Chapter 9/MCQ/Answer Scheme

REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT MCQ

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1. During the menstrual cycle, what is the main source of progesterone in females?
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Anterior pituitary
c. Corpus luteum
d. Developing follicle

2. Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its action?

a. GnRH – controls the release of FSH and LH
b. Estrogen – responsible for primary sex and secondary sex characteristics
c. hCG – maintains secretions from the corpus luteum
d. progesterone – stimulates follicles to develop

3. The hormone progesterone is produced

a. By the pituitary and acts directly on the ovary
b. In the ovary and acts directly on the testes
c. In the ovary and acts directly on the uterus
d. In the pituitary and acts directly on the uterus
e. In the uterus and acts directly on the pituitary

4. What happens if the hormone progesterone is not secreted in a human female?

a. Secondary sex characteristics do not develop
b. The pituitary is stimulated to secrets gonadotropins
c. Uterine contractions begin stimulating childbirth
d. Enlargement of arteries supplying blood to the endometrium and the growth of
endometrial glands do not occur properly
e. The ovary begins to form the corpus luteum

5. What causes menopause?

a. The follicle supply is exhausted
b. A decline in production of estrogens by the ovaries
c. Temperature increases inhibit ova maturation
d. There is a lack of adequate blood supply to the ovaries
e. Progesterone blocks the ovarian cycle

6. For a normal human fertilization to occur,

a. Many ova must be released
b. The uterus must be enlarged
c. Only one sperm must penetrate the egg
d. Secretion of pituitary FSH and LH must decrease
e. The secondary oocyte must implant in the uterus

7. During human gestation, organogenesis occurs during the first trimester. What is the
significance of this fact?
a. It allows for early detection of genetic disorders
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b. This may block progesterone production and causes a spontaneous abortion

c. It may stimulate infant cardiovascular problems
d. Radiation and drugs should be avoided, as the embryo is extremely sensitive to
birth defects at this time
e. It may compress the mother’s abdominal organs, causing frequent urination and
constipation.

Choose the term from the list below that best fits each of the following descriptions. Each term may
be used once, more than once, or not at all.
A) Luteinizing hormone
B) Follicle stimulating hormone
C) Progesterone
D) Human chorionic gonadotropin
E) Gonadotropin releasing hormone

8. Embryonic hormone that maintains progesterone and estrogen secretion by the corpus
luteum through the first trimester of pregnancy. ____D_________

9. Trigger ovulation of the secondary oocyte. _____A______

10. Hormone produced by the corpus luteum when stimulated by LH. _____C_______

11. Hypothalamus hormone that triggers the secretion of FSH. ___E________

12. Which substance, when found in urine, indicates pregnancy?

a. Progesterone
b. Estrogen
c. FSH
d. hCG

For the following questions, choose the term from the list below that best fits each description or
statement.
A) Human chorionic gonadotropin
B) Testosterone
C) Oxytocin
D) Prolactin
E) Progesterone

13. Secreted by the Leydig cells of the testes. _______B________

14. Participate in the regulation of labor contractions. ______C______

15. Initiates the growth of the placenta and enlargement of the uterus. ______E______

16. High concentration of this hormone inhibits secretion of LH from the pituitary. ___E_____

17. Required so that the corpus luteum can function through the first and part of the second
trimesters of pregnancy. ______A_______
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18. What would happen if a woman in the later stages of pregnancy were given a combination
of estrogen and oxytocin?

a. Oxytocin receptors would develop on uterine smooth muscle cells

b. Prostaglandins would be secreted from the placenta
c. Contractions of uterine muscles would begin
d. A and C only
e. A, B and C

19. Which of these statements explains the primary mechanism by which birth control pills
work?
a. They stop the release of GnRH, FSH and LH
b. They cause a woman’s cervical mucus to change and block sperm from entering the
uterus
c. They cause spontaneous abortions
d. They block progesterone, thus pregnancy cannot be maintained
e. They prevent uterine implantation by thinning the endometrium

20. Human fertility drugs increase the chances of multiple births, probably because they
a. Enhance implantation
b. Stimulate follicle development
c. Mimic progesterone
d. Stimulate spermatogenesis
e. Prevent parturition

21. After ovulation, high levels of _________ inhibit _____________ secretion

a. Estrogen and progesterone; FSH and LH
b. FSH and LH; estrigen and progesterone
c. hCG; estrogen and progesterone
d. estrogen; FSH

22. Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during

a. The flow phase of the menstrual cycle
b. The beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
c. The period just before ovulation
d. The end of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
e. The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

23. During human gestation, the rudiments of all organs develop

a. In the first trimester
b. In the second trimester
c. In the third trimester
d. While embryo is in the oviduct
e. During the blastocyst stage

24. The cortical reaction functions directly in the

a. Formation of a fertilization envelope
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b. Production of a fast block to polyspermy

c. Release of hydrolytic enzymes from a sperm cell
d. Generation of a nervelike impulse by the egg cell
e. Fusion of egg and sperm nuclei

25. What causes the slow block to polyspermy?

a. A transient voltage changes across the membrane
b. The consumption of yolk protein
c. The jelly coat blocking sperm penetration
d. Formation of the fertilization envelope
e. Inactivation of the sperm acrosome

26. Which of the following least related to the others?

a. Slow block to polyspermy
b. Cortical granules
c. Cortical reaction
d. Depolarization
e. Fertilization envelope

27. If an egg cell contained EDTA, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium, wat effect
would this have on reproduction?
a. The acrosomal reaction would be blocked
b. The fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked
c. The fast block to polyspermy would not occur
d. The fertilization envelope would not be formed
e. The zygote would not contain maternal and paternal chromosomes

28. Arrange the following stages of fertilization and early development into a proper sequence.
I. Onset of new DNA synthesis
II. Cortical reaction
III. First cell division
IV. Acrosomal reaction; plasma membrane depolarization
V. Fusion of egg and sperm nuclei complete

a. III, V, I, IV, II
b. V, I, IV, II, III
c. I, II, II, IV, V
d. V, III, I, II, IV
e. IV, II, V I, III

29. Which of the following statement about fertilization is false?

a. Fertilization reinstate diploidy
b. Fertilization invaginates the blastula to form the gastrula
c. During fertilization, egg cell depolarization initiates the cortical reaction
d. During fertilization, gamete fusion depolarizes the egg cell membrane and sets up a
fast block to polyspermy
e. During fertilization, a slow block to polyspermy occurs when cortical granules erect a
fertilization envelope
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30. Which part of the sperm first contacts the egg plasma membrane?
a. The vitelline layer
b. The cortical granules
c. The acrosomal membrane
d. The actin protein
e. The tail

31. As cleavage continues, the number of blastomeres

a. Increases as the size of the blastomeres decreases
b. Increases as the size of the blastomeres increases
c. Decreases as the size of the blastomeres increases
d. Decreases as the size of the blastomeres decreases
e. Increases as the size of the blastomeres stays the same

32. Which of the following is true about sexual reproduction?

a. Occurs only during unfavourable conditions
b. Occurs in particularly sessile animals
c. Promotes genetic variations
d. Produces genetically identical offspring

33. Which of the following describes a stamen?

a. Composed of stigma, a style and an ovary
b. Male gametophyte matures here
c. Microspores are produced here
d. Part of the vegetative phase of a flowering plant

34. What are the common features in gametes, spores and all the gametophyte generation?
a. They are all diploid
b. They are all haploid
c. They are all limited to vascular plants
d. They have nothing in common

35. Which of the following undergoes meiosis in the development of pollen grains?
a. Microspore
b. Megaspore
c. Megaspore mother cell
d. Microspore mother cell

36. How many nuclei are present in the embryo sac before fertilization?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16

37. Pollination occurs on the

a. Embryo sac
b. Stigma
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c. Style
d. Anther

38. Which of the following statements is true about the megasporocyte?

a. It undergoes meiosis to produce three haploid cells
b. It is diploid cell located within an ovule
c. It divides mitotically to form a male gametophyte
d. It plays an important role in cross pollination

39. What does double fertilization refer to in flowering plants?

a. Two eggs and one male gamete
b. Two male gametes and one egg
c. One male gamete to the egg and one male gamete to the egg nucleus
d. One male gamete to one egg and one male gamete to the polar nuclei

40. What are the products of double fertilization?

a. Diploid zygote and diploid endosperm
b. Triploid endosperm and diploid zygote
c. Haploid egg cell and haploid male gamete cell
d. Diploid embryo sac and haploid pollen sac

41. What is the function of endosperm?

a. It provides nutrients for developing flowers
b. It supplies the nucleic necessary for double fertilization
c. It stores food for the developing embryo in angiosperms
d. It is a source of nutrition for developing cones in gymnosperms

42. Where does the seed coat develop from?

a. Ovary wall
b. Integuments of the ovule
c. Endosperm
d. Wall of the pollen sac

43. Where are the sperm produced?

a. Interstitial cells
b. Prostate gland
c. Seminiferous tubules
d. Epididymis

44. What stimulates ovulation?

a. High levels of LH
b. Low levels of LH
c. High levels of estrogen
d. High levels of progesterone

45. Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization in mammals occur?
a. Uterus
b. Vagina
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c. Oviduct
d. Cervix

46. What occurs during an acrosome reaction?

a. Enzymes are released and the outer layer of the egg is digested
b. Calcium ions are released and the sperm fuses with the egg
c. The sperm binds to the egg
d. A special chemical that attracts the egg to the sperm is secreted

47. What is the process that describes the maturation of sperm in the female reproductive tract
before it can compete in fertilization?
a. The acrosome reaction
b. Capacitation
c. Spermatogenesis
d. Fusion of sperm nucleus with egg plasma membrane

48. What causes the degeneration of the corpus luteum and its spontaneous abortion?
a. Low level of estrogen
b. High level of estrogen
c. Low level of progesterone
d. Lack of HCG

49. At what stage of the zygote does implantation occur in human pregnancy?
a. Zygote
b. Early cleavage
c. Blastocyst
d. Morula

50. Which of the following consists of a hollow ball of cells?

a. Gastrula
b. Morula
c. blastula
d. blastocoel

51. Which of the following produce testosterone?

a. Sperm cell
b. Hypothalamus
c. Leydig cells
d. Anterior pituitary
e. Sertoli cells

52. What effect would surgical removal of the seminal vesicles have on human male reproductive
system?
a. It would cause sterility because sperm would not be produced
b. It would cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body
c. The would be a minimal loss in semen volume
d. Semen would not contain energy-providing nutrients for the sperm
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53. In humans, the egg is released from the ovary and enters the oviduct. How is this
accomplished?
a. The force of the follicular ejection propels the egg into the oviduct
b. The egg is drawn into the oviduct by the action of beating cilia located in the opening
of the oviduct
c. The egg moves through a small tube that connects the ovary and the oviduct
d. The egg propels itself into the oviduct by the beating action of its flagellum
e. Peristalsis of ovarian muscles moves the egg into the oviduct

54. The diploid chromosome number for human is 46. How many chromatids will there be in a
secondary spermatocyte?
a. 23
b. 46
c. 69
d. 92

55. Which cells are diploid?

a. Spermatids
b. Spermatogonium
c. Mature sperm cells
d. A and B only
e. A, B and C

56. Which statements is true about human sperm cells?

a. They are rich in nutrients material
b. They are liberated from the corpus luteum
c. They are less numerous than ova
d. They are highly motile
e. They have 46 chromosomes

57. In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that

a. Oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity
b. Oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one
functional spermatozoon
c. Oogenesis produces one functional ovum, whereas spermatogenesis produces four
functional spermatozoa
d. Spermatogenesis begins before birth
e. Spermatogenesis is not complete until fertilization occurs.

58. In which of the following ways are mature sperm and ova similar?
a. They both have the same number of chromosomes
b. They are approximately the same size
c. They each have a flagellum that provides motility
d. They are produced from puberty until death
e. They are formed before birth

59. Which of the following statements about gemetogenesis is incorrect?

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a. Spermatogenesis continues throughout the male’s life cycle; oogenesis stops at

menopause
b. Oogenesis results in one ovum, while spermatogenesis results in millions of sperm
c. Spermatogenesis is a continuous uninterrupted process; oogenesis undergoes long
resting periods
d. The process of oogenesis is completed when the egg cell is penetrated by sperm
e. The primary spermatocyte is a haploid cell.

60. Which of the these best describes the menstrual cycle?

a. It refers specifically to changes that occur in the endometrium of the uterus
b. The cycle length is 28 days and varies little from one woman to another
c. It continuous from puberty until death
d. It begins with the follicular phase
e. It is primarily regulated by FSH

61. The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

a. Is associated with dropping levels of estrogen and progesterone
b. Starts when the endometrium begins to degenerate
c. Corresponds with the luteal phase of ovarian cycle
d. Corresponds with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
e. Is the beginning of the menstrual cycle flow

62. Inhibition of the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus will

a. Stimulate production of estrogen and progesterone
b. Initiate ovulation
c. Inhibit secretion FSH and LH from the pituitary
d. Initiate the flow phase of the menstrual cycle
e. Stimulate the secretion of FSH and LH

63. If the release of LH were inhibited in a human female, which of the following events would
not occur?
a. Release of FSH from the pituitary
b. Maturation of a primary follicle and oocyte
c. Ovulation of a secondary oocyte
d. Release of GnRH from the hypothalamus
e. Production of estrogen by the follicle cells

64. One function of the corpus luteum is to

a. Nourish and protect the egg cell
b. Produce prolactin in the alveoli
c. Produce progesterone and estrogen
d. Convert into a hormone-producing follicle after ovulation
e. Stimulate ovulation