Subject Mathematics

Grade Accelerated Class

Date October 2020
Name _______________________________________

Unit (1): Transformation and Matrices

OBJECTIVES:

Students should be able to:

I. Briefly describe the four main types of transformation: translation, reflection, rotation
and enlargement.
II. List at least two properties of each transformation.
III. Find the image of a shape after translation, reflection, rotation and enlargement.
IV. Identify and describe a transformation given an object and its image
V. Recognize the 2 x 2 matrix associated with translation, reflection, rotation and
enlargement.
VI. Use matrices to represent combined transformation (single matrix) and inverse
transformation.

Transformation

Transformation refers to the movement of a shape from one position to another. Some types of
transformation are: translation, reflection, rotation and enlargement.

Translation
 Refers to a shift along a straight line from one position to another without change in shape or size

 A translation vector is used to move the vertices of an object from one position to another (image)

 Object and image have the same shape and size (congruent)

 Orientation is preserved (letter ordering)

 When describing a translation ensure that the translation vector is given written in column form

 Object + Translation Vector = Image

1
Example: Move the point R (1, 2) to its image R′ using the translation vector ( )
3

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1. Triangle ABC has vertices A (-3, -2), B (3, 1) and C (0, 4). Determine the vertices of its image A′B′C′

−2
under the translation vector ( )
5

2. What translation vector would map the line segment PQ with end points (1, 3) and (1, 1) respectively,

to its image P′Q′ with end pints (5, 5) and (5, 3) respectively.

6
3. What would be the original position of a point L, if the translation vector ( ) mapped it onto its
2
image L′(5, 7)

4. On the graph paper (on the next page), using a scale of 1cm: 1unit on both axes, draw
triangle ABC with vertices A (-3, 5), B (1, 3) and C (2, 5).

5
(a) Translate triangle ABC using the translation vector ( ), plot and label its image A′B′C′
2

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 2
(b) Translate triangle A′B′C′ using the translation vector ( ), plot and label its image
−3
A′′B′′C′′

(c) Give the translation vector that maps:

(i) Triangle ABC to triangle A′′B′′C′′

(ii) Triangle A′′B′′C′′ to triangle A′B′C′

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Reflection
 All the points on the object and image are the same distance away from the mirror line.
 Object and image has the same shape and size (congruent)
 Orientation is preserved (letter ordering)
 When describing a reflection ensure that you give the relevant mirror line
Sketch the following lines:

(a) x = –1 (b) y = 1

(b) (c) y = 2 (d) x = 3

Summary of Reflection Matrices

1 0
 Reflection in the x axis: ( ) ie. (x, y) becomes (x, -y) e.g. (2, 6) = (2, -6)
0 −1

−1 0
 Reflection in the y axis: ( ) ie. (x, y) becomes (-x, y) e.g. (2, 6) = (-2, 6)
0 1

0 1
 Reflection in the line y = x ( ) ie. (x, y) becomes ( y, x) e.g. (2, 6) = (6, 2)
1 0

0 −1
 Reflection in the line y = –x ( ) ie. (x, y) becomes (-y, -x) e.g. (2, 6) = (-6, -2)
−1 0

Questions

5. On the graph paper provided using a scale of 1cm=1unit on both axes:

(a) Plot triangle ABC with vertices (1,1), (4, 6) and (2,5) respectively

(b) Draw the line x = - 1

(c) Reflect triangle ABC in the line x = - 1 and label its image A1B1C1

(d) Draw the line y = 1

(e) Reflect triangle ABC in the line y = 1 and label its image A2B2C2

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6. Using a scale of 1cm: 1 unit on both axes on the graph provided below:

(a) Draw the triangle PQR with vertices (2, 3), (5, 6) and (3, 6) respectively

(b) Draw the line y = x

(c) Reflect triangle PQR in the line y = x (using the reflection matrix), label its image P′Q′R

(d) Plot the image P′Q′R′

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7. (a) On the graph below, plot triangle LMN with vertices (1, 1), (4, 3) and (5, 2) respectively.

(b) Draw the line y = - x

(c) Using the reflection matrix find the coordinate of the image of LMN after a reflection in
the line y = - x

(d) On the same axes plot and label the image L′M′N′

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8. Using a scale of 1cm:1unit on both axes:

(a) Plot triangle ABC with vertices A(1,5) , B(1, 2) and C(7, 3)

(b) Using the reflection matrix, find the coordinates of the image of ABC after a reflection in

the x-axis

(c) Plot and label the image A′B′C′ on the same axes
(d) Using the reflection matrix, find the coordinates of the image of ABC after a reflection in
the y-axis

(e) Plot and label its image A2B2C2 on the same axes

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Rotation

 All points on the object moved about a fixed point called the center of rotation

 By convention, positive rotation go anti-clockwise and negative rotations go clockwise

 Object and image have the same shape and size

 To describe a rotation ensure that you give the: angle, direction and center of rotation

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 The general form of rotation can be described using the matrix: ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Example: A rotation of 90o in an anticlockwise direction or 270o in a clockwise direction about the origin

cos(90°) −sin(90°) cos(−270°) −sin(−270°) 0 −1

( ) 𝑂𝑅 ( ) = ( )
sin( 90°) cos(90°) sin(−270°) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−270°) 1 0

Summary of Rotation matrices:

 A rotation of 90o in an anticlockwise direction or 270o in a clockwise direction about the origin

0 −1
( ) ie. (x, y) becomes (-y, x) e.g. (3, 5) = (-5, 3)
1 0

 A rotation of 180o in an anticlockwise direction or 180o in a clockwise direction about the origin

−1 0
( ) ie. (x, y) becomes (-x, -y) e.g. (3, 5) = (-3, -5)
0 −1

 A rotation of 270o in an anticlockwise direction or 90o in a clockwise direction about the origin

0 1
( ) ie. (x, y) becomes (y, - x) e.g. (3, 5) = (5, -3)
−1 0

 A rotation of 360o in an anticlockwise or clockwise direction about the origin

1 0
( ) ie. (x, y) is still (x, y) e.g. (3, 5) = (3, 5)
0 1

This is called the identity or unit matrix, which rotates an object back to its original position

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9. Triangle PQR has vertices P(1, -3), Q(3, -1) and R(6, -2)
(a) Using a scale of 1cm=1unit on both axes draw triangle PQR on the graph paper below
(b) Using the rotation matrix, find the vertices of the image of triangle PQR under a rotation
of 270o anticlockwise about the origin

(c) Draw and label its image P′Q′R′ on the same pair of axes
(d) Using the rotation matrix, find the vertices of the image of triangle P′Q′R′ under a
rotation of 180o about the origin. Label its image P′′Q′′R′′.

(e) On the same pair of axes, plot triangle P′′Q′′R′′ the image of triangle P′Q′R′

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10. Triangle QRS has vertices Q(1,1), R(3,3) and S(5,1)
(a) On the graph paper below draw triangle QRS
(b) Find the vertices of the image of QRS under a rotation of 90o anticlockwise about the
origin and label its image Q1R1S1

(c) On the same pair of axes plot triangle Q1R1S1

(d) Find the vertices of the image of QRS under a rotation of 90o clockwise about the origin
and label its image Q2R2S2

(e) On the same pair of axes plot triangle Q2R2S2

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Rotation when the center of rotation is NOT the origin
Step 1: subtract the center of rotation coordinates from each of the coordinates of the object
Step 2: multiply the rotation matrix by the resultant matrix obtained from step 1.
Step 3: add back the center of rotation coordinate to each of the coordinates from the matrix
obtained in step 2.
Questions
11. The vertices of triangle WXY are (1,1), (4, 1) and (4, 2) respectively. Calculated the vertices
of the image of triangle WXY when it is rotated 270o anticlockwise about the center of
rotation (2, 2)

12. The vertices of triangle LMN are (-1, -1) , (-6, -1) and (-6, -2) respectively. Calculate the
vertices formed by the image of triangle LMN when it is rotated through 180o clockwise
about the center of rotation (0, 1)

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Enlargement
 The size of an object is either increased or reduced to give its image.
 To describe an enlargement ensure that you give the: scale factor and center of
enlargement
 The scale factor tells how by how much the object has been increased or reduced
 The center of enlargement tells where the enlargement is being measured from.
 When a scale factor is negative the image is on the opposite side of the center of
enlargement.

𝑘 0
 The general form of an enlargement matrix is given by: ( ) where k is the scale factor
0 𝑘

13. The triangle ABC has vertices (2, 1), (3, 1) and (2, 3) respectively.
(a) Using a scale of 1cm:1unit on both axes, draw the triangle ABC on the graph below
(b) Determine the image of triangle ABC using the scale factor 2

(c) Plot the image A′B′C′

(d) Determine the image of triangle ABC using the scale factor –2

(e) Plot the image A′′B′′C′′

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Scale Factors and Areas
 In general, when you enlarge an object, the area of the image is given by:

Area of Image = (scale factor)2 × area of object

Questions:
1. A square of sides 5cm is enlarged by a scale factor of 3. What is the area of the enlarged
square?

1
2. A triangle has an area of 12cm2 and is enlarged by a scale factor of 2. What is the area of
the enlarged triangle?

3. A square of side 2cm is enlarged to a square of side 3cm.

(a) What is the scale factor of the enlargement?

(b) What is the area of each square?

(c) What is the area scale factor?

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Combined Transformation
 Refers to one transformation followed by another transformation. e.g. A reflection
followed by a rotation.
 One transformation followed by another can be represented by a SINGLE MATRIX
Single Matrix = (2nd transformation matrix) × (1st transformation matrix)

Note: the single matrix would transform the object directly to the final image by passing the 1st image.

Question
1 0
Triangle XYZ with vertices X (1, 1), Y(1, 3) and Z(5, 1) is transformed by the matrix L( )
0 −1
−1 0
to give triangle X1Y1Z1. Triangle X1Y1Z1 is then transformed by the matrix M( ) to give
0 1
triangle X2Y2Z2.

(a) Find the single matrix which represents the transformation L followed by M

(b) Use the single matrix to find the vertices of triangle X2 Y2 Z2

(c) Using a scale of 1cm=1unit on both axes, plot both triangles on the graph paper below
(d) Describe fully the single transformation which maps triangle XYZ directly to triangle
X2 Y2 Z2

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Inverse Transformation
 Moves the image of an object back to its original position

 The inverse is found in a similar way as with matrices

Questions:
−1 0
1. The point Q(1, 4) is mapped to its image Q′ under the transformation ( )
0 1

(a) Find the coordinates of Q′

(b) Determine the transformation matrix that will map Q′ back to its original position Q.

Check your answer:

0 −1
2. The point S(-2, 6) is mapped onto its image S′ under the transformation ( )
1 0

(a) Find the coordinates of the image S′

(b) Determine the transformation matrix that maps S′ to S.

Check your answer:

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 Mixed Practice Questions

14. The graph below shows triangle LMN and its image L′M′N′ after undergoing a single
transformation.

(a) Describe fully the transformation that maps ΔLMN onto ΔL′M′N′.

(b) On the graph above, draw triangle L′′M′′N′′ the image of triangle LMN, after a translation
0
by the vector( ).
−3

(c) Name and describe a combination of TWO transformation which may be used to map
ΔL′′M′′N′′ onto ΔL′M′N′.

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15. The graph below shows triangle LMN and its image PQR after an enlargement.

(a) Locate the center of enlargement, showing your method clearly.

(b) State the scale factor and the coordinates of the center of enlargement.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑄𝑅
(c) Determine the value of 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑀𝑁

(d) Draw and label triangle ABC with coordinates (–4, 4), (–1, 4) and (–1, 2) respectively.

(e) Describe fully the single transformation which maps triangle LMN on to triangle ABC

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16. The diagram below shows triangle ABC and its image A′B′C′, under a single transformation.
(a) Describe completely the transformation that maps ΔABC to ΔA′B′C′.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

4
(b) The translation vector T = ( ) maps ΔA′B′C′ to ΔA′′ B′′ C′′. On the diagram above
−5
draw ΔA′′ B′′ C′′.

2 −1
17. (a) A transformation, T, is defined by the matrix: 𝑇 = ( ).
2 0

The point A (-2, 3) is mapped onto the point A′ (a, b) under T.

(i) Find the value of a and b

(ii) Determine the transformation matrix that maps A′ to A

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 0 1
(iii) Another transformation matrix , P, is defined by the matrix: 𝑃=( )
1 −2

(a) Find the single 2 × 2 matrix that represents the combined transformation of T
followed by P

(b) Hence find the image of the point (1, 4) under this combined transformation.

18. Triangle ABC has coordinates A(1, 2), B(4, 2) and C (1, 0)

(a) On the graph below draw triangle A′ B′ C′ the image of triangle ABC, under an
enlargement, center O and scale factor 2.

(b) Triangle A′′ B′′ C′′ is the image of triangle ABC, under a transformation, M. Describe
completely the transformation, M.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

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