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IT2 Lecture 3
IT2 Lecture 3
IT2 Lecture 3
Lecture # 3
File-Based System
A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users such as
the production of reports.
Each program defines and manages its own data.
It is considered as the predecessor of database system.
File-Based Processing
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Data Organization
CHARACTER is the basic building block of DATA which consist of upper & lower case
letter numeric digit (0, 1, 2, etc.) or special character (-, +, -).
CHARACTER are put together to form a FACT.
FACT are called Field, Item, Word, or String of Character.
FACT – a number, a name, or a combination of Character.
RECORD is a collection of related FACTS.
Example: Employee Record – it is collection of FACT about one employee.
It indicates name,
address, phone #, pay 1 2 3 4 Database
rate, earning made to
date & so on.
FILE is a collection of related RECORD.
Example: A collection of all employee record for one company would be
an Employee File.
Inventory File – collection of all inventory record for a particular company
or organization.
DATABASE is a collection of integrated & related master file.
A data base is used as the raw material or input data for all of the
application system perform by the organization.
Database
Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed
to meet the information needs of an organization.
System catalogue (metadata) provides description of data to enable program–data
independence.
Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.
Database System
Each ROW is a RECORD.
Each COLUMN is a FIELD.
COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.
The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.
The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.
A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.
A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.
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Database Management System (DBMS)
A software system that enables users to define, create, and maintain the database and
that provides controlled access to this database.
A view mechanism.
Provides users with only the data they want or need to use.
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Examples of DBMS:
Microsoft Access
Microsoft SQL Server
Oracle
FoxPro / Visual FoxPro
INGRES
Dbase
FoxBase
Paradox
InterBase
DB2
Informix
MySQL
Software - DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the
application programs.
Data - Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.
Procedures - Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use
of the database and DBMS.
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Naïve Users – are typically unaware of the DBMS. They access the database
through application program.
Sophisticated Users – are familiar with the structure of the database and the
facilities offered by the DBMS. They can perform high-level query language
such as SQL to perform the required operations.
Advantages of DBMS
Control of data redundancy Balanced conflicting requirements
Data consistency Improved data accessibility and
More information from the same responsiveness
amount of data Increased productivity
Sharing of data Improved maintenance through
Improved data integrity data independence
Improved security Increased concurrency
Enforcement of standards Improved backup and recovery
Economy of scale services
Disadvantages of DBMS
Complexity
Size
Cost of DBMS
Additional hardware costs
Cost of conversion
Performance
Higher impact of a failure