Name: Jumawan, Jasmin Philina C.

Class Schedule: Tuesday - Friday 10:30 AM - 12:00 NN

Section Code: A81 SS 128
Instructor: Mr. Joseph Tinsay

1. What are the causes of Migration?

- Reasons why migration started is that developed countries have achieved
higher progression and advancement whilst the developing countries. Comparing
to developing countries, the migrants perceive the situation they have especially
the economic and political systems in their nation, that they do not have enough
support from the government, whereas, developed countries there are lots
of opportunities and sustainability. In addition to that, developing countries show
the low movement of transferring out to developed countries this is because it costs
more when moving out too long distances than migrating to a short expedition.
Another thing is, it is expensive moving out to international countries because it
includes transportation, paperwork in crossing international borders, and
permanent address for them to stay.

2. Why do people leave their countries for other nations?

- In connection to this, not all migrants have the same justification for moving
out across borders hence about a percentage of migrants tend to move from other
nations because of religion where a distinct country has a major religion, which is
the same as in their own country by birth. Moreover, migrants also move out
because of language that is dominant in a certain country that is the same as in
theirs.
 3. Next, read Portes & Rumbaut and Sassen. In what ways are their perspectives
the same as the UN report, and in what ways do they differ?

- From the perspective of the three significant authors both of them are examining
and discussing changes been made in the years passed of the new immigrants who just
migrated and settled permanently. The three authors argue the issues that could lead to
a probable answer about migrating to other countries. In addition to that, the authors are
tracing the motive of migrants and it could be a geopolitical, economic, regional, and
sociocultural means of moving out. However, the authors have a distinction. In Portes
and Rumbaut’ s perspective, it focuses on the unparalleled diversity to the new migrants
[i.e. Latin American, Filipino and Vietnamese] in the United States, which corresponds to
their color, class, and cultural background. They discussed complex issues in terms of
social, economic, and cultural determinants of immigrants in the second generation.
Moreover, Portes warns that unless changes have been made therefore there is a higher
chance of likelihood to the new immigrants in the second generation including those who
belong underclass of their society. On the other hand, Sassen’s perspective and its
emphasis is the flow of three developing migration. Specifically, (a) unaccompanied
minorities coming from Central America that heads to the USA, (b) the Muslim minorities
from Myanmar, and (c) immigrants coming from a Muslim and African country then travels
to Europe. Sassen talks about the mixed conditions of migrating to the United States of
America and Europe.
 4. Now read Massey’s synthesis of migration theory. Draw up a table or a
diagram of the different theories he presents and identify how they differ or
resemble each other.
Migration Theory Differences Comparisons
 Its focus is to explain the domestic labor to  It resembles to
migrants in the progression towards macroeconomic theory and
economic development. microeconomic model
 The basis of migration is due to wherein individuals tend to
geographical differences between the migrate because of cost-
supply and demand to labor. benefit, usually monetary
 It depicts when a poor country has a lowest concern.
1. Neoclassical supply of labor therefore their wages
Economics
increase So as to, a rich country that has a
large supply of labor but then in the end
their wages is minimum.
 As a result of this movement, the interaction
between labor supply and demand curves
which pushes the workers to migrate due to
scarcity of country.
 This approach determines not just the  It resembles and
individual workers but also household or compliments to neoclassical
families. economics
 It also affects the society as well in terms of  It challenges the assumptions
source income and financial risks, when and conclusions to the
social class or hierarchy is embedded in neoclassical economics
2. New Economics their region wherein there is a failure in  Labor wages to individuals
of Migration local market. matters
 In developed countries, migrants remits
their income to their own regions where in
fact it has more value.
 In developing countries, migrant’s income
in sending monetary funds has a lower
value.
 It differentiates the assumptions of  It does not resemble to the
decisions towards the individual and neoclassical economics and
household, the maximized and minimized new economics model
3. Segmented Labor sources of income and risks because of dual labor market
Market
 Argues the international migrants from theory, which is primary and
labor demands especially in modern secondary labor market.
industrial societies.
  Immigrants are being discriminated and
excluded from primary labor market (high-
wage paying jobs) and being put to place in
secondary labor market.
 This is in response to functionalism theory  It does not resemble to
towards social change specifically neoclassical, new economics
speaking developed countries that they are and segmented labor theory
economically progressing between because of social theories
modernization and industrialization. that emerged during 1950s.
 It argues because of political power that is
unequally drawn-out across nations. The
4. World System development of global capitalism, which
Theory
creates inequalities and highlighting the
stratified economic demand.
 In developing countries, they’d hope to
experience progression and development
towards modernization, but in truth they are
trapped with the unequal geopolitical
structure creating poverty.
 Focuses on the totality of resources either  Interrelates to neoclassical
actual our virtual possessing network of and new economics of
more or less institutionalized relationships migration.
to people, it can be acquaintance and
friends.
5. Social Capital  Members of society gain access to social
Theory
capital because of membership in
networks, cooperative and social
institution. Then converts it to other forms
of capital to maintain their position in
society.
 It argues that by some time international  Theory that resembles to
migration has to sustain in the ways making cumulative causation is social
an additional movement. capital theory, but the
 Migration alters to subsequent migrant’s supporting evidence is not
6. Cumulative decision. efficient.
Causation
 Social scientist discusses the cumulative
relation to migration, specifically,
expansion of networks, the circulation of
source income, distribution of land, culture,
 the structure of production, agriculture and
regional allotment to human capital.

5. Finally, take a step back and consider all the readings. What seems the most
persuasive argument to account for migration? Are there arguments missing
from this debate?
- Douglas S. Massey’s synthesis provides pragmatic evidence in account to
migration. He provided a persuasive argument and explanations by the
different theoretical perspective and its comparisons. He also explained the
factors, which pushed the migrants to move out, mainly the instances of
developing and developed countries, the supply and demand framework, the
remittances from international and regional value, the influence of
membership to networking, functionalism and capitalism. There is one
argument that is still lacking of evidence which is the cumulative causation.