It is also called the gate of Raigad because Panvel is the first city when
entering in Raigad from east. It is also one of the most populous and developed cities in the district. Panvel is situated on
the banks of the Gadhi river which flows and connects all the way to the Arabian Sea. It is also surrounded by hills on two
sides.

Demographics[edit]
Panvel has a mix population consisting Agri samaaj, Muslims and Koli community. Panvel is a medium-sized city but
densely populated as it strategically lays between Mumbai and Pune. The city is the headquarters of the Panvel sub-
division of Raigad district, which is the largest in the district as per number of villages (564).

Religion[edit]
Religion in Panvel[2]
Religion Percent
Hinduism   78.67%
Islam   10.85%
Buddhism   5.92%
Christianity   2.13%
Jainism   1.29%
Not Stated   0.54%
Sikhism   0.47%
Others   0.13%
Hinduism is majority religion in Panvel city with 78.67% followers. Islam is second most popular religion in city of Panvel
with approximately 10.85% following it, followed by Buddhism with 5.92% followers. In Panvel city, Christianity is followed
by 2.13%, Jainism by 1.29%, Sikhism by 0.47%. Around 0.13% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.54% stated 'No
Particular Religion'.[3]

Climate[edit]
Weather is Sunny across the year. There is heavy rain during monsoon. May is the warmest month of the year. The
temperature in May averages 34.3 °C. The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in January, when it is around
23.4 °C. Temperatures hover around 40 °C during most days of summer during mid-March till May. Highest temperature
recorded around 44-45 °C. Average annual temperature of Panvel is 27.0 °C.[4]
Education[edit]
There are a large number of educational institutions in Panvel such as:

 st. Wilfred school

 Industrial Training Institute Panvel
 Shantiniketan Public School
 St Xavier's English School
New Panvel

 Government College of Education

 Dr. Pillai's International School (IGCSE and IB Board)

Industries[edit]
Panvel in Navi Mumbai city, is surrounded by some major Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC)
managed regions like Patalganga, Taloja, Nagothane, Roha, Khopoli, Bhiwandi. Some of the Indian industry majors
like Larsen & Toubro Limited, Reliance, Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd.,ISRO's Propellant Complex., ONGC, IPCL are
based around Panvel providing mass employment. The JNPT port is also located near Panvel. New SEZ declared by
government are coming around Panvel.
Karnala fort[edit]
Main article: Karnala fort

Karnala fort is a hill fort in Raigad district about 10 km from Panvel city. Currently it is a protected place lying within
the Karnala Bird Sanctuary. It was a fort of strategic importance as it overlooked the Bor pass which connected
the Konkan coast to the interior of Maharashtra (Vidharba)[7] and was the main trade route between these areas. It lies
between Pen and Panvel near Shirdhon village. The fort is 370 m above mean sea level.
Karnala bird sanctuary[edit]
Main article: Karnala Bird Sanctuary

At the bottom of the fort there is a famous Karnala Bird Sanctuary Karnala is 65 km away from Mumbai, 120 km away
from Pune and 13 km away from Panvel. The sanctuary is around 25 m above mean sea level. Maharashtra government
declared this 4.5 km region as the bird sanctuary in 1968–69. In the sanctuary one can find around 150 species of birds,
such as the red vented bulbul, Indian grey hornbill, owl, paradise fly catcher.
Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 – February 1, 2003) was an Indian-born American astronaut and engineer who
was the first woman of Indian origin to go to space. [3][4] She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission
specialist and primary robotic arm operator.
Her second flight was on STS-107, the final flight of Space Shuttle Columbia in 2003. Chawla was one of the seven
crew members who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster when the spacecraft disintegrated during its re-
entry into the Earth's atmosphere.[5] Chawla was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor,
[6]
 and several streets, universities, and institutions have been named in her honor. [7][8][9] She is regarded as a national
hero in India.[10] Kalpana Chawla died on February 1, 2003.

First space mission[edit]

Her first space mission began on November 19, 1997, as part of the six-astronaut crew that flew the Space
Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. Chawla was the first Indian woman to go in space. She spoke the following words
while traveling in the weightlessness of space,

2nd space mission[edit]

Main articles: STS-107 and Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

The crew of STS-107 in October 2001. From left to right: Brown, Husband, Clark, Kalpana Chawla, Anderson, McCool, Ramon

In 2001, Chawla was selected for her second flight as part of the crew of STS-107. This mission was repeatedly
delayed due to scheduling conflicts and technical problems such as the July 2002 discovery of cracks in the shuttle
engine flow liners. On January 16, 2003, Chawla finally returned to space aboard Space Shuttle Columbia on the ill-
fated STS-107 mission. The crew performed nearly 80 experiments studying Earth and space science, advanced
technology development, and astronaut health and safety.