UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST – CALOOCAN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

NEE 4101 – 1EE

ACTIVITY NO. 3
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Submitted by: Jett Dominic R. Bautista

Student No: 20151114771
Date Submitted: September 2, 2021

Engr. Romeo C. Hipol

Instructor
1. Define all the process Variable and state their unit of measurement?

 Flow – fluids or liquids flowing from one place to another place is called flow and it is defined as volume
per unit of time at specified temperature and pressure Conditions, is generally measured by positive-
displacement or rate meters.
Units: kg I hr, litter I mm, gallon I mm, m3 I hr, Nm3 I hr. (Gases)

 Pressure – It is defined as Force per unit Area. P = F/A

Units: Bar, Pascal, kg / cm2, lb / in2.

 Level – The height of the water column, liquid and powder etc., at the desired measurement of height
between minimum level points to maximum level point. is called level. The measurement principle is,
head pressure method.
Units: Meters, mm, cm, percentage.

 Temperature – It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called temperature.

Units: Degree Centigrade, Degree Fahrenheit, Degree Kelvin, Degree Rankin.

 Quality – It deals with analysis.

Unit: (pH, % C02, % 02, Conductivity, Viscosity)

2. What is absolute pressure?

- the pressure of having no matter inside a space, or a perfect vacuum. Measurements taken in absolute
pressure use this absolute zero as their reference point. The best example of an absolute referenced
pressure is the measurement of barometric pressure.

3. What is absolute zero pressure?

- Absolute zero can be defined as the temperature at which matter does not move. At absolute zero,
even subatomic vibrations are put to a grinding halt. Because the pressure in this experiment is
caused by the movement of a gas, the pressure would cease to exist when the gas stops moving.
Therefore, when the linear relationship discovered in this experiment is extrapolated to the point
where the pressure is zero, the corresponding temperature is absolute zero.

4. What is Vacuum?

- A vacuum is a space devoid of matter. An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous
pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand,
vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is considerably lower than atmospheric pressure.

5. What is the maximum Vacuum?

- Vacuum can refer to any pressure between 0 PSIA and 14.7 PSIA and consequently must be further
defined. For applications concerned with measuring vacuum pressures over this full range, two
different approaches are often taken.
6. State the uses of the primary elements for measuring pressure?

 Bourdon tube

- A Bourdon Tube is a pressure measurement device or pressure gauge that is used to measure relative
pressures ranging from 0.6 bars to 7000 bar. It is a non-electrical instrument classified as
mechanically operated pressure measuring device.

 Capsules

- The capsule element comprises two circular-shaped, convoluted membranes sealed tight around their
circumference. The pressure acts on the inside of this capsule and the generated stroke movement is
shown by a pointer as measurement of pressure.

 Bellows

- Bellows is a thin-walled, one-piece metallic pressure containing element appearing as a stack of

round edged discs. When the pressure inside the bellows increases, these discs thicken and the length
of the bellows increases.

 Pressure Springs

- is an open-coil helical spring that offers resistance to a compressive force applied axially. They are
usually coiled at a constant diameter, though they can be coiled in other needed forms such as
conical, concave, convex, or various combinations of these.

7. Define and state the uses of the three types of Bourdon Tubes?

 C-Type Bourdon Tube

- This instrument is by far the most common device used to indicate gauge pressure throughout the oil
gas industry. A bourdon tube obeys Hooke’s Law, that is within elastic limits. Its free end will
experience a movement that is proportional to the fluid pressure applied.

 Spiral Bourdon Tube

- made by winding a partially flattened metal tube into a spiral having several turns instead of a single
C-bend arc. The tip movement of the spiral equals the sum of the tip movements of all its individual
C-bend arcs. Therefore, it produces a greater tip movement with a C-bend bourdon tube.

 Helical Bourdon Tube

- Helical is a bourdon tube wound in the form of helix. It allows the tip movement to be converted to a
circular motion. By installing a central shaft inside the helix along its axis and connecting it to the tip,
the tip movement become a circular motion of the shaft.

8. What is the principle of a pressure gauge?

- The working principle of pressure gauges is based on Hooke's law, which states that the force
required to expand or compress a spring scales in a linear manner with regards to the distance of
extension or compression.
9. Draw and explain parts of a pressure gauge.

 C – type Bourdon Tube

- This instrument is by far the most common device used to indicate gauge pressure throughout the oil
gas industry. A bourdon tube obeys Hooke’s Law, that is within elastic limits. Its free end will
experience a movement that is proportional to the fluid pressure applied.

 Connecting Link

- Bourdon tube operation is simple. They consist of a semicircular and flat tube of metal, fixed at one
end and attached to a sensitive lever mechanism at the other. As pressure increases inside the tube,
the force of the fluid attempts to straighten out the curved tube.

 Sector Gear

- The sector gear meshes with a spur gear on the indicator needle axle which passes through the gauge
face and holds the indicator needle. Lastly, there is a small hair spring in place to put tension on the
gear system to eliminate gear lash and hysteresis.

 Pinion Gear

- Generally, when meshing pair of gears, the smaller gear is called a pinion gear. Also, it refers to the
cylindrical gear that meshes with a rack in a rack-and-pinion mechanism which transforms rotational
motion to linear motion.

 Hair Spring

- Hair spring to preload the gear train to eliminate gear lash and hysteresis.

 Pointer

- It shows both falling and rising pressures and are reset by an external knob.

 Dial

- Dial indicating or analog pressure gauges have a needle that is calibrated to respond to fluctuations
that occur within a specified parameter. They are often installed to have direct contact with a liquid or
gas and provide local readings based on changes in pressure or vacuum.