Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in

Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Wikipedia

Share pictures of the theme "Home

and Habitat" with the entire world
and win great prizes!
»
Main page
Contents List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations
Current events
Random article From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
About Wikipedia
Contact us This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable
Donate sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
Contribute
(October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Help
Learn to edit
This is a list of aviation, avionics, aerospace, and aeronautical abbreviations.
Community portal
Recent changes Contents
Upload file
A·B·C·D·E·F·G·H·I·J·K·L·M·N·O·P·Q·R·S·T·U·V·W·X·Y·Z

Tools

What links here A [ edit ]

Related changes
Special pages
Abbreviation Term Notes
Permanent link
Page information A/A Air to air TACAN function
Cite this page
A/C aircraft[1]
Wikidata item
A/D aerodrome
Print/export
A/F autofeather
Download as PDF
Printable version A/FD Airport/Facility Directory

A/P Autopilot
Languages

Čeština In aviation, above aerodrome level (AAL), or above aerodrome elevation (AAE), denotes that an altitude is
AAE above aerodrome elevation[1]
Deutsch given above the nearest aerodrome or airport.
Español
AAIB Air Accidents Investigation Branch United Kingdom
Esperanto
‫فارسی‬ AAIM Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
Français
AAO assumed adverse obstacle
Italiano
Norsk bokmål AAS airport advisory service[1]
Edit links
AC advisory circular[2] Information and guidance publication

aircraft continuous airworthiness

ACAM
monitoring

Aircraft Communication and Addressing

ACARS
Reporting System

ACAS airborne collision avoidance system

ACC area control centre[1]

ACC active clearance control Turbine engine system

ACC Accessory In gas turbine engine

ACE Actuator control electronics

ACFT aircraft

ACI Airports Council International

ACLS automatic carrier landing system aircraft carrier operations

ACM air cycle machine Part of A/C air conditioning system

ACMS aircraft condition monitoring system

ACP Audio Control Panel

ACR Avionic Communication Router

ACS1 Airman Certification Standards[3] FAA pilot testing

ACS2 Audio control system

ACU1 air condition unit

ACU2 alternator control unit[2] Protection from alternator over-voltage.

AD airworthiness directive

ADA advisory area

air data attitude heading reference

ADAHRS
system

ADC air data computer

ADD acceptable deferred defect

ADF automatic direction finder Navigation equipment

ADI Attitude Director Indicator

ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System

ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit

ADIZ Air Defense Identification Zone

ADJ Adjustment Mechanical term

ADM1 aeronautical decision-making Piloting term of judgment

ADM2 air data module

ADN Aircraft Data Network Ethernet derivative for Commercial Aircraft

ADS1 air data system

ADS2 automatic dependent surveillance

Automatic dependent surveillance –

ADS-A
address

Automatic dependent surveillance –

ADS-B
broadcast

Automatic dependent surveillance –

ADS-C
contract

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher
ADV "German Airports Association"
Verkehrsflughäfen

AEA Association of European Airlines

AESA Active electronically scanned array

AFCS automatic flight control system

AFD autopilot flight director

AFDC autopilot flight director computer

AFDS autopilot flight director system

AFDX Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet

AFE above field elevation

AFIS airborne flight information system also called automatic flight information service

AFM aircraft flight manual

AFS aeronautical fixed service

Aft The direction against the aircraft

AFT
movement

Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication

AFTN
Network

Automatic ground–air communications

AGACS also known as ATCSS or data link
system

AGB accessory gear box mainly used in turbine engine

AGC automatic gain control

AGDL air–ground data link

AGL above ground level

AHC attitude heading control

AHRS Attitude and heading reference system

AIDS aircraft integrated data system

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

AIP Aeronautical Information Publication

aeronautical information regulation and

AIRAC
control

AIRMET Airmen's Meteorological Advisory[4] in-flight advisory given over 126.7

aeronautical information exchange

AIXM
model

ALC Automatic level control

ALI Airworthiness Limitation Item

ALNA Airline network architecture

ALS approach lighting system

ALT1 Alternate

ALT2 Altimeter

ALT3 Altitude

ALT hold Altitude hold mode

ALTS Altitude select

ALUM Aluminum

Acceptable Means of Compliance

AMC
(EASA)

AME Aircraft Maintenance Engineer

AME Aviation Medical Examiner

AMLCD Active-matrix liquid-crystal display

AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual

AMO Approved Maintenance Organization

AMS Air management system

AMSL above mean sea level

AMP aircraft maintenance program

AMT Aircraft Maintenance Technician

ANC Active noise cancellation

AND Aircraft Nose Down

ANN Annunciator panel caution warning system normally containing visual and audio alerts to the pilot

ANPT Aeronautical national pipe taper

ANR Active noise reduction

ANSP1 air navigation service provider

Authorization of Aircraft Network

ANSP2
Security Program (FAA)

ANT Antenna (radio)

Airport Network Security Operator

ANSOG
Guidance (Boeing)

A/O Air oil In turbine engines

AOA angle of attack

AOC1 air operator's certificate

AOC2 Aeronautical operational control

AOG aircraft on ground

AOM1 aircraft operations manual

AOM2 airport/aerodrome operating minima

AOP Airport operating plan

AP autopilot

A/P airplane (US), aeroplane (ICAO)

Automatic pressure altitude reporting

APARS
system

APC Auto pilot computer

Attitude and positioning inertial

APIRS
reference system

APOA Airport of arrival

APOD Airport of departure

APM Aircraft personality module

APP Appendix

APPL Application

APPROX Approximately

APS Auto pilot system

APT airport

APU auxiliary power unit

approach procedure with vertical

APV instrumental approach
guidance

AQP Advanced Qualification Program FAA training and testing

AR airworthiness review

AR authorization required

AR as required

ARC airworthiness review certificate

ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc.

ARO airport reservation office

ARP aerodrome reference point

ARTCC air route traffic control centers

ASAS Airborne Separation Assurance System

ASD Aircraft situation display

ASDA Accelerate Stop Distance Available

ASDL Aeronautical satellite data link

ASI airspeed indicator

ASL above sea level[1]

ASLO Aircraft Security Logging Overview

ASM airspace management

ASM available seat miles

assy assembly

A/S Anti-Skid

ASR Airport surveillance radar

ASU Avionics switching unit

A/T autothrottle Also 'AT'

A/THR Autothrust

ATA Air Transport Association

ATAG Air Transport Action Group A coalition of aviation industry experts focusing on sustainable development issues.

ATC air traffic control

ATCC air traffic control centre

ATCT Airport traffic control tower

ATCRBS Air traffic control radar beacon system

ATCSS Air traffic control signalling system

ATD actual time of departure equivalent to off-block time[5]

ATF aerodrome traffic frequency

ATFM air traffic flow management

ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service

ATM Air traffic management

Aeronautical Telecommunication
ATN
Network

ATO Approved Training Organisation

ATPL Airline Transport Pilot Licence

Alternative Training and Qualification

ATQP
Programme

ATR1 1 Air transportable racking

ATR2 Automatic thrust restoration

ATS air traffic service

ATSAW Airborne traffic situational awareness

ATSU Air traffic services unit Avionics LRU for ACARS

ATT Attitude

Automatic Take-off Thrust Control

ATTCS
System

Airplane Upset Prevention & Recovery

AUPRTA
Training Aid

AVAIL available

Avionics Aviation electronics

AVSA "Adjust vertical speed adjust" TCAS Voice command to adjust traffic separation

AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System Airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) or Boeing E-3 Sentry

AWBS Aviation weather briefing service[4] Available at designated FSS's

AWG American Wire Gage The larger the size number, the smaller the wire diameter.

AWIS Aviation weather information service[4] Available at FSS

Automated weather observation

AWOS Automated METAR reporting system
system[4]

AWWS Aviation weather web site[6] In Canada

B [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

B RNAV Basic area navigation

BARO Barometric indication, setting or pressure

baro-VNAV Barometric vertical navigation

BC back course Or 'BCRS'

BCAA Belgian Civil Aviation Authority

BDC bottom dead centre[1] Piston engine

BDI bearing distance indicator

BFL balanced field length

BFR biennial flight review

BGAN Broadcast Global Area Network

BER beyond economic repair hull loss

BHP brake horsepower[1]

BITE Built-In Test Equipment

BL Butt Line

BME Bridge Mounted Equipment

B/P Blue Print

BPR bypass ratio

BOM bill of material

BTV Brake-to-Vacate System A new feature introduced by Airbus A380

BWC bird watch condition

BVID Barely Visible Impact Damage

BVR Beyond Visual Range

C [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

C2 command and control

CA Captain

CAA Civil Aviation Authority

CACTCS Cabin Air Conditioning and Temperature Control System (pronounced "Cactus")

Sometimes spelled "caution-advisory" or "caution/advisory". Also known as

CAI Caution Advisory Panel
annunciator panel or Centralized Warning Panel (CWP)

CAM cockpit area microphone Part of a cockpit voice recorder

CAME Continuing Airworthiness Management Exposition

CAMO Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisation

CAMP Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Program (FAA)

CAN bus Controller Area Network

CANSO Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation

CAP cabin attendant panel

CAR civil aviation regulation

CARs civil aviation regulations[7][8]

CARS Canadian Aviation Regulations

CAS calibrated airspeed

CASS Commercial Air Service Standards

CASS continuing analysis and surveillance system

CAT I: Operational performance Category 1

CAT I Enhanced: Allows for lower minimums than CAT I in some cases to CAT 2
minimums
CAT (I–IIIc) Operational performance Category CAT II: Operational performance Category II
CAT IIIa: Operational performance Category IIIa
CAT IIIb: Operational performance Category IIIb
CAT IIIc: Operational performance Category IIIc

CAT1 clear air turbulence[1]

CAT2 Commercial Air Transport

CAW continuing airworthiness (EASA)

CB Cumulonimbus cloud

CBT computer-based training

CCRs closed circuit mixed gas rebreathers

CCRs constant current regulators

CDA Continuous descent approach

CDCCL critical design configuration control limitation

CDI course deviation indicator

CDU Control Display Unit

CDFA Continuous Descent Final Approach

NUO

CDTI Cockpit display of traffic information

CDL configuration deviation list

CDU control/display unit

CFIT controlled flight into terrain

CFG constant frequency generator

CFR Code of Federal Regulations In the United States

CG center of gravity

CH Course Heading

CHDO certificate-holding district office (FAA)

CHP Course Heading Panel

CHT Cylinder Head Temperature (Piston engine aviation)

CI cost index

C/L Centre line

CL checklist a flight deck manual, usually part of a Quick Reference Handbook

CMC central maintenance computer

CMM component maintenance manual

CMO Certificate Management Office FAA

CMV converted meteorological visibility

CMPA complex motor-powered aircraft

CMU Communications Management Unit

CNS Communication, navigation and surveillance

Communication, navigation and surveillance / Air traffic

CNS/ATM
management[9]

CODEC Coder/decoder

CofA Certificate of airworthiness

COMM or Communications transceiver, Communications receiver, or Now, normally: either VHF or UHF; HF communications avionics are usually
COM Communications radio transmitter abbreviated simply HF

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International

CORSIA
Aviation

COTS Commercial off-the-shelf

CPA Closest point of approach

CPDLC controller–pilot data link communications

CPR Changed product rule EASA

CPS Cycles per second

CRD Comment-response document (EASA) Part of rule making process

CRES Corrosion resistant steel

CRM Crew resource management

CRT Cathode ray tube

CS certification specification (EASA)

CSD constant speed drive

CSDB Commercial Standard Digital Bus

CSDB Collins Standard Digital Bus

CSO cycles since overhaul

CSS cabin services system

CSU constant speed unit

CSCT Configuration Item Signer Crater Tool Boeing

CTAF common traffic advisory frequency

CTR controlled traffic region/control zone

CV/DFDR Cockpit voice and digital flight data recorder See Flight recorder

CVR cockpit voice recorder See Flight recorder

CWS control wheel steering

D [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

Compass
D
Deviation

decision
DA/H altitude/height See instrument landing system
(rel. to THR)

DA1 Decision Altitude Precision approach or vertical guidance

DA2 density altitude

DA3 Drift angle

design approval
DAH
holder (EASA)

Downlink of
DAPs aircraft
parameters

damaged
DBER beyond hull loss
economic repair

Datalink control
DCDU
and display unit

Departure
DCL Clearance via
CPDLC

Display control
DCP
panel

Dispatch https://fsims.faa.gov/WDocs/8400.10%20Air%20Transp%20Ops%20Insp%20Handbk/Volume%204.%20AIRCRAFT%20EQUIPMENT%20AND%20OPERATIONAL%20AUTHORIZATIONS/Vol%204-
DDG
deviation guide Chap%204-Sec%203.htm

Digital
Expandable
Flight Data
DEFDARS
Acquisition and
Recording
System

departure end of
DER
runway

Designated
DER Engineering
Representative

display
DEU
electronic unit

Digital Flight
DFDR See flight recorder
Data Recorder

Dual Frequency
DFMC Multiple
Constellation

DG directional gyro

differential
DGPS
GPS[1]

Dangerous
DGR Goods
Regulation

DH Decision height Precision approach, referred to threshold elevation

DIA diameter

DLR datalink recorder

German
Aerospace
Center /
DLR Deutsches
Zentrum für Luft-
und Raumfahrt
e.V.

distance
DME measuring
equipment

Designated
DME Mechanic A person appointed by the FAA
Examiner[2]

deferred
DMI maintenance
item

Direct noise
DNC
canceling

design
DO
organization

design
DOA organization EASA
approval

design
DOM organization
manual

diagnose,
options, decide,
DODAR
act/assign,
review

dry operational
DOW
weight

Departure
DP
Procedures

Display
DPU
Processor Unit

DR dead reckoning

Digital signal
DSP
processing

declared training
DTO
organisation

Data transfer
DTU
unit

Direct User
DUATS Access Terminal
Service

Degraded Visual
DVE
Environment

Direct Reading
DRMC Magnetic
Compass

E [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term

EA engineering authorisation

EADI Electronic Attitude Direction Indicator

EAS equivalent airspeed[1]

EASA European Aviation Safety Agency

EAT expected approach time[1]

EBOM engineering Bill of Material

EBU engine build-up

EC engineering control (also E/C)

ECAM electronic centralised aircraft monitor

ECET end of civil evening twilight

ECR Engineering Change Request

ECS Environmental control system

ECU Engine Control Unit (=EEC)

EDR engineering data record

EDTO extended diversion time operations

EEC electronic engine control

EET estimated elapsed time

EFB electronic flight bag

EFC expect further clearance

EFD Electronic flight display

EFFRA engine failure flap retraction altitude

EFIS electronic flight instrument system

EFP engine failure procedure

EFS elevator feel shift

EFTO engine failure on take-off

EGPWS enhanced ground proximity warning system

EGI Embedded GPS Inertial

EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

EGT exhaust gas temperature

EHM engine health monitoring

EHS Enhanced surveillance

EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator

EICAS engine-indicating and crew-alerting system

EIS Electronic Instrument System

E-LSA experimental light-sport aircraft

ELAC elevator and aileron computer

ELOS Equivalent Level of Safety

ELT emergency locator transmitter

EMAS engineered materials arresting system

EMDP electric motor driven pump

ENC Electronic noise canceling

ENCASIA European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities

ENG engine

ENR Electronic noise reduction

EOBT estimated off-blocktime

EPA European part approval (EASA)

EPR engine pressure ratio

EPU Emergency Power Unit

ERAM En Route Automation Modernization

ERM engineering request for maintenance

ESA emergency safe altitude

ETA estimated time of arrival

ETD estimated time of departure[1]

ETE estimated time en route[1]

ETL effective translational lift

ETOPS Extended-range Twin-engine Operation Performance Standards

ETSO European Technical Standard Order, issued by EASA; see TSO

EUROCAE European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment

EVAS Emergency Vision Assurance System

EVSI Enhanced Vision Systems Instrument

EVS Enhanced Vision Systems

EW Empty Weight

F [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

FAA Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation agency

FAC Final approach course

FACF final approach course fix Point at which the final approach descent is begun
FADEC full authority digital engine control Engine equipment

FAC Flight Augmentation computer Avionics

FAF final approach fix

FAF first available flight Airline operations

FANS Future Air Navigation System Avionics

FAP final approach point

FAP forward attendant panel Aircraft equipment

FAR Federal Aviation Regulation FAA regulation

Federal Aviation Regulation /

FAR/AIM bundle of FAA regulations and Aeronautical Manual[10]
Aeronautical Information Manual

FAROS final approach runway occupancy signal

FAS final approach segment

FAT Free air temperature

FATO final approach and take off

FB Winds aloft World Meteorological Organization abbrev. see also FD

FBO fixed-base operator Airfield operations

FBS fixed base simulator Flight crew training

FBW fly-by-wire

FCC Flight Control Computer

FC flight crew

FCF functional flight check Check functionality after maintenance

FCMC Fuel Control & Monitoring Computer

FCOM flight crew operating manual Aircraft operations

FCS flight control system

FCTM flight crew training manual

FCU fuel control unit In turbine engines

FD flight director Avionics

FD upper winds and temperature forecast[1] US and Canada abbrev. See also FB

FDAU Flight-data acquisition unit

FDM flight data monitoring Operations planning

Flight plan Data Processing System FDPS Flight planning

FDR flight data recorder Avionics. Also known as 'black box'.

FDRS flight data recorder system Avionics

FDTL flight duty time limitations

FDU Flux detector unit

FEP final end point

FF Fuel flow

FFDZ free fall drop zone (parachutists)

FFS full flight simulator Flight crew training

FG Flight Guidance

FIC flight information centre

FIDO Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation Airfield operations

FIKI Flight Into Known Icing Aircraft operations

FIR flight information region ATC

FIS Federal Inspection Services

FIS-B Flight information services – broadcast

FISE flight information service enroute

FL flight level ATC

FLIR Forward-looking infra-red

FLTA Forward-looking terrain avoidance

FM frequency modulation Example: FM immunity

FMA flight mode annunciator Equipment

FMC flight management computer (part of a FMS) Avionics

FMGC Flight management and guidance computer Avionics. Also FMGS: Flight Management & Guidance System

FMS flight management system Avionics

F/O First Officer Flight crew

FOB Fuel On-Board

FOD foreign object damage Airfield operations

FOO flight operations officer Airline employee

FOQA flight operational quality assurance

FPA flight path angle

FPL filed flight plan ATC

FPM feet per minute

FQIS Fuel Quantity Indication System

FREQ Frequency

FSDO Flight Standards District Office (FAA)

FSF Flight Safety Foundation U.S.-based nonprofit organisation

FSIMS Flight Standards Information Management System (FAA)

FSS flight service station

FTD flight training device Flight crew training

FTL flight time limitations

FVU flux valve unit Equipment

FWS Flight warning system

FYDS Flight director / yaw damper system

G [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

GA general aviation

G/A or GA go-around aborted landing procedure

GAST GBAS Approach Service Type

GBAS Ground based augmentation system

GCAS Ground collision avoidance system

GBST ground-based, software tool airfield operations

GCA Ground-controlled approach airfield operations

GCU generator control unit

GDOP Geometric dilution of precision

GEA Ground effect area

GGS Global positioning system ground station

GHz Gigahertz

GLOC g-induced loss of consciousness "g" is acceleration relevant to the acceleration caused by gravity

GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System Or GNSS

GLNS GPS Landing and Navigation System

GLNU GPS Landing and Navigation Unit

GLS GBAS Landing System

GLU GPS landing unit

GM guidance material (EASA)

GMM general maintenance manual

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

GND ground airfield operations

GP glide path see instrument landing system

GPP general practices and procedures

GPS Global Positioning System avionics

GPU Ground Power Unit Aerospace Ground Equipment

GPWS ground proximity warning system avionics

G/S glideslope avionics

GS groundspeed

GSE ground support equipment aerospace ground equipment

GUMPS Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Propeller, Seat belts/Switches mental checklist before landing

H [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

H Heavy wake turbulence category

H High

HAA Height above airport

HAT Height Above Touchdown

HAZMAT Hazardous Material

HBCS High Bandwidth Connectivity System

HDB Horizontal Deviation Bar (GS)

HDG Heading Navigation

HDG SEL Heading select Navigation

HDI Horizontal Deviation Indicator

HDOP Horizontal dilution of precision

HF High frequency

HFE Human Factors Engineering[11]

HFES Human Factors and Ergonomics Society U.S.-based nonprofit organisation

"Hg Inch of Mercury Symbol for unit of pressure

HHLD Heading hold Navigation

HIGE hover in ground effect helicopter operations

HIRL High Intensity Runway lighting Airfield operations

HIRO High Intensity Runway Operation Airfield operations

HIRTA High Intensity Radio Transmission Area

HIWAS Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service

HL Height loss

HLD hold Maintain same altitude or speed or direction

HMG hydraulic motor generator

HMD Helmet-mounted display

HMU hydro-mechanical unit In turbine engine

HOGE hover out of ground effect helicopter operations

HPA human-powered aircraft Aircraft type

HPC high pressure compressor In turbine engine

HPR High Pressure Rotor

HPT high pressure turbine In turbine engines

HPTACC high pressure turbine active clearance control Mainly used in turbofan engines

HSD High-speed data

HSI horizontal situation indicator Avionics

HSL Heading select

HUD head-up display Avionics

HUM Human Remains

HUMS Health and usage monitoring systems

HW headwind

HYD hydraulic Aircraft equipment

HYDIM hydraulic interface module

Hz Hertz Symbol for unit of frequency

I [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

IAC instrument approach chart

IAF initial approach fix

IAN approaches provide the functions, indications and alerting features similar to an ILS
IAN Integrated Approach Navigation
approach (B737 FCTM)

IAP instrument approach procedure

IAS indicated airspeed

IATA International Air Transport Association

IB inboard

ICA Instructions for Continuous Airworthiness

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICAS International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences

ICD interface control document

ICO idle cut-off

ICTS ice-contaminated tailplane stall

ID identify/identification or identifier

IDENT identify/identifier

IDG integrated drive generator Combination of a CSD and generator in a single case

IDS information display system or: integrated display system

IDT identify XPDR

IEPR integrated engine pressure ratio

IETM interactive electronic technical manual

IF intermediate approach fix instrumental approach

IFA International Federation of Airworthiness

International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers'

IFATCA
Associations

IFE in-flight entertainment

IFF identification friend or foe

IFICS integrated flight instrument and control system British Aircraft Corporation, now British Aerospace

IFP instrument flight procedure

IFR instrument flight rules

IFSD in-flight shutdown

IGV inlet guide vane

ILS instrument landing system

IMC instrument meteorological conditions

IML inside mold line

IND indicator

InHg inch of mercury

INS inertial navigation system

IPC illustrated parts catalog (e.g. by Boeing, Airbus)

IR initial release

IRS inertial reference system

IRT instrument rating test

IRU inertial reference unit

IRVR instrumented runway visual range

ISA International Standard Atmosphere

ISFD integrated standby flight display

ISIS integrated standby instrument system

ISP integrated switching panel

ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations

ITT interstage turbine temperature

IVSI instantaneous vertical speed indicator

J [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term

JAA Joint Aviation Authorities

JAR Joint Aviation Requirements

JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System

K [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term

KCAS knots calibrated airspeed

KIAS knots indicated airspeed

KRE key risk element

KTAS knots true airspeed

L [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

L Light wake turbulence category

LAAS Local Area Augmentation System

LADGPS Local Area Differential GPS

LAHSO Land And Hold Short Operations

licensed aircraft maintenance

LAME
engineer

LCC low-cost carrier

LCD Liquid crystal display

LCG load classification group

LCN load classification number

LDA landing distance available

LDA localizer type directional aid

local area differential global

LDGPS
positioning satellite

LDR landing distance required

LED light-emitting diode

LHO live human organs

LIR Loading Instruction Report

LKP last known position

LLC Life Limited Component

LLP Life Limited Part EASA, ICAO

LLZ localizer ILS approach

LM land and marine

LMM Locator middle marker

LNAV lateral navigation

LOA letter of authorization FAA

LOC localizer

LOC loss of control

LOCI loss of control inflight

LOFT line-oriented flight training

LOM limitation of movement

LOM locator outer marker

Location of Passenger
LOPA
Accommodations

LORAN Long-range navigation

LOTC loss of thrust control

LPC low pressure compressor In turbine engines

LPR Low Pressure Rotor

LPT low pressure turbine

low pressure turbine active

LPTACC Mainly used in turbofan engines
clearance control

localizer performance with vertical

LPV
guidance

LRC long range cruise

LRU line-replaceable unit

loadable software aircraft part

LSAP introduced in RMP for technical records
(EASA)

longitudinal stability augmentation

LSAS
system

LTC line training captain

LTE Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness Helicopters

LTP landing threshold point

designated state of operations at aerodromes where instrument approaches and low-visibility takeoff procedures
LVP low visibility procedures
are used during inclement weather

LW landing weight

LX Lightning

LZ landing zone

M [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

M medium wake turbulence category

MAC mean aerodynamic chord

MAC mid-air collision

MAHF Missed Approach Holding Fix used in RNAV

MAP manifold absolute pressure

MAP missed approach point Or: MAPt. Instrument approach.

MAPS Minimum Aviation Performance Standards

MATS Manual of Air Traffic Services

MB Marker beacon

MBC Main Base Check

MCAS Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System Held responsible for Boeing 737 MAX groundings

MCBF Mean cycles between failures

MCC Multi Crew Coordination

MCDU multifunction control display unit

MCH Manufacturer Certificate Holder TCCA; see also PAH and POA

MCP mode control panel

MCT maximum continuous thrust

MCDU multi control display unit

MDA minimum descent altitude Or: minimum decision altitude. Non-precision approach.

MDDR maintenance deferred defect record

MDH minimum descent height Or: minimum decision height. Non-precision approach.

MDM multi-disciplinary measure EASA

ME Manufacturing Engineer

MEA Minimum En-route Altitude

MEDEVAC medical evacuation

MEF maximum elevation figure

MMEL master minimum equipment list

MEL minimum equipment list

MEP multi-engine piston

METAR meteorological aerodrome report

MF Medium frequency

MFD multi-function display

MFDS multi-function display system

MFRA minimum flap retraction altitude

MH magnetic heading

MIC Microphone

MIDS Multifunctional information distribution system

MILSPEC Military specification

MKP Multi-function Keypad

MKR Marker beacon

ML maintenance laptop

MLDW maximum landing weight

MLG Main Landing Gear

MLS microwave landing system

MM middle marker

MMD Moving map display

MNPS Minimum navigation performance specifications

MOA Military operations area

MOCA Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude

Mode A Transponder pulse-code reporting

Mode B Transponder code and altitude reporting

Mode C Transponder code, altitude, and TCAS reporting

MOE maintenance organisation exposition

MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Standard

MORA Minimum Off Route Altitude

MOSArt Modular Open System Architecture

MP manifold pressure

MPL multi-crew pilot license

MPU Multifunction Processor Unit

MRB Material Review Board

MRO maintenance, repair, overhaul

MRO maintenance and repair organization

MROT Minimum Runway Occupancy Time

MRP Material Resources Planning

MRW maximum ramp weight

MSA minimum safe altitude / minimum sector altitude

MSD Minimum Stabilization Distance

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

MSG Message

MSL mean sea level

MSLW Max. Structural Landing Weight

MSP Modes S-Specific Protocol

MSSS Mode S-Specific Services

MSTOW Max. Structural Take-off Weight

MSZFW Max. Structural Zero Fuel Weight

MTBF Mean time between failures

MTBUR Mean time between unscheduled removals

MTOW maximum take-off weight

MTTF Mean time to failure

MVA Minimum Vectoring Altitude

MVFR Minimum vectoring altitude

MX Maintenance

MZFW Maximum Zero Fuel Weight

N [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

NADP noise abatement departure procedure

NAS National Airspace System United States

NAV Navigation receiver normally VHF navigation receiver for VOR

Navaid Navigational aid Or: aid to navigation (ATON)

Or: NAV/COM or NAV-COM. normally VHF navigation receiver integrated with VHF
NAVCOMM Combination navigation and communications equipment
communications transceiver

NAVSTAR-
Navigation Satellite Timing And Ranging the space-borne or satellite navigation system
GPS

NCAT National Center for Aviation Training US educational facility

NCATT National Center for Aircraft Technician Training US educational facility

ND Navigation display

NDB non-directional beacon

NDT non-destructive testing

NFF No fault found Or: no trouble found (NTF) or no defect found (NDF)

NGS nitrogen generation system

NHA next higher assembly

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NLG nose landing gear

NLR Netherlands Aerospace Research Centre

NM Nautical mile Or: NMI

NNC non-normal checklist

non-normal maneuver (Boeing QRH - 737 Flight Crew

NNM
Operations Manual)

NORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command US-Canadian military security agency

NORDO no radio

NOTAM notice to airmen

NOTAR no tail rotor[2] helicopter control system

NOZ Normal Operating Zone Parallel runways operation

NPA non-precision approach Instrumental approach

NPA notice of proposed amendment EASA

NPRM notice of proposed rulemaking FAA

NRR noise reduction rating hearing protector attenuation

NRTC nonroutine task card

NVD Night-vision device Or: Night-vision goggles (NVG)

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board U.S. governmental agency

NTZ no-transgression zone Parallel runways operation

N numbers (turbines) [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

N compressor speed[1] N1, N2, etc. refers to specific compressor spool (in the order that air passes over them).

Ng gas generator speed[1]

Nh high rotor speed[1]

Np power turbine speed[1]

rotor speed Np and Nr are typically shown on the same gauge with two needles, both expressed in percent, so that the pilot can tell if the
Nr
(helicopters) power turbine is driving the rotor or if it is freewheeling.

Low Pressure rotor

N1 (see Jet engine)
(spool) speed

High Pressure rotor

N2 (see Jet engine)
(spool) speed

O [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

OAS Obstacle Assessment Surface

OAT outside air temperature

OBE overcome by events

OBI Omnibearing indicator see CDI

OBS omni-bearing selector

OCA obstacle clearance altitude

OCC Operations control center

OCCM on condition / condition monitored components

OCH obstacle clearance height

OEI one engine inoperative

OEM original equipment manufacturer

OFZ Obstacle Free Zone

OGV outlet guide vane

OHM overhaul manual

OIS obstacle identification surface Instrumental procedures

OIS Operational Information System

OM outer marker

OML outer mold line

ONS onboard network system

ONAT Onboard Network Access Terminal

OTS out of service

OPC operational check

OPS/CHK operational check

OW operational weight

OWE/OEW Operating Weight Empty/Operating empty weight

P [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

P (as a prefix:) prohibited airspace

PA pressure altitude

PA Public address system

PAEW Personnel and equipment working

PAH production approval holder FAA; see also POA and MCH

PAL Pilot Activated Lighting

PANS-OPS procedures for air navigation services – aircraft operations

PAOG Pre Aircraft on Ground

PAPI precision approach path indicator

PAR precision approach radar

PATWAS Pilot's Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service[4]

PAX passenger

PBCS performance-based communication and surveillance

PBD place bearing distance RNAV waypoint

PBE Protective Breathing Equipment

PBN Performance-Based Navigation

PC proficiency check

PCL Pilot Controlled Lighting

P-Code GPS precision code

PCN pavement classification number

PD Profile descent

PDA performance degradation allowance

PDAS public domain aeronautical software

PDC Pre-Departure Clearance

PDG procedure design gradient

PDM pilot decision making

PDOP Position dilution of precision

PDU power drive unit flap actuation

PET point of equal time

PESA Passive electronically scanned array

PF pilot flying

PFAF precision final approach fix

PFD primary flight display or: primary flight director

PIC Pilot In Command

PICUS Pilot In Command, under supervision[12]

PIO Pilot Induced Oscillations

PIP performance improvement package

PIREP Pilot Report

PJA Parachute Jumping Area

PJE Parachute jumping exercise

PM pilot monitoring

PMA Parts Manufacturer Approval

PMG Permanent magnet generator

PN part number also P/N

PND Primary navigation display

PNF pilot not flying

PNR Passive noise reduction

PNR Point of No Return

POA Production Organisation Approval EASA; see also PAH and MHC

POB persons on board

POF Phase of flight

POF Principles Of Flight

PO Pilot's Operating Handbook

POS Position

PPL private pilot licence

PPR prior permission required

 PRA Pre-recorded announcement

P-RNAV

PS passenger step

PSEU Proximity Switch Electronic Unit / B737

PSR point of safe return

PSR power supply reset

PSR primary surveillance radar

PSU passenger service unit

PTCU power transfer Control unit

PTF permit to fly

PTT push to talk

PYLD payload

Q [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

QAR quick access recorder

QCM quality and compliance monitoring

QEC quick engine change

QFE the Q-code for: Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)

QNE the Q-code for pressure altitude

QNH the Q-code for: Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground, i.e. altitude above MSL

QRA quick reaction alert

QRH quick reference handbook

R [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

R (as a prefix:) restricted airspace

RA radio altitude or radar altimeter

RA resolution advisory in the context of TCAS

RAAS Runway Awareness and Advisory System

RAAS remote airport advisory service

Rad Alt Radio Altitude

Radar RAdio Detection And Ranging

RAI Radio altimeter indicator

RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Or: remote autonomous integrity monitoring

RALT Radar or radio altimeter

RAREPS Weather Radar Reports[4] Provided by Air Traffic Controllers

RAS rectified air speed

RA(T) restricted area (temporary)

RAT ram air turbine

RCO remote communications outlet

RCR Reverse current relay

RCVR Radio receiver

RDH reference datum height for instrument landing system (ILS)

RDMI Radio distance magnetic indicator

RDP Radar data processing system

RDR Radar

REF Reference

REIL Runway end identifier lights

REL Relative

REO Repair engineering order

RESA runway end safety area

RF Radio frequency

RFF rescue and fire fighting

RFI Radio frequency interference

RFI recreational flight instructor

RGB reduction gear box

RHSM Reduced horizontal separation minimal

RIA regulatory impact assessment (EASA)

RII required inspection items

RLG Ring laser gyroscope

RLY Relay

RMI radio magnetic indicator

RMP Radio Management Panel

RMT rule making task (EASA)

RNAV area navigation

RNG Range (aeronautics)

RNP required navigation performance

RoC Rate of climb

RoD Rate of descent Or: sink rate

RPA Remotely Piloted Aircraft Or: Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

RPAS Remotely Piloted Aircraft System

RPL Recreational Pilot Licence

RPL repetitive flight planning

RPM Revolutions per minute

RPT regular public transport

RQR Required

RSA runway safety area

RSP Reversion switch panel

RSR en-route surveillance radar

RT radiotelephony

RTB return to base

RTE Route

RTF radiotelephony

RTL rudder travel limiting

RTO Rejected takeoff

RTOW regulatory take-off weight

RVDT rotary variable differential transformer In a turbine engine

RVR runway visual range

RVSM reduced vertical separation minima

RW ramp weight

RWY runway

RX Radio receiver

S [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

SAR Search and rescue

SAR Smart ACMS Recorder

SAR Surveillance Approach Radar

SAS stability augmentation system

SAT Static Air Temperature Or: Outside air temperature (OAT)

SATCOM Satellite communication

SATNAV Satellite navigation

SB service bulletin

SBAAS Satellite-Based Augmentation System

SC special condition

SCAP Standard Computerized Airplane Performance

SCCM senior cabin crew member

SD Secure digital

SDF Simplified directional facility

SDU Satellite data unit

SELCAL Selective calling

SEP Safety and Emergency Procedures

SEP single-engine piston

SESAR Single European Sky ATM Research

SESMA Special Event Search and Master Analysis

SFCC Slat Flap Control Computer

SFO Senior First Officer

SFP Short Field Performance B737 Enhancement program for landing in short runways

SFOC Special Flight Operating Certificate

SID standard instrument departure

SIGMET Significant Meteorological Information

SIU Satellite interface unit

SLPC single lever power control

SM service manual

SMM safety management document ICAO

SMOH Since major overhaul

SMR surface movement radar

SMS Short Messaging Service

SMT software maintenance tool

SN serial number

SNR signal-to-noise ratio

SOC start of climb at missed approach

SODPRO simultaneous opposite direction parallel runway operations

SOF special operations forces military unit

SOG speed over ground same as ground speed

SOP standard operating procedure

SOW Statement of Work

SPKR Speaker

SQ Squelch Or: SQL

SR sunrise

SRM structural repair manual

SRS Speed Reference System

SS sunset

SSCV/DR Solid-state cockpit voice/data recorder See flight recorder

SSCVR Solid-state cockpit voice recorder See flight recorder

SSFDR Solid-state flight data recorder See flight recorder

SSR Secondary surveillance radar

STAR standard terminal arrival route

STARS Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System

STC supplemental type certificate

STCA Short-Term Conflict Alert

STOL short take-off and landing[1]

STP Standard temperature and pressure

STS speed trim system

SUA Special use airspace

SVFR Special visual flight rules

T [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

TA traffic advisory see TCAS

TAA terminal arrival altitude

TAA terminal arrival area

TAC thrust asymmetry compensation

TACAN tactical air navigation (system)

Tach Tachometer

TAD Terrain awareness display

TAF terminal aerodrome forecast Or: Terminal area forecast.

TAI thermal anti-ice

TALPA Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment Aviation Rules Committee

TAM total airport management

TAR terminal approach radar

TAS true airspeed

TAT total air temperature Or: true air temperature

TAWS terrain awareness and warning system

TBO time between overhauls Or: time before overhaul

TBV transient bleed valve In turbine engines

TC towering cumulus

TC turn coordinator

TC True Course

TC type certificate

TCA terminal control area (USA/Canada) Europe: terminal manoeuvring area (TMA)

TCA Throttle control assembly

TCAS traffic collision avoidance system

TCCA Transport Canada's Civil Aviation

TCDS type certificate data sheet

TCF Terrain clearance floor

TCH threshold crossing height

TCI thrust computer indicator

TCN TACAN

TCU Telecommunication control unit Or: terminal control unit, or line control unit, used in Air traffic control

TDOP Time dilution of precision

TDR Transponder (in some cases)

TDZ touchdown zone

TERPS terminal instrument procedures or: terminal en route procedures

TFC traffic

TFR temporary flight restriction Airspace

TFT Thin-film transistor

TGB transfer gearbox

TGL temporary guidance leaflet

TGL(S) touch-and-go landing(s)

TGT Target

TGT Turbine gas temperature

THLD threshold Or: THR

TH True Heading Or: THDG

THR runway threshold

THS trimmable horizontal stabilizer, see tailplane

TIS–B Traffic information service – broadcast

TIT turbine inlet temperature

TK Track angle

TKE Track-angle error

TLD time-limited dispatch

TLA Three-letter acronym

TLA Thrust lever angle

TLB technical logbook (EASA)

TLS transponder landing system

TMA terminal manoeuvring area (Europe) USA/Canada: terminal control area

TMG touring motor glider

TML Toolbox Mobile Library (Boeing)

TMZ transponder mandatory zone

TOC Top of climb Or: T/C

TOD top of descent (point)

TODA take-off distance available

TO/GA Takeoff/go-around switch / thrust Or: TOGA

TOP take-off power

TOR take-off runway

TORA take-off runway available

TOT Turbine outlet temperature

TOW take-off weight

TOWS take-off warning system

TR tail rotor Or: T/R. Helicopters.

TR thrust reverser(s) Or: T/R

TR transformer rectifier

TR transmitter receiver or transceiver Or: T/R

TP turning point at missed approach

TRA temporary reserved area (airspace)

TRACON terminal radar approach control

TRANS transition

TRANS Transmission (telecommunications) or: transmit

TRE type rating examiner

TRK Track

TRP thrust rating panel

TRP Mode S transponder

TSO technical standard order[2] FAA specification of quality standard.

TTAF total time air frame

TTL Tuned to Localizer

TTR TCAS II transmitter/receiver

TTS Time to station

TTSN total time since new

TTSO total time since overhaul

TVE Total vertical error

TWB Transcribed Weather Broadcasts[4] Abbreviated area forecast

TWC tail wind component

TWDL Two-way data link Or: terminal weather data link

TWDR Terminal Doppler Weather Radar

TWIP Terminal weather information for pilots

TWLU Terminal Wireless LAN Unit

TWR Air traffic control tower

TWR Terminal weather radar

TWY taxiway

TX Transmit

U [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

UAC Upper area control

UART Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter

UAS Unmanned Aircraft System[13]

UAV Unmanned aerial vehicle commonly called 'drones', also 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)'

UHF ultra-high frequency

UIR upper information region

ULB Underwater locator beacon

USB Universal Serial Bus

UTC Universal Time Coordinated indicates time zones

V [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

V magnetic variation

V Volts or voltage

V&V video & vision[14]

VAR Variation

visual approach slope

VASI VASIS = visual approach slope indicator system
indicator

VBV variable bleed valve in turbine engines

VCR visual control room

vehicle control
VCS
service

VDF VHF direction-finding

VDL VHF Data Link

Point in a direct approach where a 3º normal visual descent can be started to achieve a safe landing and stabilized approach
VDP visual descent point to te RWY - VDP (in distance) = HAT (height over terrain) / 300 (HAT is the height of the MDA read in the approach chart of
the AD)

VDR VHF digital radio

Variable-frequency
VFO
oscillator

VFR visual flight rules

VG vortex generator

VGA Video Graphics Array

Vertical
VG/DG gyroscope/directional
gyroscope

voice generator
VGM see AWOS
module

VHF very high frequency

visible impact
VID
damage

variable inlet guide

VIGV
vane

V/L VOR/Localizer

visual meteorological
VMC
conditions

minimum control
VMC speed with critical
engine out

VNAV vertical navigation Or: V/NAV

VNC VFR navigation chart

VNE Never exceed speed

Maximum structural
VNO
cruising speed

VHF navigation
VNR
receiver

VHF omni-directional
VOR
range

VOR with Distance

VOR/DME
measuring equipment

VOR/MB VOR marker beacon

VOR and TACAN

VORTAC
combination

VOX Voice transmission

Vertical Path
VPA
Approach

VPATH Vertical path

V/R Voltage regulator

Visual point of
VRP
reference

VRS vortex ring state helicopter flight phenomenon

V/S Vertical speed

variable speed
VSCF electricity generation system
constant frequency

vertical speed
VSI
indicator

Vertical separation
VSM
limit

Stall speed in landing

VSO
configuration

VSV variable stator vane in a turbine engine

Voltage–standing
VSWR
wave ratio

VFR terminal area

VTA
chart[1]

vertical take-off and

VTOL
landing[1]

V/TRK Vertical track

vertical velocity
VVI same as VSI
indicator

Speed for best angle

VX
of climb

Speed for best rate of

VY
climb

V speeds [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term

V1 speed at or above which takeoff cannot be safely interrupted

V2 speed at or above which takeoff can be done with 1 engine out

Va maneuvering speed

Vfe maximum flaps extended speed

Vle maximum landing gear extension speed

Vlo maximum landing gear operating speed

Vlof lift-off speed

Vmc minimum control speed

Vmca velocity of minimum control in the air

Vmcg velocity of minimum control on ground

Vmo maximum operating speed

Vne never-exceed speed

Vno normal operating speed limit

Vr rotate speed

Vra rough air speed

Vref reference touchdown speed

Vs stall speed

Vso stall speed in landing configuration

Vx best angle of climb speed

Vy best rate of climb speed

W ​[ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System

WAC World Aeronautical Chart

WAT weight, altitude, temperature variables that affect takeoff performance

W&B Weight & Balance

WCA Wind Correction Angle

WD Wind direction Or: WINDR

WDM Wiring Diagram Manual

WEF with effect from

WMA WXR waveguide adapter

WMI WXR indicator mount

WMS Wide-area master station

WMSC Weather message switching center

WMSCR Weather message switching center replacement

WOCL window of circadian low

WOFW weight-off-wheels indicates aircraft is off ground since lift off

WONW weight-on-wheels indicates aircraft is on ground since touch down

WPT Waypoint Or: WYPT

WRT WXR receiver transmitter

WS wind shear

WTC Wake Turbulence Category

Wx weather[1]

WXR Weather radar system

X [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

XC cross-country[1]

XCVR Transceiver

XFR Transfer

XMIT transmit

XMSN transmission

XMTR transmitter

XPDR transponder

XPNDR transponder

XTK Crosstrack

X-Start Cross-start Using the air pressure or electrical power from a working engine

Y [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

Y yaw or yaw angle

Y/D yaw damper Or: YD

Z [ edit ]

Abbreviation Term Notes

Z Zulu Time Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

ZFT zero-fuel time

ZFW zero-fuel weight

ZULU Zulu Time Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

See also [ edit ]

Avionics
Appendix:Glossary of aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics – Wiktionary

References [ edit ]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w McDonald, Sandy A.F. From the ground up. 7. ^ "Airworthiness Directives" .

Aviation Publishers Co. Ltd. pp. Appendix B. 8. ^ "Current rules" . 17 February 2016.
abcde
2. ^ Jeppesen, Boeing. A&P Technician General Textbook. pp. Glossary. 9. ^ "CNS/ATM Systems" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization.
3. ^ [1] 10. ^ "FAR/AIM Series" . Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.
4. ^ a b c d e f g Nielsen, Dane. PILOT PREP. Canuck West Holdings Inc. 11. ^ "HFE" .
5. ^ "Actual Off-Block Time - EUROCONTROL ATM Lexicon" . ext.eurocontrol.int. 12. ^ "Training requirements" . Civil Aviation Authority (UK).
Retrieved 2019-03-12. 13. ^ US DoD
6. ^ "AWWS – Forecasts and Observations" . flightplanning.navcanada.ca. 14. ^ V&V – thefreedictionary.com
Retrieved 2017-04-06.

Sources

Aerospace acronyms Terms and Glossary[unreliable source?]

Aviada Terminaro , verkita de Gilbert R. LEDON, 286 pagxoj.

External links [ edit ]

Acronyms used by EASA

Acronyms and Abbreviations - FAA
Aviation Dictionary
Aviation Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronyms search engine by Eurocontrol

Categories: Aeronautics Avionics Glossaries of aviation Lists of abbreviations Lists of acronyms

This page was last edited on 16 February 2022, at 07:32 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a
registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement