Compound Light

Compound Microscope Microscope

 An intricate gathered of a combination of lenses that renders a highly maximized and magnified image of
microscopic living entitles and other complex details or tissues and cells.
 A microscope with more than one lens and its own light source. In this type of microscope, there are ocular
lenses in the binocular eyepieces and objective lenses in a rotating nosepiece closer to the specimen.
 Uses light to see small and compound elements
Short History:
 The first light microscope dates back at 1995, Zacharias Jansen created a compound microscope that used
collapsing tubes and produced magnifications up to 9X.

Specimen
 Anything you use to examine; organisms

Parts of a Microscope
Categorized into two:
1. Mechanical Parts (16 parts)
2. Optical Parts (4 parts)
 MECHANICAL
1. Foot or Base
PARTS
 It is a U-shaped structure and supports the entire weight of
the compound microscope.
.

2. Stage Control
 It is a vertical Projection.
 This stands by resting on the base and supports the stage.
Moves the stage clips in horizontal and vertical positions.

3. Arm
 The entire microscope is handled by a strong and curved
structure.

4. Mechanical Stage
 The flat and rectangular plate that is connected to the arm’s lower
end.
 The specimen is placed on the stage for studying and examining the
various features. The center of the stage has a hole through which
light can pass.


5. Inclined Joint
 It is a joint, wherein the arm is fastened to the compound microscope’s
pillar.
 The microscope can be titled using the inclination joint.

6. Stage Clips
 The upper part of the stage is connected to two clips.
 The slide can be held in its position with the help of the clips.

 7. Condenser
 Gathers and focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen
being viewed.

8. Aperture
 The hole in the middle of the stage that allows light from the
illuminator to reach the specimen.

9. Diaphragm
 Is fastened below the stage.
 It controls and adjusts the intensity of light that passes into the
microscope.
Two type:
1. Disc Diaphragm
2. Iris Diaphragm (old)
Iris Diaphragm
Disc Diaphragm

10. Nosepiece
 A rotating turret that houses the objective lenses.
 The viewer spins the nosepiece to select different objective lenses.
 The nose piece has three or four holes wherein the objective
lenses are embedded.

11. Head or Body Tube

 The upper part of the arm of the microscope comprises a hollow and
tubular structure known as the body tube.
 The body tube can be shifted down and up using the adjustment
knobs.
 Head (binocular) and Body tube (monocular)

12. Light Intensity Control

 Changes the intensity of light that comes from the source.
 13. Fine Adjustment Knob
 It is smaller know, which is used for sharp and fine focusing of the
object.
 For accurate and sharp focusing, this knob can be used.

14. Course Adjustment Knob

 It is a large knob that is used for moving the body tube down and up
for bringing the object to be examined under exact focus.

15. Diopter Adjustment

 Useful as a means to change focus on one eyepiece so as to correct
for any difference in vision between your two eyes.

16. On/Off Switch (Power Switch)

 This switch on the base of the microscope turns the illuminator off and on.

OPTICAL
1. Eyepiece or Ocular PARTS
 At the top of the body tube, a lens is planted which is known as the
eyepiece. On the rim of the eyepiece, there are certain markings
such as 5X, 10X, 15X, etc.
Which indicates the magnification power?
 The object’s magnified image can be observed with the help of an
eyepiece.

2. Mirror
 A mirror is found attached wither to the pillar or the lower end of the arm.
 It consists of a concave mirror on one side and a plain mirror on the other
side. It can be used for reflection of light rays into the microscope.
 When natural light is available the plane mirror may be used for reflection of light
because concave mirror would form window images. However, with artificial
illumination, the concave mirror is necessary for higher magnifications whereas for
lower, the plane mirror may be used.
 3. Illuminator
 The light source for a microscope.
 Older microscopes used mirrors to reflect light from an external source up
through the bottom of the stage; however, most microscopes now use a low
voltage bulb.

4. Objective lenses
 At the bottom of the body tube, there are two objective lenses, which are
connected to the revolving nose piece.

Three objective lenses are as follows:

Oil Immersion objective – 100X
Higher Power Objective (longest and highest magnification power) 45X
Low Power Objective (middle sized and magnification) 10X
Scanning Objective (shortest and lowest magnification) 5X
 Note: the higher the magnification power, the greater amount of light
needed to view the specimen.

Accessories of the Microscope

1. Microscope Slides
 A thin sheet of glass used to hold specimen in place for examination under
the microscope.

2. Cover Glass
 Avoids contact specimen with the microscope lens.
 Hold the specimen in place.

3. Specimen
Microscopy
 A piece or portion of a sample
selected for examination.
 Total Magnification
To figure the total magnification power of the microscope is really quite simple.
1. To get the total magnification take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40X)
2. multiply by the power of the eyepiece used.
Example:
Eyepiece Objective Lens Magnification
10x 10x 100x

Magnification of the specimen’s size

To figure the magnification of an image that you are viewing through the microscope is really quite simple.
1. Multiply the total magnification power with the size of the specimen.
Ex: 150X (0.2mm) = 30mm
50X (0.5mm) = 25mm
200x (0.1mm) = 20mm

TYPE OF
1. MICROSCOPE
TRINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
 Allow the use of technology to either preserve the images seen through the
microscope by recording them or projecting them.
 In the first case, a digital camera or video camera could be connected to
the third eyepiece, which may actually be designed as a port with this
specific purpose.

2. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
 doesn’t need light to create an image.
 Instead, it sends accelerated electrons across or through a specimen to
render a digital image.
 These microscopes have the highest power and highest resolution
available and are used to see detailed structure at the cellular and
macromolecular levels.
 TYPE OF MOUNTS
Mounting- process of placing the specimen on the slides

1. Dry Mount
 specimen can be placed onto the blank microscope slide, and a cover slip
is typically placed over it.
 This is done to protect the specimen and the microscope objectives.
 It can also help keep the specimen still and flat on the slide.

3. Wet Mount
 A specimen is suspended in some type of liquid between a blank
microscope slide and a cover.
 The liquid refracts the light, making the specimen easier to see.
 Wet mounts let the viewer observe the natural color or movement of the
specimen.

2. Prepared Mount
 typically done for pathological or biological research.
 The specimens need to be thinly sliced; a process usually done with a microtome.
 Any water that may be present in the sample needs to be removed.
 Once the specimen is dry, stains can be applied to highlight certain structures.
 A fixative is also used in order to protect the specimen from decay.
 If done correctly, a prepared mount slide can last virtually forever.