Bachelor of Architecture

Faculty of Architecture and Planning

Vivekananda Global University
Jaipur

BUILDING SERVICES II

COMFORT AND EFFICIENCY

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Aakangsha Roy Ar. Gaurav Agarwal
Pratiksha Roy VGU Jaipur
Tisha Garg
Sahar Zehra
Kamna Mishra
Isha Karodi
 Comfort factors
(In context of Building
COMFORT AND EFFICIENCY Automation)

HVAC
LIGHTING AND
❖ Today, people spend approximately 90% of their days in
buildings and enclosed spaces. Both our performance SHADING
and wellbeing depend to a great extent on the
temperature, air quality and brightness in the room.

❖ Innovative solutions simultaneously reduce maintenance costs – from building

management and energy costs to expenses for upkeep and renovation – over the
building’s entire life cycle.

❖ HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is
to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
 HVAC COMPONENTS
• Heating: Generally, the heating components of an HVAC system is a heat pump or
a gas/electric furnace.
Heat Pump: A heat pump pulls warm air from outside and then brings it in through
the evaporator coil
Furnace: A furnace has burners and ignitions that are used for heating the air.

• Ventilation: As an essential part of an HVAC system, the ventilation moves air,

removes particles, and removes excess moisture in the air

•Air Conditioning: Beyond keeping air

cool, and fighting off the
horrible summers, the AC unit also
controls humidity.

HEAT PUMP FURNACE

 ENGINEERING THE HVAC
CONTROLS USING BAS
BAS is expected to increase the building’s energy efficiency and minimize maintenance costs compared to buildings without BAS.

1. Equipment/Lighting Scheduling 3. Trim and Respond

BAS allows the HVAC technicians to set up schedules for Based upon the zone demand, the set point for different HVAC
lighting systems and equipment operations. As a result, sources can change according to the needs. If the zones grow
energy savings can be obtained when the spaces and warmer rather than colder, the temperature set point is
buildings are unoccupied. automatically changed.

2. Optimal Start 4. Precise Economizer Control

BAS must allow the equipment to have an optimal start BAS, in combination with proper mechanical system set-up, must
using adaptive learning. The optimal start1 feature offer to economize. The set-up should be based on set point
allows the equipment to be carried out and ordered control or enthalpy calculations.
within a schedule.

5. Energy Use Monitoring

BAS must have the ability to monitor and track energy usage. It should also have the ability to meter water, steam, gas, chilled
and hot water, and other fuel oil services. To get specifics concerning energy use, a tool like an electricity usage monitor is
convenient.
 SENSORS IN HVAC

In selecting a sensor for a specific application, the following elements must be considered:

Operating Sensitivity To
Control Agent
Range Of Accuracy And Detect The
Properties And
Controlled Repeatability Smallest
Characteristics
Variable Change

System
Compatibility Response Time Ambient
Of Controller Or Process Environment
Input Dynamics Such Characteristics
As Drifting

Sensors in HVAC Systems Sensors belong to the first and most primary level of a control system.
 TOTAL ROOM AUTOMATION (TRA)
HVAC, lighting and shading working together in a room

The interplay between heating, ventilation and air conditioning as well as lighting and shading is complex. With conventional
automation solutions, these disciplines are controlled separately. Optimizing comfort and energy efficiency, however, requires a
system that coordinates all disciplines and controls and monitors them as a whole.

Such a system is Total Room Automation

(TRA).

❖ This system has an occupancy-

dependent constant light control that
maintains consistent lighting on the work
area throughout the day even when the
incident daylight changes. As a result,
the light level at workstations can reach
the required 500 lux while consuming 40
percent less energy.

❖ The interplay with central air handling

optimizes the supply air temperature and
pressure control, resulting in 50% less
energy consumption compared to a
conventional control system.
 SAVING ENERGY AT THE TOUCH OF A BUTTON

Users must be able to restore optimal energy efficiency easily and even
without any technical knowledge. To this end, the room automation
system uses the Green Leaf indicator: The symbol of a leaf on the room
operator unit appears green when the room is operating at optimum
energy efficiency. It turns red when energy consumption is more than
ideal due to manual intervention.

Example:

A meeting is being held in a conference room on a sunny summer day.

The blinds are tilted to avoid direct sunlight and glare and hence
decreased demand for cooling. For the presentation, the room is
darkened and the blinds are closed all the way. For the subsequent
discussion, however, participants open the blinds manually to let in
daylight. Now sunlight is streaming into the room, heating it up. The air This platform provides central operation and
conditioning has to generate more cool air to compensate for the rise monitoring of all building automation functions,
in temperature. Green Leaf indicator turns from green to red to alert including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting
room users. All they have to do is tap the leaf symbol to restore and shading as well as fire safety and security if
optimum energy efficiency. desired.

Energy consumption can be reduced by up to 25% if room users optimize their energy behavior.
 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING CONTROLS

Lighting controls are input/output devices and systems. The control system receives information, decides what to do with it, and
then adjusts lighting power accordingly.
A good lighting design includes a good controls design. Lighting controls play a critical role in lighting systems, enabling users
manually or automatically to:

• Turn The Lights ON And OFF Using A Switch.

• Adjust Light Output Up And Down Using A Dimmer.

• Increase User
Satisfaction By
• Alter
• Change Space Providing Users
Atmosphere
Appearance. The Ability To
And Mood.
Control Their
Lighting.

• Facilitate
Different
• Reduce Glare.
Functions Of
The Space.
 D A L I - DIGITAL ADDRESSABLE LIGHTING INTERFACE

It Is A Two Way Communication System That Brings Digital Communication To Lightning

which means it permit the digital controlling of the lighting fixtures in a lightning
system.
WE CAN CALL IT: INTELLIGENTLY LIGHTNINGCONTROL
SYSTEM.
 BENEFITS: ENERGY MANAGEMENT

• By reducing lighting ON time, intensity or zoning, lighting controls reduce

both demand and energy consumption.
• According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) study,
popular lighting control strategies produce 24-38% average lighting energy
savings, which reduces building operating costs.
• Because of strong energy savings, the majority of state commercial building
energy codes require a wide range of controls in new construction.
• In existing construction, the controllability of LED lighting results in an ideal
pairing with controls, combining to minimize energy costs.
 WIRELESS SYSTEMS

❖ Wireless controls communicate using radio waves or

some other wireless approach, eliminating control
wiring.

❖ This is particularly attractive for implementing

sophisticated controls in existing buildings.

❖ Control input devices may be powered by an internal

battery or by harvesting energy from ambient light,
temperature differential or mechanical energy
produced by flipping a switch.
❖
They communicate control signals from a wireless
transmitter to a wireless receiver in a lighting controller,
which is installed at the luminaire, a junction box or at
a panel.
 • MANUAL • COLOR TUNING • DATA
CONTROL GENERATION Control Strategies

❖ Combining various inputs and outputs results

in several unique lighting control strategies
• OCCUPANCY • INSTITUTIONAL • DEMAND available that can address visual needs,
SENSING TASK TUNING RESPONSE
energy management needs, or both.

❖ In turn, control strategies can be combined

• TIME • DAYLIGHT in the same space via layering to maximize
SCHEDULING RESPONSE value.
 OCCUPANCY SENSING TIME SCHEDULING

❖ Occupancy sensors are devices that automatically turn
the lights ON and OFF based on whether the space is
occupied. By ensuring the lights are ON only while the
space is occupied, occupancy-based strategies realize
24% average lighting energy savings
Scheduling adjusts the output of the lighting system based on
a time event implemented using a time-clock, which may be
implemented using a microprocessor built into the control
system. At certain times, controlled lights will turn ON, OFF or
dim to either save energy or support changing space
functions.
Occupancy-based strategies (lumping together time
scheduling with occupancy sensing) can realize 24%
average lighting energy savings.

❖ If the sensor provides automatic shutoff but requires manual-ON, it

is commonly called a vacancy sensor. Alternately, the sensor may
automatically turn the load on to 50%, with manual operation via a
switch needed to turn the lights ON to full. These sensors are
commonly called partial-ON occupancy sensors.
 DEMAND RESPONSE COLOR TUNING

❖ Manual control is a simple strategy providing users the
capability of choosing light levels either in steps (switching)
or over a wide range with smooth transitions between levels
(dimming).
❖ Typical applications include private and open offices,
meeting and education spaces, houses of worship,
entertainment venues and other spaces. According to
LBNL, this strategy can result in 31% average lighting energy
savings.
❖ Color tuning is the technique of adjusting of the color of
electric lighting in a space.
❖ More complex than dimming, color tuning further enhances
the ability of lighting to dramatically change the look of a
lighted space.
❖ While dimming simply results in more or less light, color
tuning actually changes the appearance and "feel" of
color.

MANUAL CONTROL

• Demand response (DR) involves reducing lighting power either upon

request from the power supplier during an emergency event (emergency
DR), or based on time of day to minimize demand costs (economic DR).

• As a significant portion of the typical building’s lighting load can’t be

turned OFF during operating hours, this typically entails dimming.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND BUILDING CONTROLS

❖ Building Energy management is the process of monitoring, controlling, and conserving energy in a building or organization.

❖ Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) control the functions of the building, allowing a smooth operation and efficient
functioning of the building.

❖ Energy supply systems in a modern building have a considerable degree of

complexity.
30% ENERGY SAVING
❖ Their design is influenced by different life cycle phases (e.g. planning and
operation), industries (e.g. HVAC, shading and safety) and media (e.g. hot water
and electricity).
❖ The first goal of controls is to get the building into operation and maintain indoor
comfort.
❖ Due to reasons of reliability and safety buffers, energy systems are usually
overengineered in order to deliver heating, cooling or air volume even if the
building physics does not meet the original construction plan.
❖ An automated building provides a control system that allows fine-grained control of
energy consumption, energy systems that have the potential to provide flexibility in
their operation.
 LIFECYCLE SOLLUTIONS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Audit
and Measure

• Energy Audits • Building management solutions

• Consulting services Solutions
• Power management solutions
• Motor control solutions
• Lighting control solutions
• Home control solutions
• Monitoring services
COMPONENTS OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING
A. Energy Efficiency
• There are three main starting points for optimization with
regard to energy processes, while the overall goal is to
increase energy efficiency.
• This includes simple solutions like monitoring energy
consumption in the different systems and detecting
improvements, but also faults in the system (e.g. heating and
cooling demand at the same time in different areas of the
building, systems that are permanently running, broken valves,
etc.).

B. Shaping the Electric Load Profile

• In the electric grid the building can be changed from a passive consumer into an active participant by modifying the
consumption profile of selected consumers.
• This is an important contribution of turning the existing grid into a smart grid, which unites energy and information technology.
• The shaping of electric load profiles has two benefits: reduction of greenhouse gases and the possibility of cost savings for the
end user.
• During the morning and the evening electric consumption is considerably high; any reduction of electric consumption supports
the grid and reduces the risk of power shortages.
• As soon as tariffs are available that let the user benefit from exploiting the possibilities to shift electric load, the user can reduce
energy costs and thus benefits from the flexibility of the building.
C. Integration of Renewable Energy Sources

• Just like the consumption of electricity can be shaped to fit

the requirements of the electric grid, it can be adapted to
support another goal, which additionally also supports the
grid: when a photovoltaic system is installed on the
building, electricity is produced according to the available
sun radiation.
• Especially in residential buildings it is possible that the peak
production (around noon) is bigger than the overall
electrical consumption.
• The excess energy is fed back into the grid, resulting in
additional load for the electric grid.
• Since the utility company needs to maintain a voltage level
that must not exceed an upper boundary, a larger amount
of photovoltaic systems can cause problems in the grid.
• Increasing the production of renewable energy by
photovoltaic systems is vital for maintaining energy supply in
the near future, but must be achieved without causing
problems in the electric Grid.
 Building simulation

• The overall efficiency can be improved by taking a closer

look at the existing control strategies, then the thermal
processes can be exploited to shift electric load in order to
achieve optimization goals like peak load reduction or
maximum consumption of self-produced electricity.
• A thermal building model describes the dynamic thermal
behavior with regard to losses through the envelope, gains
by solar radiation and internal loads and derives the
temperature distribution in the different thermal zones of a
building.
• The energy systems of the building (heating, cooling,
ventilation) modify the simulated indoor climate and can be
modeled as simple energy sources (e.g. contribute the
amount of energy that was lost during one simulation step
so that the building maintains its equilibrium).
THANK YOU