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ستيل 2
ستيل 2
ستيل 2
Mahmoud
Civil Engineering Fourth stage
Tension members
Introduction
Tension members are structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile force.
They are used in various types of structures likes:
Tensile strength
The stress in an axially loaded tension member is given by
ƒ= P/A
Where
1 2
Controlling Limit States
There are three limit states that relate to the member itself. These limit states that will
be considered are
1. Tensile strength
2. The design tensile strength (θPn) and the allowable tensile strength (Pn/Ω) of
tension members shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit of
tensile yielding in the gross section and tensile rupture in the net section.
t
For tensile yielding in the gross area
Pn Pn
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 B
𝜃 = 0.9 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷)
𝛺 = 1.67 (𝐴𝑆𝐷) Section 1-1
Where
"rmin"= is the least radius of gyration. "r" is a section property that equals the square
root of the moment of inertia divided by the cross section area. Every member has an
"r" for each of the principle axes
For single-angle members, the least radius of gyration, r, may be about the z-axis rather than
the x- or y-axis.
Design of Steel Structure Tension members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering Fourth stage
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 1/8)
= 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 + 1/16)
Where:-
t= thickness of connected part for plate or section
PL (1/2 x8)
1 ɸ 7/8 bolt Diam.
Examples find the net area for the section shown below
2- PL (1/2 x8) connected by (2 ɸ 7/8 bolt D𝑖𝑎𝑚.) PL (1/2 x8) 2 ɸ 7/8 bolt Diam.
5- W10 x 30 connected by (6 ɸ 7/8 bolt Diam.) in each flange and (6 ɸ 7/8 bolt
Diam.) in web as shown below 7/8 bolt Diam
1 1/2
With STD hole
Sect. Ag tf tw
W10x10 8.84 0.51 0.3 W10 x30
8- C15 x 40 connected by (20 ɸ 7/8 bolt Diam.) in web and flange as shown below
Sect. Ag tw tf
C15x40 11.8 0.52 0.65
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 1/8)
= 8.84 – 0.52x4 (7/8+1/8) - 2x0.65x (7/8+1/8)
= 5.46 in 2
3’’ 3’’ 3’ 3
’ ’’
Design of Steel Structure Tension members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering Fourth stage
Sect. Ag t
L4x4x1/2 3.75 1/2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 1/8)
= 3.75 – 1/2x1(7/8+1/8) = 3.25 in 2 3’’ 3’’ 3’’ 3’’
10- L4x4x1/2 connected by (4 ɸ 7/8 bolt Diam.) in both leg as shown below
Sect. Ag t
L4x4x1/2 3.75 1/2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 1/8)
= 3.75 – 1/2x2(7/8+1/8) = 2.75 in 2 3’’ 3’’ 3’’ 3’’
11- 2L4x4x1/2 connected by (4 ɸ 7/8 bolt Diam.) in one leg as shown below
Sect. Ag t
2L4x4x1/2 7.49 1/2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 1/8)
= 7.49 – 1/2x2(7/8+1/8) = 6.49 in 2 3’’ 3’’ 3’’ 3’’
12- 2L4x4x1/2 connected by (4 ɸ 7/8 bolt Diam.) in both leg as shown below
Sect. Ag t
2L4x4x1/2 7.49 1/2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 1/8)
= 7.49 – 1/2x4(7/8+1/8) = 5.49 in 2 3’’ 3’’ 3’’ 3’’
For chain holes extending across a port in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net, the net
width of the port shall be obtained as follows:
𝑆2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 + 𝑡 ∑ 4𝑔
1 𝑆2
= 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑ ( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + ) + 𝑡 ∑
8 4𝑔
1 𝑆2
= 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑ ( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 + ) + 𝑡 ∑
16 4𝑔
Where:-
t= thickness of connected part for plate or section.
S= longitudinal center to center space (pitch) of any two consecutive hole (in)
g= transverse center to center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines (in)
Design of Steel Structure Tension members Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering Fourth stage
Examples find the net area for the section shown below
3
2
1- Plate (1/2 x11) connected by (3 ɸ 3/4 bolt Diam.) 1 PL(1/2 x11)
2 1/2
1 𝑆2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑ ( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 8) + 𝑡 ∑ 4𝑔 3
An 2-2=1/2 x11– 1/2x 2 (3/4 +1/8) + ½ x1x (62/4x6) = 5.375 in2 2 1/2
2
4
Use min. An= 4.625 in2
Homework 2
Find the net area for Plate (1/2 x14) connected by (4 ɸ 7/8 bolt Diam.)
PL(1/2 x15)
3
4 6 2
3 4
Example
4
Determine the smallest net area for the American Standard Channel (C6x13) shown in
Figure below. The holes are for 5⁄8-inch-diameter bolts.
Sect. Ag tw
1
C 6x13 3.81 0.437
1 𝑆2 2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑ ( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + ) + 𝑡 ∑
8 4𝑔
An 1-1=3.81- 0.437x 1 (5/8 +1/18) + 0 = 3.483 in2 2 1
Determine the net Area of W12x16 and the holes are for 1-inch-diameter bolts.
2 1
Sect. Ag tw
W12x16 4.71 0.22 3
1 𝑆2 3
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 – 𝑡 ∑ ( 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + ) + 𝑡 ∑
8 4𝑔
An 1-1=4.71- 0.22x 2 (1 +1/18) + 0 = 4.215 in2 2 2
2 2
An 2-2=4.71– 0.22x 3 (1 +1/8) +0.2 2 x2x (2 /4x3) = 4.114 in control 1
An =4.11 in 2