Report on country's culture

Submitted to:

Ma’am Sara Kanwaal

Submitted By:

 Ibrahim Farooq (2020-BBIT-59)

 Waleed Ijaz (2020-BBIT-38)
 Minahil Maryam (2020-BBIT-42)
 Maleeha Habib (2020-BBIT-47)
 EGYPT
History of Egypt:

The history of Egypt has been long and wealthy, due to the flow of the Nile River with its fertile
banks and delta, as well as the accomplishments of Egypt’s native inhabitants and outside
influence. Much of Egypt's ancient history was a mystery until Egyptian hieroglyphs were
deciphered with the discovery and help of the Rosetta Stones. Great Pyramid of Giza is among
the Seven Wonders of World. Ancient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the
political unification of upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty.
Predominantly native Egyptian rule lasted until the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire or
Achaemenid Persian Empire in the sixth century BC. “Misr” is an Arabic name simply meaning
"country", and part of the tradition of this term in as a name for Egypt comes from the Islamic
Quran. The term can also mean "fortress", or "castellated", which refers to the natural
protective boarders of Egypt which protected the country from invaders.

Founder of Egypt:

King Menes founded the capital of ancient Egypt at White Walls (later known as Memphis), in
the north, near the apex of the Nile River delta. But later on, Muhammad Ali Pasha, who was an
Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, became Wali and self-declared Khedive (Viceroy) of
Egypt and Sudan. Muhammad Ali was born in the Ottoman Empire, in the area which is now the
Greek province of Macedonia. Muhammad Ali pasha was the Albanian Ottoman governor and
the de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848.

Location of Egyptian Land:

Egypt’s land frontiers border Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel to the northeast.
In the north its Mediterranean coastline is about 620 miles (1,000 km), and in the east its
coastline on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba is about 1,200 miles (1,900 km). The 'red land'
was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated ancient
Egypt from neighboring countries and invading armies. They also provided the ancient
Egyptians with a source for precious metals and semi-precious stones.
Climate of Egypt:

Egypt essentially has a hot desert climate. The climate is generally extremely dry all over the
country except on the northern Mediterranean coast which receives rainfall in winter. There is
some winter rain in the delta and along the Mediterranean coast, west of the delta. Non-
renewable underground fossil water supplies are accessible outside the river valley, especially
in the oases.

The climate of Egypt is characterized by a hot season from May to October and a cool season
from October to May. Extreme temperatures during both seasons are moderated by the
prevailing northern winds. In the coastal region average annual temperatures range from a
maximum of 37° C (99° F) to a minimum of 14° C (57° F).

Population of Egypt:

Egypt 2020 population is estimated at 102,334,404 people at mid-year according to UN data. Its
population is equivalent to 1.31% of the total world population. Egypt ranks number 14 in the
list of countries (and dependencies) by population.

Egypt's overpopulation problem is no secret. The country's population increases annually by 2.5
percent and is expected to reach 151 million people by 2050.President Abdel-Fattah has
described overpopulation as one of the biggest threats facing Egypt, alongside terrorism.

Previous 10 years population record is:

Neighboring Countries of Egypt:

Countries with international borders to Egypt are the occupied Palestinian territory of the Gaza
Strip, Israel, Libya, and Sudan. Egypt shares maritime borders with Cyprus, Greece, Jordan,
Saudi Arabia, and Turkey.

Egypt's land frontiers border Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel to the northeast.
Egypt's border with Sudan is notable for two areas, the Triangle along the Red Sea and further
inland that are subject to differing claims by the two countries

Friendly ties with major country:

The Foreign relations of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the
outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as
population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic
geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East, Africa, and
within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Arab world’s
commerce and culture for centuries, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the
center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.

Egypt–Pakistan relations refer to the bilateral relations between the Arab Republic of Egypt and
the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Modern relations traced back to 1947 when founder of
Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah paid a farewell visit to Egypt on the special invitation sent by
King Fraud II .Egypt has an embassy in Islamabad and Pakistan has an embassy in Cairo. Both
countries are members of the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) and the “D8”. Pakistan
and Egypt are both designated Major Non-NATO allies, giving them access to certain levels of
hardware and surplus military equipment from the United States.

Egyptian Currency:

The official currency of Egypt is the Egyptian Pound (EGP). The symbol used for the Egyptian
Pound is “E£.” The Egyptian Pound is subdivided into smaller currency denomination known as
“Qirsh” or “millimes.”

1 EGP = 100 qirsh = 1000 millemes.

Also, the Egyptian Pound, also known as gineih, was replaced the Egyptian Piastre. The Piastre =
1/100 of a Pound. It was subdivided into 40 para.

Economy of Egypt:
According to the World Bank Country Classification, Egypt has been promoted from the low
income category to lower middle income category.

The economy of Egypt was a highly centralized economy focused on import substitution under
president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Since the 1990s, a series of International Monetary Fund
arrangements, coupled with massive external debt relief and U.S. aid, helped Egypt improve its
macroeconomic performance.

Following are some economic factors of Egypt:

 The main industries are metal, tourism, chemicals, textiles, pharmaceuticals, light
manufacturers, food processing, hydrocarbons, construction, and cement.

 Export products are petroleum and crude oil products, textiles, cotton, agricultural
goods, metal products, and chemicals.

 Import products are wood products, fuels, chemicals, equipment, machinery, and food
stuffs.

 Unemployment in the country is estimated at 9.7%.

 The yearly GDP growth is rated at 2.6%.

Egypt major exports:

Egypt's main exports consist of natural gas, and non-petroleum products such as ready-made
clothes, cotton textiles, medical and petrochemical products, citrus fruits, rice and dried onion,
and more recently cement, steel, and ceramics.

Social classes of Egypt:

Ancient Egypt had three main social classes

 Upper:

The upper class consisted of the royal family, rich landowners, government officials,
important priests and army officers, and doctors.

 Middle:

The middle class was made up chiefly of merchants, manufacturers, and artisans.
  Lower:

Lower class people of Egypt, which is largest class so far, consisted of unskilled laborers,
most of them worked on farms.

Politics of Egypt:

The politics of Egypt are based on republicanism , with a semi-presidential system of

government. The current political system was established following the Egyptian Revolution of
2011 and the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak. In the current system, the President is
elected for a six-year term, where they are able to appoint up to 5 percent of the parliament.
Furthermore, the President has the power to dissolve Parliament through Article 137.

The Parliament of Egypt is the oldest legislative chamber in Africa and the Middle East.
The unicameral Parliament has the ability to impeach the President through Article 161. With
2020 elections to the new Senate, the chamber becomes bicameral.

The president is the head of state of Egypt and the Supreme Commander of the Egyptian Armed
Forces. The current president is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who is effectively controlling the country
since the 2013 coup d'état, and officially elected president in 2014.

Health care facility in Egypt:

Healthcare in Egypt consists of both a public and a private sector. For several decades, the
government has provided a subsidized healthcare system that is meant to ensure health care
for those who cannot afford it. The system relies on four distinct financial agents, including the
government and the public sector as well as private organizations and out-of-pocket payments
made by individuals and families. Due to its pluralistic nature, healthcare providers from the
various sectors compete. Therefore, patients have the liberty of choosing their doctor on the
basis of their financial abilities.

 Public Healthcare:

Public health coverage is offered through the Ministry of Health, which operates a series of
medical facilities providing free health services. There are two main quasi-governmental
insurers. The Health Insurance Organization (HIO), is the largest public health-care payer,
along with the Curative Care Organization (CCO). Their services are provided under the form
of basic coverage. The HIO covers 60% of the population, including employees, students,
and widows through premiums deducted from employee salaries and employer payrolls.
  Private Healthcare:

There are also private insurance options and a network of private healthcare providers and
medical facilities. The private sector includes for-profit clinics, hospitals, and pharmacies.
The private medical sector is deemed superior to the public services, in terms of quality.
Statistics show that the private sector is the initial choice of a healthcare provider in Egypt,
even among the lowest income groups.

Best hospitals in Egypt:

Following are some famous and best hospitals in Egypt:

 Dar Al-Fouad
 Assiut
 Damietta
 Sohag
 Kafr el Sheikh
 Al Islmailliyah
 Al Minya
 Fayoum

The Dar Al Fouad was the first best hospital in Egypt to receive the Joint Commission
International (JCI) accreditation and is closely affiliated with the respected Cleveland Clinic in
the United States. This close working relationship allowed it to develop excellent medical
services that meet international standards.

Education system in Egypt:

 Education system at school level:

The public education system in Egypt consists of three levels: the basic education stage
for 4–14 years old: kindergarten for two years followed by primary school for six years
and preparatory school (ISCED Level 2) for three years. Education is made compulsory
for 9 academic years between the ages of 4 and 14.

 Higher education system:

Egypt has a very extensive higher education system. About 30% of all Egyptians in the
relevant age group go to university. Out of the 51 non-university institutions, 47 are
two-year middle technical institutes (MTIs) and four are 4–5 years higher technical
institutes'.
  Famous universities in Egypt:
i. Mansoura University
ii. Suez Canal University
iii. Cairo University
iv. Kafrelsheikh University
v. Aswan University
 Literacy rate in Egypt:

The literacy rate measures the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can read
and write.

 Egypt literacy rate for 2017 was 71.17%, a 3.89% decline from 2013.

 Egypt literacy rate for 2013 was 75.06%, a 1.2% increase from 2012.

 Egypt literacy rate for 2012 was 73.87%, a 1.82% increase from 2010.

 Egypt literacy rate for 2010 was 72.05%, a 5.68% increase from 2006.

Transportation System:

There are three types of transportation in Egypt that connect cities: land transportation,
waterway transportation and airway transportation. They are mainly centered in Cairo as it is
the capital of Egypt. The Nile River was the highway that joined the country together. Up until
the 19th century, travel by land was virtually unknown. Ships and boats were the main means
of transporting people and goods around the country. Railroads are used a lot to ship goods.
Also planes, trucks, and boats are ways used to transport goods. The Nile and the Suez-Canal
are used a lot to move goods from one place to another.

Sports:

Football is by far the most popular sport in Egypt and the Egyptian national football team called
the “Pharaohs” has taken home the African Cup of Nations a total of seven times which
includes a three-peat performance in 2006, 2008 and 2010.

Without a doubt, this is why they are considered as the most successful among the African
national teams and one of the few African national teams that reached a single-digit ranking in
FIFA (9th). Football is not the only popular sport in Egypt though.
Ancient Egyptian kings, princes and statesmen were keen on attending sports competitions,
which they encouraged and provided with the necessary equipment.

Ancient Egyptian’s used to play games like hockey, handball, Archery, gymnastics, consecutive
vault, tug of war ,rowing, fishing, javelin throw, boxing, weight-lifting ,high jump, swimming,
gymnastics(floor exercise),rhythmic gymnastics ,tug of hoop and marathon.

In modern time’s football, tennis, basketball, squash and handball are famous sports among
people. And some other famous games are:

1. Football
2. Judo
3. Karate
4. Gymnastics
5. Cycling Race
6. Fencing
7. Basketball
8. Athletics
9. Swimming
10. Handball

Verbal Communication Style:

Egyptians are quite expressive and passionate when they converse. They have a tendency to be
evocative and verbose by telling stories and using wordplay and jokes. They are generally open
and emotive, displaying happiness and gratitude freely. Emotions relating to grief and sorrow
are also widely expressed, particularly in the case of death of a loved one. However, public
displays of anger are discouraged and may be interpreted as an insult. Indirect Communication:
Egyptians generally communicate in an indirect manner. They tend to avoid replying with a
direct ‘no’ and instead usually offer a lengthy reply that may not answer the question. However,
depending on the context of the conversation and who they are communicating with, they may
be direct in some instances. For example, someone of seniority by position or age may be more
direct when conversing with those below them. The use of direct communication in these
occasional instances is rarely intended to offend the conversation partner.
Non-Verbal Communication Style:

 Physical Contact:

The appropriateness of touching during conversations depends on the relationship

between the people interacting. Close friends and family will frequently touch each
other while acquaintances will generally refrain from doing so. Norms and expectations
of physical contact also often depend on the gender of the people interacting. For
example, good friends of the same gender may hold hands or kiss when greeting in
public. On the other hand, there is little to no public display of affection between
opposite genders during conversation or when in public places, with the exception of
married couples who may walk arm in arm.

 Personal Space:

The common physical distance maintained between people is usually an arm’s length.
The acceptable proximity may vary depending on the genders of the two people
interacting with one another. For example, women may stand closer to each other,
whilst people generally prefer to keep a bigger distance from those of the opposite
gender.

 Gestures:

Touching all four fingers to the thumb with the palm facing inwards then shaking it up
and down is used to tell someone to ‘wait a moment’. To point, one usually uses their
index finger.

 Beckoning:

To beckon someone, Egyptians tend to whistle or clap.

 Eye Contact:

Direct eye contact is acceptable in most cases and is valued as a sign of respect to the
speaker as well as a sign of honesty and sincerity. Sometimes, Egyptians will hold an
intense stare, meaning that their eye contact may be stronger than what is typical in
Australia. However, in accordance to Islamic principles, males and females may be
expected to lower their gaze and avoid sustained eye contact with each other. This is
considered respectful and observant of the partition between genders.
 The Egyptian Culture
Egypt is cosmopolitan as it is the perfect fusion of so many cultures. The culture and tradition of
Egypt is like a melting pot where multiple cultures and traditions have created a wonderful
picture and a mentality that embraces new and advanced ideas for creating a liberal ambiance
around. This liberal attitude is being displayed in Egyptians friendly behavior toward foreigners
and tourists. If asked, people of Egypt will always share their service and enthusiasm with the
people whom hardly they know. In Egypt, besides its marvelous attractions and cultural
ambiance, the smiling faces of the Egyptians are an added charm. All these sweet fragments are
the best part of the visit to Egypt, which will remain with you as a memory forever. Commonly,
Egyptians are quite adjustable in nature and they love to help people. If you ask them any
question, they will answer it happily. One most interesting thing is whenever you will ask
something to an Egyptian, he will call some other people to discuss about the question and will
try the best to offer you the correct answer of the question asked.

Egyptian Clothing:

Egyptian clothing, culture, history and heritage have been at the core of some of the world’s
most stunning fashion collections ever created. For decades, fashion designers from all over the
world have used ancient Egypt as a reservoir of inspiration. However, Egyptian clothing culture
has gone through dramatic changes over the last 50 years. Although stylistic restraint is usual in
rural parts of Egypt, modern Egyptian clothing styles differ only marginally from those in
Europe. Nowadays, Egyptian people no longer wear wrap-around garments made from linen,
like ancient Egyptians, but modern clothing styles. Due to the country’s hot climate, ancient
Egyptians had to wear light fabrics such as vaporous linen, distinguishable for its transparent
style. Those garments aimed to confer a unique style while retaining comfort and easiness to
wear. Modern Egyptian culture holds the same value of comfortable fashion; however, the
materials and the styles have changed a bit. Unlike most western countries in which genders
boundaries are blurring, Egyptian clothing retains notable differences between male and
females styles.

 Egyptian Women Clothing:

Although 90 per cent of Egyptians are Muslim, dressing to match one’s religious views is not
enforced in Egypt. Despite this fact, restraint is still significant to Egyptians, so many women
wear clothes that cover all parts of their bodies.

Women tend to wear either a hijab that’s covering the neck and head or a niqab, covering
just the face and head. Women in Egypt are expected to be conservative and modest, in
following with the Islamic principles for women. Unknown men should never approach an
Egyptian woman; instead questions and concerns should be addressed toward other men.
 Women are widely present within the professional workforce, working as doctors, lawyers,
college professors and diplomats. A head scarf is often worn as a symbol of modesty and to
discourage male advances in the professional field. Women are expected to keep their arms
and legs covered, especially in religious arenas.And yet, it is not uncommon to see Egyptian
women without head coverings.

 Egyptian Men clothing:

There are no religious restrictions on men’s attire in Egypt. There are some devout Muslims
in Egypt who do not wear any clothing that clings to the body. These devoted Muslims wear
galabiya, a loose-fitting ankle-length robe, along with a turban, skullcap or fez.

The kaftan, an ankle-length coat with large sleeves, is worn either belted around the waist
or over the galabiya. However, most modern Egyptian men wear western clothing styles,
from business suits at work to trousers and short-sleeved shirts for everyday wear.

Language:

Arabic is the official language of Egypt. Egyptian Arabic is the commonly spoken language,
based on the dialect of Cairo, and is occasionally written in Arabic script or in Arabic chat
alphabet mostly on new communication services. Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian
Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East-North Africa, probably due
to the influence of Egyptian cinema and music industry throughout the Arabic-speaking world.

 Sign languages:

The only known sign language used in Egypt is Egyptian Sign Language. It is known to be
used in Alexandria and Cairo, and possibly other regions. Regional variation is reported
anecdotally but not documented.

Religion in Modern Egypt:

The state religion of Egypt is Islam. Egypt is predominantly Muslim, with Muslims comprising
about 85-90% of the population. Almost the entirely of Egypt's Muslims are Sunni’s. Most of the
non-Muslims in Egypt are Christians, the majority of whom belong to the native Egyptian Coptic
Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The Coptic Christian population in Egypt is the largest Christian
community in the Middle East and North Africa standing at between 5% – 15% of Egypt's
population according to different statistics. The non-Sunni, non-Coptic communities range in
size from several thousand to hundreds of thousands. The original Ancient Egyptian religion has
all but disappeared.
The Adhan (Islamic call to prayer) that is heard five times a day has the informal effect of
regulating the pace of everything from business to entertainment. Cairo is famous for its
numerous mosque minarets and church towers and also being capital of country. This religious
landscape has been marred by a history of religious extremism, recently witnessing a 2006
judgment of Egypt's Supreme Administrative Court, which made a clear legal distinction
between "recognized religions" (i.e., Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and all other religious
beliefs.

Greeting:

A person entering into any group scenario should greet those already present. Handshakes are
expected in a situation involving people you are familiar with. Handshakes may be held only
lightly, but are often prolonged. They are generally accompanied with a wide smile and direct
eye contact.

Family:

As Egypt is a largely collectivist society, the needs of one’s family or community typically take
precedence over one’s personal needs or desires. Kinship plays an important role in social
relations, and the general perception is that the individual is subordinate to the family. The
family consists of both the nuclear unit and the extended family. Given the emphasis placed on
traditional family values such as loyalty to the extended family network, communal living and
sharing are widely prevalent in Egyptian culture.

Urban Life:

Life in Egyptian cities has been strongly influenced by modern European culture. There are
broad, paved streets and well-tended parks. Major cities are linked to the national network of
highways and railroads. Many government offices and the courts of justice are located in urban
centers. Most secondary schools and all universities are in cities. Many cities, particularly Cairo,
are overcrowded and housing is in short supply. About half of Egypt's people live in the
countryside. The rest live in cities, which are rapidly growing in population.

Egyptian city-dwellers live in modern apartment buildings as well as crowded tenement

districts. Or they live in private homes in the suburbs, an extension of the city. City dwellers
dress mostly in Western-style clothing. However, traditional Islamic dress has become more
common among women.
Rural Life:

The country people, or fellahin, live in thousands of small villages. Each village has a mosque, a
few shops, a religious school, and sometimes a church. The villages lie along the Nile River or
near irrigation canals. The fellahin farm the land that they own or rent. They wear traditional
dress. For a man, or fellah, this consists of an ankle-length cotton robe, called a galabia, and a
skullcap or turban. The fellaha, the wife of the fellah, wears dresses with long sleeves and a
black veil, which she sometimes uses to cover her face. On market days and other special
occasions, the women wear earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and anklets. Both village men and
women work in the fields. Children tend donkeys or water buffalo. And they herd sheep or
goats, if the family is wealthy enough to own them. The staple foods are bread made from corn
flour and a dish made of beans, called ful. Meat is usually reserved for special holidays.

Special Holidays:

Day Description
25th April Sinai Libertation Day
1st May Worker Day
23rd july 1952 Revolution Day
6th october Armed Forces Day
13th October Suez Libertation Day
23rd december Victory Day
Eid El-Azha Comes right after thr
pilgrimage season,it
lasts for four days
Eid El-Fitr Comes right after the
Holy fasting month of
Ramadan
Coptic Christmas January 7
day
Prophet Variable Day
Muhammad
Birthday
Islamic new year Variable Day
Major Tourism places:

Major tourist locations of Egypt include Pyramids of giza, luxor temple, karnak temple, Islamic
Cairo, aswan, Abu simbel temples, Egyptian museum, white desert, siwa oasis, Alexandria, Nile
cruising, red sea reef, the citadel, mount Sinai, old cairo, al azhar, manyal palace, sultan
mosque, the hanging church, and many more.

Food:

The gastronomy of Egypt or Egyptian Cuisine is very varied due to its geographical position that
acts as a bridge between African and Mediterranean cuisine. Egypt is a country with a large
expanse of desert and this is evident in some of its culinary customs. Because it is a Muslim
country, many of the gastronomic customs are governed by the laws of Islam.

Egyptian cuisine makes heavy use of legumes, vegetables, and fruit from Egypt's rich Nile Valley
and Delta. It shares similarities with the food of the Eastern Mediterranean region, such as rice-
stuffed vegetables, grape leaves, shawarma, kebab, and kofta. Examples of Egyptian recipes
include “ful medames” which is mashed fava beans; kushari, lentils and pasta, and molokhia,
bush okra stew. Pita bread, known locally as “eish Baladi.” Cheesemaking in Egypt dates back to
the 1st Dynasty of Egypt, with feta cheese being the most common type of cheese consumed
today.

Since Egypt the first agriculture country in the world so the most healthiest dish in the world
course is the Egyptian cuisine, your meal including protein , vegetable, carbohydrate, vitamins,
and iron , therefore the dish is a complete healthy meal

Common meats in Egyptian cuisine are rabbits, pigeons, chicken, and ducks. Lamb and beef are
usually used for grills. Falafel is one of the famous fast foods in Cairo, and the desserts pies
prepared in the region for at least 2500 years. Besides fish and seafood common in the coastal
areas of Egypt, the most famous of them is the city of Alexandria. There is a great deal of
Egyptian vegetarian food, due to both the relatively high price of meat and the needs of the
Coptic Christian community, whose religious restrictions essentially require vegetarian diets
throughout most of the year.

The tea drink is the national drink of Egypt, where the Egyptians learned in many ways of
making tea where you can have anywhere in a local cafe maybe during your walking tours in
Cairo on Al Fishawy cafe, and coffee comes second, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink.
While alcohol is a religious taboo and committed Muslims and Copts tend to avoid alcoholic
drinks, alcohol is readily available in the country.
Popular desserts in Egypt include baklava, sebousah, konafa and swabe' zeinab. Common
ingredients in desserts include dates, honey, and almonds.

Egyptian cuisine is particularly inclined to vegetarian meals because it relies heavily on beans
and vegetarian dishes. Although the food in Alexandria and the coastal cities in Egypt tend to
use a large amount of fish and other seafood, the Egyptian cuisine differs from one governorate
to another but for the most part, it depends on foods that grow outside the land.

The Egyptian Red Sea ports were the first main entry point for spices from Europe, as various
spices were easily accessible over the years, and these spices left their mark on Egyptian
cuisines, such as cumin, which is considered one of the most used spices. Other common spices
include coriander, chili, black pepper, anise, bay leaves, dill, ginger, cinnamon, mint, and cloves.

Among the common meats found in Egyptian cuisine are rabbits, pigeons, poultry, and ducks. It
is often boiled to make broth for various soups and soups. Lamb and beef are the most
common meat used in barbecue. Grilled meats such as kofta, kebab and grilled slices are
referred to intermittently as the barbecue.It is popular in Egypt, in the guts of animals and
various meats. The liver and sandwiches specializing in Alexandria are among the most famous
fast food in the country. Minced pieces of liver fried with sweet pepper, hot pepper, garlic,
cumin, and other spices are served in baguette-like bread called eish fino. It also eats cows'
brains and sheep in some cities in Egypt.