Intramolecular Forces of Attraction

Forces of attraction = bonds that connect atoms together

Intra = within

Types of attraction – ionic and covalent

Atoms tend to form compounds in order to attain stability

G.N. Lewis – proposed that an atom is most stable if its outer shell is completely filled (or contains 8 electrons)

Lewis Theory – an atom will give up, accept, or share electrons in order to achieve a completely filed outer shell.
Also called the OCTET RULE. Octet rule is not applicable to all of the atoms (example Hydrogen – it only has one
electron)

Groups 1-7 in the periodic table are unstable and participate in bonding. They have ion forms.

Groups ↓ periods → (period = n value) groups = number valence electrons

Metals tend to lose electron during bonding

Fluorine = accept/gain (from metals) or share electrons only because it is a non-metal (has 1 p orbital that is
unpaired)

2 types of bonds:

Ionic bond – involves ions (cation + anion). Attraction of opposite charges. Losing and gaining of electrons. EN =
above 1.7. Example NaCl

Covalent bond – most organic compounds have covalent bond. Formed by sharing of electrons only. (Nonmetal
– nonmetal). Ex: fluorine gas (F2)

Types of covalent bonds:

Classified according to polarities (polarities exist due to differences in electronegativity of an atom)

Electronegativity – ability of an atom to attract electrons

Nonmetals are highly electronegative (right side). EN (notes sa 1st sem)

1. NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND – equal sharing of electrons. Bind is formed between identical atoms.
2. POLAR COVALENT BOND –Unequal sharing of electrons because an atom is bonded to a highly
electronegative atom. EN difference is between 0.5-1.7. Example: Fluorine is the most EN atom in the
periodic table. High difference in electronegativity.

Organic chemistry – study of carbon

Why is carbon special?

• Period 2 in between metals (Li, Be, B) and non-metals (N, O, F).

• Nonmetals gain electrons upon reaction (they become anions).
• Metals lose electrons upon reaction (they become cations).
• Carbon only shares its valence electrons.
• Covalent bonds form between nonmetals only
• Ionic bonds form between anions and cations/nonmetals and metals
• Methane – simplest carbon compound
• DNA – complex carbon compound (contains hundred millions of carbon structures)

Properties of carbon:

• Carbon shares its valence electrons.

• Catenation – the ability to form multiple bonds within itself

Atom – consists of a dense, positively charged, nucleus, surrounded at a very large distance by negatively
charged electrons.

Nucleus – consists of subatomic particles, and neutrons.

Most of the mass of an atom is in the nucleus whereas most of its volume is in the outermost part (electrons).