2/4/22, 2:27 PM 1.

4 Shafts in bending and Torsion only: ME 521-ME42S1 - Machine Design 2

1.4 Shafts in bending and Torsion only

Now, we are going to discuss the Shafts in bending and Torsion only.

Combined Bending and Axial stress

Both bending and axial stresses are normal stresses, hence the net normal

stress is given by,

E1.

The net normal stress can be either positive or negative. Normally, shear stress due to torsion is only
considered in a shaft and shear stress due to load on the shaft is neglected.

Maximum shear stress theory

The design of the shaft mostly uses the maximum shear stress theory. It states that a machine
member fails when the maximum shear stress at a point exceeds the maximum allowable shear
stress for the shaft material. Therefore,

E2.  

Substituting the values of σx and τxy in the above equation, the final form is,

E3.    

Therefore, the shaft diameter can be calculated in terms of external loads and material properties.
However, the above equation is further standardized for steel shafting in terms of allowable design
stress and load factors in ASME design

code for the shaft.

ASME design Code

The shafts are normally acted upon by gradual and sudden loads. Hence, the equation (E3.) is
modified in ASME code by suitable load factors,

E4.

where Cbm and Ct are the bending and torsion factors. The values of these factors are given below,

Cbm                                   Ct

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2/4/22, 2:27 PM 1.4 Shafts in bending and Torsion only: ME 521-ME42S1 - Machine Design 2

For stationary shaft:

Load gradually applied                                       1.0                                    1.0
Load suddenly applied                                        1.5 - 2.0                         1.5 - 2.0
For rotating shaft:
Load gradually applied                                       1.5                                    1.0
Load suddenly applied

(minor shock)                                                            1.5 - 2.0                        1.0 - 1.5

Load suddenly applied

(heavy shock)                                                             2.0 - 3.0                        1.5 - 3.0

Note:

ASME code also suggests about the allowable design stress, τ allowable to be considered for steel
shafting,

ASME Code for commercial steel shafting

= 55 MPa for shaft without keyway

= 40 MPa for shaft with keyway

ASME Code for steel purchased under definite specifications

= 30% of the yield strength but not over 18% of the ultimate

strength in tension for shafts without keyways. These values are to be reduced

by 25% for the presence of keyways.

The equations, (E3.) and (E4.) are commonly used to determine shaft diameter.

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