PROPOSED IRRIGATION OF AN AGRICULTURAL LAND IN

BARANGAY SAN ROQUE SANTO DOMINGO ALBAY

REMON C. BAUTISTA
JEMBOY C. CARDANO
ANGELO GENITO C. LAZCANO
1. INTRODUCTION

In the island of Luzon, Barangay San Roque is located in an upland of Santo Domingo Albay, at
roughly 13°14'N and 123°46'E. At these coordinates, the elevation is calculated to be 41 meters (134.5
feet) above sea level. Only rainwater is their water source to irrigate the crops. Unlike other barangays
that is geographically located downhill, they have their own water supply that comes from springs.
Irrigation is a crucial part of the agricultural process. It increases land productivity by giving enough
water to crops to improve output and ensure production stability. When rainfall is insufficient, irrigation
is used to provide additional water to the plants. The methods that will be used to have a supply of water
in the uphill of San Roque Santo Domingo Albay are maybe turbines, electric pumps, ram pumps, and so
on. Whatever irrigation system is used, the goal is to produce a better crop with a higher yield. As a
result, the necessity of correct design, construction, and irrigation practices cannot be overstated.
To the residents of Barangay San Roque, Santo Domingo, Albay, agriculture is their main source
of income and livelihood. Agriculture, which needs the most water, also delivers the lowest economic
returns per unit of water. As a result, the classic irrigation project concept has evolved. It has evolved
from a simple physical structure for water storage and delivery to a more complicated system that
includes farmer participation. This requires better management at every level, from reservoir operation to
farm management.
In the Philippines and elsewhere, there is growing worry about what some have called a "water
crisis"— either a lack of or an excess of water. Many people believe that enhancing the efficiency of
agricultural water management is the answer to the problem Because agriculture consumes more than
80% of all water, this is a realistic estimate to assume (Inocencia, Elazegui, Luyun, & Rola, 2018).
Accelerated irrigation development in the country contributed greatly to rice
self-sufficiency/surplus in 1968 and 1977, according to previous studies. On the other side, irrigation
development has faced numerous technological and institutional hurdles over the years. A lack of
planning databases, institutional capacity, and development mechanisms, design errors, poor construction
quality, inadequate and fragmented support services for irrigated agriculture, and complexity of operation,
including socioeconomic and institutional management, have all been blamed for irrigation system
failure. All of them are related to water governance.

The country's agricultural water management performance is measured in terms of irrigated area,
cropping intensity, collection efficiency, and productivity impact. The key issues that communal
irrigation systems face are addressed in order to increase performance and agricultural yield. These issues
necessitate legislative reforms to address poor performance, system sustainability, and management
capacity. Thus, researchers seeking to implement necessary irrigation and water use planning in the
upland of Barangay San Roque are critical in order to face the difficulties of increased water demand
putting strain on water resources. Averting a looming water crisis may be possible if improvements in
resource management and governance are implemented. Having no proper irrigation system to the said
project site, makes it difficult to cultivate crops and significantly affects production especially during
extreme weather condition. Under these circumstances, a Proposed Irrigation of an Agricultural Land in
Barangay San Roque, Santo Domingo, Albay is being studied. The potency of the Proposed Irrigation
will certainly take into consideration the structure and other underlying factors that may affect efficient
use.

The study's stated aim is to solve and define water supply issues in an agricultural land in
Barangay San Roque, Santo Domingo, Albay. To design a way uphill of water reservoir at the site for it is
an elevated area. To impose and apply the irrigation system for soil conservation and erosion control
during the periods of less than average rainfalls. Lastly, to provide irrigation system to increase
production of crops, improve rural income, and create employment opportunities.
Farmers will benefit from the outcomes of this study since they will have simple access to a water
source for their agricultural area. Availability of regular water supply will increase the income of farmers
imparting a sense of security and stability in agriculture. This study will also be a significance endeavor
in promoting and integrating agricultural food production in Brgy. San Roque, Sto. Domingo, Albay. A
suitable irrigation water supply can result in improvements in agricultural production and assure the
economic vitality of the said Barangay. This study will serve as a model for future researchers conducting
similar research.
The goal of this research is to improve irrigation in agricultural upland areas, especially in Brgy.
San Roque Sto. Albay, Domingo. The potency of this study will certainly take into consideration the
structure and other underlying factors that may affect efficient use. Thus, the proposed irrigation of an
agricultural land delimits the neighboring barangay, zone or area, and territory.

1.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERETURES

1.1.2 EFFECTIVENESS AND BENEFITS OF IRRIGATION IN FARMING

According to Bhaduri, A., & Manna, U. (2014), Results of the paper indicate that if a farmer invests
in water storage capacity, then the value of efficient usage of water increases, and the rate of adoption of
efficient irrigation technology will be higher.
 In the framework of a stochastic dynamic programming model, the paper investigates the impact of
water supply uncertainty and storage at farm level on adoption of efficient irrigation technologies under a
flexible water price regime. In a situation without any option to store water at the farm level, we find a
negative relationship between investment in efficient irrigation technology and water variability. We find
that even a flexible water pricing cannot guarantee higher adoption of efficient irrigation technology in all
cases. However, numerical analysis results suggest that a risk averse farmer may invest more in efficient
irrigation only if the variance in water supply is very high.
According to Lipton, M., Litchfield, J., & Faures, J.M. (2003Since the heyday of irrigation in the
1970s, large-scale projects such as dams, decreased subsidies to agriculture, and dropping rates of
economic returns to irrigation have been the focus of considerable negative press attention. We also
propose a framework for examining the positive and negative effects of irrigation on poverty, as well as
how these effects may differ depending on the irrigation technique utilized, and we assess some of the
evidence for these effects. We take a number of inferences about the circumstances in which irrigation is
most likely to benefit the poor, but we also note that the evidence is spotty and sometimes not gathered in
a way that allows for quick conclusions.
According to George, Fabian, “THE EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION ON CROP PRODUCTION
ARE”:(1) Irrigation softens the soil for easier tillage operations(2) It provides moisture in the soil for root
absorption(3) It reduces the amount of salts accumulated in the top soil, which may be harmful to crop
plants(4) It also cools the soil by lowering the soil temperature during the dry season when the soil
temperature is extremely high. Plant growth is thus improved.(5) Irrigation enables the crop to be well
established even when rain is erratic.(6) It increases crop productivity or crop yield.(7) It improves
microbial decomposition of organic manure to release nutrients for crop plants.(8) It helps in the
improvement of microbial decomposition of organic manure to release nutrients for crop plants.(9)
Irrigation dissolves nutrients for root absorption.
1.1.3 RAM PUMP Description
According to the study of Natural Resources Conservation Services, The basic principle of ram
pumps is to use a big amount of water descending a short distance to push a little amount of water to a
greater height. A ram pump system transfers only 2% to 20% of the water passing through it to the
storage tank or trough. In the 1890s, ram pumps fell out of favor in the United States as electricity and
electric pumps became more widely available. Throughout the nineteenth century, as more patents were
issued in the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, interest in ram pumps expanded. Josiah
Easton of London, England, purchased the patent. According to the United States Department of
Agriculture in Portland, Oregon, hydraulic ram pump technology has been around since the late 1700s.
The first record of a forerunner of today's ram pumps was discovered in England in 1772.
The source flow, the height of the supply reservoir above the pump, the height of the delivery site above
the pump, the length and size of the delivery pipe and drive line, pump efficiency, and pump size will all
influence the volume of water supplied to the end user.
Principles of Operation
The Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Federal University of Technology in Minna, Nigeria,
investigated the Design and Construction of a Hydraulic Ram Pump as part of the project. The ram, like
all other water-driven devices save a water wheel or turbine, operates in a cycle based on the sequences
below, and is powered by the inertia of moving parts rather than water pressure. The energy required for a
Ram to move water to a higher elevation is provided by gravity, resulting in water flowing downwards.
Sequence I
The drive pipe (A) allows water to enter the ram pump body, fill it, and then depart through the waste or
"impulse" valve (B). The linked spring, as well as the water pressure in the tank (D) and the delivery line
(E), keep the check valve (C) in its customary closed position (no water in the tank prior to start up).
There is no pressure in tank (D) at this time, and no water is being transferred to the holding tank through
the exit pipe (E).

Figure 1

Sequence II
As shown below, water entering the pump through the drive pipe (A) has its velocity and pressure
diverted out of the waste valve (B).

Figure 1.1
Sequence III
Water has ceased to flow through the drive pipe, and a "shock wave" formed by the "water hammer" has
returned up the drive pipe to the settling tank (A). The waste valve (B) has been shut off. To equalize
pressure, the air volume in the pressure tank (D) continues to expand, pushing a little amount of water out
of the delivery pipe (E). Figure 3 depicts a schematic.

Figure 1.2

Sequence IV
The drive pipe "gasps" for water as the shock wave strikes the holding tank (A). Water from the drive
pipe (A) flows into the pump and out of the waste valve (B) when the waste valve (B) opens (B). Until
the air volume in the pressure tank (D) has stabilized and water is no longer running out of the delivery
line, the check valve (C) stays closed (E). Sequence 1 starts all over again at this point.

Figure 1.3

Based on an academic article by G.Attard, E. Azzopardi, Ram pumps have been around for
decades and are popular for two major reasons: they require no external power source and are powered by
the force of moving water. As you can see, a ram pump has one major disadvantage: it wastes a lot of
water. As the water acquires momentum, the rest of the water pours out of the pump. Only around 10% of
the water it uses makes it up the delivery pipe in most cases. The first valve re-opens, allowing water to
flow and re-establish momentum. For example, a pond on a hillside is required in order to locate the
pump beneath the pond. The second valve directs high-pressure water to the delivery line (which usually
has an air chamber to allow the delivery pipe to capture as much high-pressure water as possible during
the impulse). The pump works by pumping a tiny amount of water uphill using the momentum of a big
amount of moving water. The delivery pipe could be up to 100 feet above the pump if the pump is 10 feet
below the pond. A source of water must be located above the ram pump in order to use it. The pump also
features a valve that permits water to run through this line and build up speed, according to the document.
Both the pump and the water source can be some distance away from the delivery pipe. Because of its
inertia, the running water builds up a lot of pressure in the pump when it slams shut.
1.1.4 HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP FOR IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM

According to Elsevier B.V. (2015). The hydraulic ram is one of the oldest mechanical water
lifting equipment, having been built roughly two and a half centuries ago. The ram is now regarded as a
reliable, low-maintenance, and long-lasting alternative to motor-driven pumps.
Different valves were tried in the lab at various water column altitudes in the driving pipe. The goal of
this investigation was to develop a reliable and low-cost ram using locally available off-the-shelf
materials. Many studies had been conducted creating hydraulic rams with self-built valves and for high
water supply, so the goal of this investigation was to develop a reliable and low-cost ram using locally
accessible off-the-shelf materials. For six weeks, the hydraulic ram worked without maintenance and
fully automatically, giving enough water to the area with a pumping efficiency of 44 percent.
The hydraulic ram pumps around 10% of the water running through a driving pipe to a higher
elevation using the kinetic energy of the water. One hydraulic ram unit was attached to an automatic low-
pressure irrigation system to irrigate a small plot of coffee trees in Ban Ha, Samoeng District, Chiang
Mai Province. The ram's efficiency was determined by measuring the pumping pressure and water flow
in the supply pipe.
IRRIGATION BASICS
According to the study, the purpose of watering plants or irrigating (in its broadest sense) is to
refill the water in the soil that may be reached by plants, not to water them. In other words, irrigating is
done to provide water to the land, which then delivers water to the plants. Sprinklers that spray water
across a 50-foot radius and drippers that water a small circular patch of soil are among them. Water
supply must offer sufficient flow as well as sufficient pressure to counteract losses due to friction and
elevation differences. A household water supply might limit the design flow rate of an irrigation system
for the majority of homeowners. A 34-inch meter with a maximum flow rate of 10 gallons per minute is
common in municipal residential utilities (gpm). Irrigation systems for home lawns, landscaping, and
gardens come in a variety of styles. Too much water is being added if water is ponding on the surface and
the soil is soggy for several hours after watering.
Evidence of early irrigation systems
The Arabs' linguistic contribution to irrigation and irrigated agriculture may lead one to believe that the
names of various regions indicate the quantity of irrigation (Jaccarini 2002). The discovery of multiple
earthenware pipes during the construction of the Wignacourt aqueducts, along with the fact that these
town names are Arabic in origin, provides significant proof that water resources were well used even
before the Knights arrived. A well or cistern, a water enclosure, a spring, trickling water, and water are all
terms used to describe water.
Irrigation Water Harvesting
Water harvesting's ultimate goal is to address water shortages by providing an alternative to the
unpredictable rainwater supply and storing water not just to overcome seasonal changes but also drought
periods.
Natural spring water harvesting
The most likely and straightforward method was to channel and collect free-flowing spring water
into reservoirs. Maltese agriculture was founded on Evidence suggests the following 1) rain-fed
agriculture, 2) irrigation channels, 3) water catchment area storage systems, and 4) natural springs Water
is collected directly from spring lines and utilized to irrigate agricultural land in locations where the
impermeable layer of Blue Clay outcrops beneath the Upper Coralline Limestone, while other channels
are redirected into collecting cisterns or high-capacity reservoirs.
Surface runoff water harvesting
The following technique was used to improve water capture from surface runoff as well as the
adaptation of various water distribution systems (Jaccarini 2002). It's an improvised device in the shape of
a little directional water dam, built of wrapped up sack cloth secured with a stone chip or molded out of
cement. It will funnel rainwater onto the field by carefully putting it downhill just beyond an entry point
and at a sharp angle to the soil retaining walls.
Other dry-stone structures (rain culverts or tunnels) are connected to these perimeter walls and
allow water to freely flow on the rock substratum beneath the soil, decreasing soil erosion and preventing
pressure buildup against the walls. The surplus water drains through the rubble retaining walls (the
absence of mortar allows excess water to drain off easily).
Groundwater harvesting
The origin of the Sienja, a water-lifting device, may have been attributed to the Arabs. A draft
animal empties a number of buckets from a deep artesian well fed by horizontal galleries that gather
groundwater. Before being delivered to the field by rock-cut channels, water is held in a reservoir.
Storage systems
To support a slightly curved or rectangular monolith lintel from which the water bucket chain
block hangs, a two-sided pillar rises seven or eight courses above a plain box-like herza. The gabja is a
smaller device that works on the same principle: two poles meet at an angle and are connected by a pulley
to draw water from a well (Jaccarini 2002). The inverted cone shape of these massive cisterns, sunk
beneath fields and carved out of solid rock, was roughly hand-hewn. Pozzolana rendering, a volcanic ash-
lime combination that performed well as a hydraulic cement, was usually applied to them (Hughes 1956).
Irrigation water distribution
Although the electricity-powered pump has mostly replaced this traditional gravity-driven
method of water distribution through stone culverts, it is still used in some areas of the Maltese islands,
notably on hillsides where springs flow. Many well heads can be found across the countryside, usually
beside big irrigation reservoirs or towering stone water tanks, from which water can be distributed
through multiple winding u-shaped conduits.
1.2 GAP TO BE BRIDGE
There were no general studies conducted in San Roque, Santo Domingo Albay in terms of Proposed
Irrigation of an Agricultural Land. This study is conducted to improve the agricultural production
providing sufficient water to crops to increase yield and ensure the stability of production.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 Farmers, this study will help them to have easy access to source of water for their agricultural
land.
 Agricultural Production, this study will help promote Brgy. San Roque, Sto. Domingo, Albay to
integrate agricultural food production.
 Future Researchers, this study will serve as reference to students who are conducting similar
study.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To design a way uphill of water reservoir at the site for it is an elevated area and provide
irrigation system to increase production of crops, improve rural income, create employment
opportunities.
 To impose and apply the irrigation system for soil conservation and erosion control during the
periods of less than average rainfalls

1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The focus of this study is to design an irrigation in agricultural upland specifically in Brgy. San
Roque, Sto. Domingo, Albay. The potency of this study will certainly take into consideration the
structure and other underlying factors that may affect efficient use. Thus, the proposed irrigation
of an agricultural land delimits the neighboring barangay, zone or area, and territory.
1.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 2
Conceptual framework

As shown in figure 2, there are 6 steps to follow, step 1 is Data Gathering where in researcher are
going to collect data from the books and literatures. Step 2 is the Data Process; processing of data helps
the researchers to manipulate data and define appropriate methods to apply. Step 3 is Data Analysis, in
data analysis researchers develop explanations and action to help acquire other information needed. Step
4 is design, in this part researchers are going to design proposed irrigation system in San Roque, Sto.
Domingo, Albay. Step 5 is the conclusion, after sorting all the data gathered and present an irrigation
design researcher are going to summarize all the idea. Step 6 is the recommendation, researcher is going
to make suggestion that are applicable and relevant to implement irrigation in San roque, Sto. Domingo,
Albay.

2. METHODS
2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The researchers used Quantitative research design, particularly this study will make use of the
descriptive research design to observed and describe the proposed irrigation of an agricultural land in San
Roque, Sto. Domingo, Albay.
The researchers use primary source, Primary sources which came from the gathered data and base on
the observations and data gathered from the literature, studies, and publications to back up the material in
this study.
2.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION
To get the appropriate data needed, the researchers used books, literatures, manuscript, and
dissertations. This will serve as guide and basis for the researchers to effectively form an accurate design
for the irrigation system in San Roque, Sto. Domingo, Albay.

2.4 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE AND TECHNIQUES

The researchers looked for the reliable books to know the various equations and different pump
design to used as a basis. Collect, evaluate and analyze all the data gathered to finally form a proposed
design for irrigation system. After that, researchers are able to create a proposed irrigation design,
conclude and recommend applicable and relevant irrigation design in San roque, Sto. Domingo, Albay.

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