Poverty in 1906 3.

Selling cigarettes to children was made illegal

1. Previous Attitude was “laissez-faire” 4. Child offenders went to juvenile courts and
1. Poverty was own fault – idleness, wasting money borstals
on drink --------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Should be able to support themselves and family Old Age Pensions 1909
without help 14. Aged over 70
3. Not the State’s job to interfere with poverty 15. Income under £21
4. Workhouses for the poor 16. 5 shillings a weak
1. Harsh conditions – like vast prisons – long 17. Income between £21 and £31 could get a reduced
hours, basic food and lodging pension
5. Charities like Banardo’s – 100x. London 18. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Congregational Union home Labour Exchanges 1909
1. Stigma to resorting to Charity 19. 1909 Labour exchanges to help find jobs
6. People should be free to choose how to spend 20. 1909 minimum wages for people in sweated
their money so it was wrong to raise taxes industries where no trade unions
7. Giving poor people money undermines their 21. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
independence The National Insurance Act 1911
2. Unemployment 22. 1911 Health Insurance
3. People could not afford to save for old age 1. Earned less than £160 a year
4. Poor housing led to disease and illness - unemployed 2. Workers, employers and the government paid a
1. Could not afford doctors or medicine weekly amount into a fund
5. Children worked from a young age 3. Given benefits of free medical treatment and 10s
---------------------------------------------------------------------- a week for up to six months if ill
Reasons for the reforms 23. 1911 Unemployment Insurance
6. Findings of scale of Poverty 1. Building and shipbuilding – seasonal employment
1. Booth 2. Benefits of up to 7s a week for 15 weeks a year
1. Rich ship-owner, appalled at the slums in the 3. Employer and worker paid weekly amount for this
East End. 4. Compulsory in the trades it applied to
2. Gathered evidence to persuade people that How Effective
something should be done 24. Effective and important
3. Investigators visited every house 25. Beginning of the welfare state
4. Showed 30% of London’s population was 1. Principle of government help established
living in appalling poverty 2. Other things would follow
5. Found main causes of poverty were; 26. End of laissez-faire govt
unemployment, low wages, sickness, old age. 27. Helped a lot of people and worst examples were dealt
6. Published Life and Labour of the People in with
London 1898-1903 28. It was a start
2. Rowntree 29. Not very impressive
1. Poverty, a study of Town Life 1901 30. Only helped the very poor
2. Son of chocolate manufacturer in York 31. Health insurance not for women or farmworkers
3. Showed 28% lived in poverty 32. Only certain trades
4. Showed real causes of poverty 33. Did not have to give free meals so many did not
3. Showed scale and causes of poverty and 34. Poor Law was not reformed
changed attitudes 35. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
7. New Liberalism Paying for the reforms
1. Convinced that something had to be done and 36. The People’s Budget 1910
accepted causes of poverty 1. Increase tax on rich
8. Labour Party 2. Impose a super tax on the very rich
1. Founded in 1906 with Trade Unions and socialists 3. Impose a tax on increased value of land when
2. 52 MPs – winning support sold
3. Liberals would lose votes 4. House of Lord Rejected it – owned land
9. Lloyd George 5. 1910 General Election
1. 1905-1915 Chancellor of the Exchequer 1. Won narrowly
2. New Liberal 2. House of Lords accepted
10. Boer War 6. Second election
1. 40% of volunteers unfit to join army due to 1. Another election over Lords’ reform – Liberals
malnutrition win
------------------------------------------------ 37. 1911 Parliament Bill
Children’s Charter 1. Passed by commons and Lords
11. 1906 School Meals Act 2. King threatened to make 500 more
1. LEAs could give free meals to poor children and Liberal peers
cheap meals to others 2. Parliament Act 1911
12. 1907 School Medical Service 1. Lords could not reject bills about money
1. Regular medical inspections in schools 2. Could only reject bills for two years
2. Free medical treatment could be provided by LEA 1. General elections at least every 5 years
13. 1908 Children’s Act 3. MPs paid £400 a year
1. Banned from public houses
2. Not allowed to beg
Votes for women 1906 - 1918
Background
1850s campaign for votes for women begins – mostly
middle-class
1870s several suffrage societies
1878 London University – degrees on same terms as men
1870s women qualified as doctors
1882 Married Women’s Property Act allowed women to
own property after marriage
1886 The Guardianship of Children Act allows women to
claim custody of their children
1888 unmarried women could vote in local elections
1894 Women could vote in elections and stand as
candidates
Could not vote in elections for Parliament, or become MPs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arguments for and against female suffrage
38. For
1. Many legal rights equal with men – same jobs
2. Could vote in local elections
3. Given vote in Australia, New Zealand and parts of
the USA
4. Would lead to social reforms to benefit the poor
39. Against
1. If given to all women they would outnumber men
– only 60% of men could vote – householders
living somewhere for one year
2. Women are emotional and incapable of making
decisions
3. Would neglect duties as a mother and wife
4. Woman’s brain different from a man’s
5. Behaviour of the Suffragettes showed not
sensible
6. Liberals feared only giving it to those owning
property would help the conservatives
7. Conservatives feared women would vote for the
Liberals or the Labour Party
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Suffragists
40. 1897 Millicent Fawcett formed the National Union of
Women’s Suffrage Societies
41. Aimed to get vote on same terms as men and convert
public opinion – convince of sense of arguments
42. Peaceful methods
1. Meetings with each other and with politicians
2. Leaflets
3. Petitions
4. Supported those in favour at elections
5. Trained women to speak at public meetings
6. Put up male politicians as election candidates
who would give women the vote
7. 1907 Mud March – 3000 women
8. 1908 after Asquith challenged to show support
9. Paid organisers
10. 1910 petition of 280 000 signatures
43. Worried suffragettes were losing support
44. Had 100 000 members by 1914
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suffragettes
45. Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903 and
Christabel and Sylvia – the Women’s Social and
Political Union
1. Tired of the attitude of the Labour Party
2. Disappointed with Liberal Government – Asquith
was not in favour, whilst others were sympathetic
3. Impatient at suffragists
46. Aimed for women to have the vote on the same basis
as men. Wanted reforms in social conditions –
needed the vote
47. Believed in “deeds not words” so turned to militant
methods
1. Restricted membership to women
2. Christabel hitting and spitting at a policeman in a
meeting
3. Heckled Liberal candidates with megaphones at
by-elections
4. Stones thrown at prime Minister’s window in 1908
5. Imprisoned – but heroines to suffragettes
6. 1908 broke into House of Commons
7. 1909 smashed government office buildings – 108
arrested
8. Hunger strike
48. Response – releasing, then, force-feeding
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conciliation bill 1910
49. NUWSS and WSPU and govt drew up the bull
50. WSPU suspended its violence
51. Govt kept finding excuses for not letting the bill
become law and at end of 1911 the patience of the
suffragettes ran out
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
52. WSPU window-smashing and hunger strikes
53. 1912-3 public buildings bombed, chemicals in post-
boxes, telephone wires cut
54. Lloyd George’s house damaged by a bomb
55. 1913 the Derby – Emily Davison
56. 1913 Cat-and-Mouse Act – release and rearrest
hunger strikers
57. War changed situation
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suffragette methods
58. For
1. NUWSS never got publicity of WSPU
2. Brought it to everyone’s attention
3. Made sure issue returned after the war
59. Against
1. Gave Asquith the excuse he needed to refuse to
give the vote to women
2. Govt could not be seen to give into violence
otherwise other groups like the Irish would turn to
violence
3. Convinced men that women were not sensible
4. Liberals probably would have passed a Bill in
1913 but extremism disgusted them and turned
them against the cause.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Women in the First World War
60. NUWSS and WSPU ended their campaigns
1. Helping Britain win was their first duty
61. Men went to fight so women need to do jobs in
factories and on farms.
1. 1915 munitions crisis
2. 100 000 women on a register for work
1. Only 5000 given jobs
3. Male workers and factory owners did not want
women in factories – would take jobs from men,
accept lower wages, were unskilled and would
not work properly.
4. 1916 conscription – women needed
62. Women took jobs which people thought women were
incapable of – and often did jobs better than men
1. Munitions factories
2. Surface work at coal mines
3. Engineering
 4. Banks
5. Buses and railways
6. Gasworks Rationing
7. Nurses 80. Food shortage
63. Women’s Land Army 1. Buying and hoarding large amounts of food
1. 1917 submarine blockade 2. 1916 blockade by German submarines
2. 2.5 million extra acres ploughed 3. Food prices rose, queues at shops
3. 16000 women joined the Land Army 1. Malnutrition
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81. One pound of meat
Representation of the people Act 1918 82. Half a pound of sugar
64. Women had changed people’s ideas about their roles 83. Bacon, butter and cheese
in society – proved not weak, fragile and stupid – 84. Improved people’s diets and health
even Asquith changed his mind -----------------------------------------------------------------
65. 1916 Lloyd George replaced Asquith – more 85. Use of propaganda- how effective?
sympathetic 86. Propaganda to pressure people to sign up
66. Law had to be changed – men away fighting could not 1. Posters
vote 1. Encourage to join – patriotic
67. Gave vote to 2. Suggest men are cowards if do not join –
1. Women aged 30 and over (1918 8.5 million aimed at women
voted) 2. Speeches
2. Men aged 21 and over 3. Newspapers
68. Not same terms 4. Leaflets
1. Women would have outnumbered male voters 5. White feather campaign
2. Men thought women in their twenties were to silly 87. Whip up hatred against the Germans
to vote 88. Showed soldier’s life as heroic and glamorous
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
69. Why given the vote? 89. Impact on civilian life
90. 1914 – Scarborough bombarded – 119 killed
91. Zeppelins bombed towns in the South-East. Hundreds
killed.
92. Food shortage
1. Buying and hoarding large amounts of food
2. 1916 blockade by German submarines
3. Food prices rose, queues at shops
Impact of the war on civilians 1914-1918 1. Malnutrition
Recruiting and propaganda 93. Rationing improved people’s diets and health
70. Initially support ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Defending tiny Belgium against the might of Attitude towards Germany
Germany 94. Wanted revenge
2. Heroic cavalry ideas 1. Propaganda
3. Patriotic – defend their country 2. Four years fighting
4. men rushed up to join – August 1914 300,000 3. Millions dead
men 95. General election in 1918
5. “Pals” battalions – same factory or business 1. Politicians tried to out-do each other on how to
71. Use of propaganda to encourage people to join up punish Germany
1. 2.5 million men joined by end of 1915 2. Newspapers demanded the Kaiser should be
2. But more recruits needed, but number of hanged
volunteers falling 3. Lloyd George said he wanted Germany to pay –
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- yet did not want to punish Germany too harshly.
conscription 4. Public pressured for a harsh treaty
72. 1916 introduced conscription
1. 18-41 single men, then married
2. Men in essential industries were exempt
3. Conscientious objectors had to justify why they
could not fight.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Defence Of the realm Act 1914
73. Censorship of the press
74. Rationing
75. Took property needed for war
1. Factories and land – eg. 1917 2.5 million extra
acres ploughed
76. Stopped talking about military matters in public
77. Stopped buying binoculars
78. Stopped trespassing on railways and bridges
79. Stopped ringing Church bells.