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Arc143 4b Villarino Rep01 Sht1
Arc143 4b Villarino Rep01 Sht1
Arc143 4b Villarino Rep01 Sht1
TECHNOLOGY
05
SUBMITTED BY:
JAYSON FEB D. VILLARINO BS ARCH 4B
SUBMITTED TO:
ARCHITECT JUN PHILIP BALLENA
Masonry in Architecture
What is a masonry work?
Masonry in Architecture
Composite Material Properties system composed of:
Unit Mortar
Cement Glass
Brick Masonry
Bricks are known to be durable and good looking, lasting many generations and still remaining in style. Bricks also come in
a wide variety, from more traditional blocks to modern textures and colors.
Bricks are typically made using clay, sand, water, and sometimes lime or ash.
Stone Masonry
Two types of stones can be used to create stone masonry, either dressed or undressed. Dressed stone is going to come in
more fluid sizes and patterns. Undressed stone, also known as rough stone, is laid as ‘rubble masonry,’ which provides a
less clean look, and includes putting a wall together without a regular pattern. Instead, undressed stone provides a more
authentic or natural appearance, which might sound messy, but actually offers great-looking result.
Concrete Blocks
Concrete is laid similarly to brick, with one cinderblock being pressed atop the other in a staggered formation. Since
concrete blocks are much larger than bricks, it takes far less time to lay them. They tend to be more affordable and they are
also fire resistance.
Concrete masonry units come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and specialty forms making them a versatile building material.
Schools, factories and residential buildings all often rely on concrete blocks as the bones of a masonry structure.
What are hollow blocks used for?
Hollow blocks can be used in the construction of commercial and residential buildings, internal
partition walls, and boundary walls, for architectural decoration, and on the rooftop for heat
protection.
Concrete Block Masonry which is also known as Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) have advantages over brick
and stone masonry.
Depending upon the structure, shape, size and manufacturing processes concrete blocks are mainly classified into
2 types and they are
Solid concrete blocks are commonly used, which are heavy in weight and manufactured from dense aggregate.
They are very strong and provides good stability to the structures.
Hollow concrete blocks they are manufactured from lightweight aggregates. They are light weight blocks and
easy to install.
Concrete: When OPC is mixed with aggregates and water, it makes concrete, which is widely used in the
construction of buildings
Marine structures
Sewage works
Bridges
Piers
Dams
White Cement
This type of cement is manufactured by using raw materials that are free from iron and oxide. White cement
needs to have lime and clay in a higher proportion. It is similar to OPC but it is more expensive.
MIXTURE OF CEMENT
In terms of the ratio for concrete, it depends on what strength you are trying to achieve, but as a general
guide a standard concrete mix would be 1 part cement to 2 parts sand to 4 parts aggregates.
For foundations, a mix of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand to 6 parts aggregates can be used
CLASS OF CEMENT
Classification of cement. The basic raw materials used to manufacture Portland cements
are limestone (calcium carbonate) and clay or shale. After it cools, the clinker is pulverized and
blended with a small amount of gypsum to control the setting time of the finished cement.
Recommended Concrete
Mix Proportions
The key to achieving a strong and durable concrete
is mixing the ingredients in proper proportion.
SAND
Concrete Sand
Concrete Sand is one of the types of sands in that is made from crushed concrete. It is a common
component in cement and asphalt mixtures. This sand is crushed in the quarry and filtered to remove
the large rocks and huge fragments.
Pit Sand
Pit sand is a types of sand used in construction that is best used for constructing buildings due to its
superior binding property. It consists of rough, sharp, angular, and coarse grains that provide excellent
binding properties.
River sand falls under the fine quality of construction sands which is found near river banks and
streams. This sand is white-grey and is one of the fine graded sands used in the construction of
buildings.
M-sand
M-sand stands for manufactured sand. This is a type of construction sands that is easily available too.
Since it manufactured and not natural, it can be free from several impurities and the sizes of the sand
grains can be controlled as desired which suits each purpose.
Utility Sand
This type of construction sand provides excellent compaction and good mechanical properties due to
its uniform grain shapes.
Fill sand
It is a combination of many grains of sand and aggregates. It consists of very fine rock particles that
have been broken down and undergone erosion. It can be primarily used as a base material for laying
concrete, paving, and filling large holes.
REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement are steel bars that are provided in combination with plain cement concrete to make
it reinforced concrete. Hence these structures form steel reinforced cement concrete structure (R.C.C).
Steel reinforcement is commonly called as ‘rebars’.
The steel reinforcement used in concrete construction is mainly of 4 types. They are:
Hot rolled deformed bars are most commonly used steel reinforcement for R.C.C structures.
These ribs help to form a bond with the concrete. The typical yield strength of hot-rolled deformed bars is
60000psi.
Cold Worked Steel Bars
A cold worked reinforcement bar is obtained by letting the hot rolled steel bars to undergo cold working.
In the cold working process, the bars will undergo twisting and drawing.
The mild steel plain reinforcement bars do not have ribs on their surface. They have a plain surface.
These bars are used for small projects where the major concern is the economy.
The prestressing steel reinforcement are steel bars used in the form of strands or tendons.
Multiple strands are employed in concrete in order to perform the prestressing action.
The strands are made of multiple wires either 2 or 3 or 7 wire strands.
8 mm 1 Bundle 47.41 kg 10
10 mm 1 Bundle 51.85 kg 7
12 mm 1 Bundle 53.33 kg 5
16 mm 1 Bundle 56.89 kg 3
20 mm 1 Bundle 59.26 kg 2
25 mm 1 Bundle 46.30 kg 1
32 mm 1 Bundle 75.85 kg 1
FOOTING
a part of foundation which is constructed with concrete or brickwork masonry and acts as a base to the floor
columns and floor walls.
FOOTING DETAILS
COLUMN
Columns are defined as vertical load-bearing members supporting axial compressive loads chiefly. This
structural member is used to transmit the load of the structure to the foundation. ... Concrete columns can
be roughly divided into three categories- Pedestals, Short reinforced columns, and Long reinforced
columns.
COLUMN DETAILS
TYPES OF COLUMN
17 TYPES OF COLUMN
BEAM
Beam is a horizontal structural element that withstand vertical loads, shear forces and bending moments.
SLABS
Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and useful surfaces such as
floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or
near so.
FLOOR SLABS
A floor slab (also called plate slab or filigree slab) is a reinforced concrete slab with a minimum thickness of
5–6 cm. Depending on the concrete covering and reinforcement, it can be up to 7 cm thick. The floor slab is
a semi-precast component that includes the lower floor slab reinforcement that is required for structural
reasons.
Beams are used to support the weight of floors, ceilings and roofs of a building and to transfer
the load to a vertical l oad bearing element of the structure
Sometimes bigger and heavier beams called transfer beams are used to support the cumulative
weight of stacked walls or other beams and transfer the load to the supports.
ONE WAY SLABS AND TWO WAY SLABS
ONE WAY SLABS
One way slab is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry the load along one direction.
Two way slab is supported by beams on all the four sides and the loads are carried by the supports along
with both directions, it is known as two way slab. In two way slab, the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span
(b) is less than 2.
SAMPLE
SPLICE REINFORCEMENT
The method used to join the reinforcement bars, so that the force is transferred effectively from one bar to
the other is called as splicing.
A lap splice is the predominant method used for splicing reinforcing bars.
In general, CRSI rec ommends against manual arc welding in the field. However,
The cold-swaged threaded coupler consists of pre-threaded male and female components,
which are swaged onto the reinforcing bars using a swaging press with special dies.
Taper-Threaded Coupler
This is a mechanical splice consisting of a taper threaded coupler that joins bars with matching tapered threads
This is a mechanical splice consisting of forming heads on the ends of the bars
One end of the sleeve is attached and secured to a reinforcing bar (rebar) by means of threading.
sleeve over both bar ends in one operation. The coupling sleeve is then
This coupling sleeve consists of a ductile iron sleeve with two internal wedges.
Two series of cone-pointed screws are arranged a long the sleeve length,
Designed primarily for splicing smaller bars, sizes #3 through #6 [#10 through #19],
Dowel bar mechanical splices are used to prevent bars from penetrating or
The use of end-bearing to transfer compression from bar to bar requires the ends of the bars be cut within 1-1/2 degress of square
to the longitudinal axis of the bars.
SUPPORTED BEAM TYPES
The simply supported beam is one of the most simple structures. It features only two supports, one at each
end. One is a pinned support and the other is a roller support. With this configuration, the beam is inhibited
from any vertical movement at both ends whereas it is allowed to rotate freely.
BEAM TYPES
Simply Supported Beam
Fixed Beam
Cantilever Beam
Continuous Beam
Steel Beams
Timber beams
Composite Beams
Rectangular beam
T-section beam
L-section beam
Straight beam
Curved beam
Tapered beam
Prestressed Concrete Beam
Deep Beam
Girder
BAR SPACING
The minimum reinforcement spacing is based on maximum size of aggregates, so that concrete can be
placed and compacted properly. The maximum reinforcement spacing based on depths of the beams and
slabs to provide adequate support for bending moment and shear force in design.
15 mm,
Two-third of the nominal size of coarse aggregate, or
Maximum size of the bar or whichever is greater.
For beams, these distances are 300 mm, 180 mm and 150 mm for grades of main reinforcement of Fe
250, Fe 415 and Fe 500, respectively.
For slabs
(i) The maximum spacing between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall be 3dor 300mm or
whichever is less, and
(ii) The maximum spacing between two secondary parallel bars shall be 5dor 450 mm or whichever
is less.
COVER OF THE BEAM
Clear cover is concrete cover is provided in all structure member like different types of footing, column,
beam and slab. Concrete cover is provided for long lasting life of concrete and keep RCC structure free
from corrosion and rust formation.
Reinforced concrete structure which subjected to remain in seawater the ACI code is specified that size of
concrete cover should be at least 50 mm.
Cover for beam:- the concrete structure not exposed to weather or ground such as beam, the ACI code
specified that the size of concrete cover for beam should be at least 40mm.
SIZE VERTICAL BEAM
Steel is still one of the preferred material options in construction, as it takes less time to build and
contributes to a perfect combination of lightness, high strength, and ease of manufacture.
Structural beams are referred to as either I beams or H beams because of the shape of their cross-section.
Both H and I beams are capable of resisting shear forces and are extremely resistant to bending. The flat,
horizontal sections of the beams are called flanges. The middle, vertical part that connects both of the
flanges is called a web.
The function of the web is to resist shear forces that may cause breakages or collapses
The flanges are there to resist bending movements.
FOUNDATION WORKS
Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and
transmits its loads directly to the earth.
There are three main foundation types; basement, crawlspace, and concrete slab. A fourth, but a less
common option, is wood foundations.
BASEMENT FOUNDATION
The walls are built of poured concrete, block, stone and (rarely) out of treated wood.
CRAWLSPACE FOUNDATION
A crawl space is an elevated foundation that uses footings and block walls around the outside to
support the house
CONCRETE FOUNDATION
A slab foundation is made of concrete that is typically 4"–6" thick in the center. The concrete slab is often
placed on a layer of sand for drainage or to act as a cushion. Houses built on a slab lack crawlspaces, and
there is no space under the floor.