HESI Review

Materials are for LSC-Montgomery student’s personal use for review only

Homeostasis
ability to maintain stable internal conditions

Examples of conditions to be maintained:

Contrast Negative vs. Positive Feedback Mechanisms

 11 Body Systems

Match the Body System with the function

integumentary A)  supports and protects the body
system
urinary system B)  protects the body, detects sensations, and helps regulate body
temperature
respiratory C)  functions in body movement, posture, and heat production
system
reproductive D)  produces gametes that unite to form a new organism, releases
system hormones that regulate associated body processes, and
produces milk
digestive E)  regulates body activities through hormones
system
muscular F)  transports oxygen, nutrients, and carbon dioxide
system
nervous G)  returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from the
system gastrointestinal tract to blood, and protects against disease-
causing organisms
lymphatic and H)  transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide
immune from blood to expired air
system
skeletal I)  eliminates wastes and regulates the chemical composition and
system volume of blood
endocrine J)  regulates body activities through nerve impulses
system
cardiovascular K)  breaks down and absorbs food
system

The Integumentary System

Functions:
 Protection – Physical, chemical, biological barrier
 Temperature regulation = sweat & dermal blood flow
 Sensory reception
 Vitamin D production = UV light converts cholesterol to a form of
vitamin D
 Blood reservoir = has ~5% of blood
 Excretion = Waste excreted with sweat
The Skeletal System

Functions:
 Support (frame work, scaffolding for the soft tissue)
 Protection (surround soft tissue to prevent injury)
 Movement (act as levers for muscle to work on)
 Blood cell formation (all blood cells and platelets are made in red marrow
cavities)
 Triglyceride storage (fats are stored in yellow marrow)
 Mineral storage (calcium, magnesium, and phosphate are deposited and
withdrawn)
Bone Structure

Cells
 Osteoblast – make bone matrix
 Osteocytes – maintain bone
matrix
 Osteoclasts – breakdown bone
matrix

Calcium Homeostasis

Decrease blood Ca+2

Parathryroid secretes PTH >
stimulate osteoclasts >
Ca+2 released into blood >
increases blood Ca+2

Increased blood Ca+2

thryroid secretes calacitonin
> stimulate osteoblasts >
Ca+2 enters new bone matrix
> decreases blood Ca+2
The Muscular System
General Functions:
1. Movement
2. Maintaining posture
3. Stabilizing the joints
4. Temperature homeostasis
5. Regulate movement of substances between
compartments Cardiac
in heart walls
involuntary
striated
no regeneration

Skeletal
attached to bones
voluntary control
striated
limited regeneration

Smooth
in the walls of the
hollow organs
involuntary
not striated
fast regeneration

Levels of Organization of Skeletal Muscle

Overview of the events of skeletal muscle contraction
Main Muscle Groups – Anterior 1. Quadriceps – rectus
femoris, vastus lateralis,
Vastus medialis, vastus
intermedius
2. Hamstrings – Biceps
femoris,
semimembranosus,
semitendinosis
3. Abs – Rectus abdominis,
external & internal
obliques, transverse
abdominis

Where am I, what action do I make

and what is my shape?

Extensor digitorum longus

Posterior
1. Lats – Latissimus dorsi,
rhomboids
2. Rotator Cuff – Infraspinatus,
Supraspinatus, Teres minor,
Subscapularis
3. Gluts – gluteus maximus,
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus,
IT band (illiotibial band – glut max)

Where am I, what action do I make

and what is my shape?

Trapezius
The Nervous System
Organization:

Cells: Neurons Glial Cells

4 in CNS
Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells,
oligodendrocytes
2 in PNS
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
Function - Support, nourish, & protect
neurons; maintain homeostasis in interstitial
fluid that bathe neurons
 Brain Structures - Cortex

Brain Structures -
Internal
Spinal Cord
 Dorsal root contains
axons entering the CNS

Dorsal Root Ganglion

Contains cell bodies to
Sensory neurons
Ventral root contains
axons exiting the CNS
Word Bank – fill in the labels
Interneuron, afferent
pathway, efferent pathway
Autonomic Nervous System

Endocrine System Overview

• Endocrine system + nervous system controls and coordinates metabolic
activites
• Regulates metabolic activities via hormones - transported in blood
• Slow acting but longer lasting than nervous system responses

Endocrine system controls and integrates:

• Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• metabolism and energy utilization
• body defenses
Major Endocrine glands:
Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal glands, Pancreas and gonads
Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
Growth hormone (GH); Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); Luteinizing hormone (LH); Prolactin (PRL)
Posterior Pituitary Hormones:
Oxytocin
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
Water Homeostasis
• High solute concentration causes its release from the posterior pituitary
• Helps reabsorb water in the kidneys
• Increases blood volume & hence BP
Thyroid Hormones:
• T3, T4 and Calcitonin
• T3 & T4 –
• Helps regulate metabolism
• Oxidize glucose to make ATP
• Regulate HR, BP
• Calcitonin – Helps regulate high blood calcium levels back to normal
Pancreas:
Secretes two major hormones
1. Insulin
- Lowers blood glucose to normal levels
- Converts excess glucose to glycogen in the liver
- Helps cells utilize glucose to make ATP

2. Glucagon
- increases dropping blood glucose levels to normal
Adrenal Cortex
Zona Glomerulosa – Mineralocorticoids – Aldosterone
- increases blood concentrations of Na+ and decreases K+ concentrations; increases
blood volume & BP
Zona Fasciculata - Glucocorticoids – Cortisol
- Glucose homeostasis
Zona Reticularis – Androgens
- Sex hormones
Adrenal Medulla – Epinephrine & Nor- epinephrine
“Fight or flight” hormones
Increase HR and blood flow to muscles, heart and brain
Cardiovascular System

Blood

Temperature homeostasis, distribution of nutrients,

waste

Leukocytes = immunity
Platelets = Blood clotting

Carries oxygen
Vessels

Major Arteries and Veins

Normal EKG

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Functions:
 Returns fluids to the
cardiovascular system
 Houses and transports
lymphocytes
 Transport lipids

Consists of:
 Lymph (the fluid)
 Vessels (capillaries, collecting
vessels, trunks, ducts)
 Leukocytes
 Tissues (including MALT)
 Organs (nodes, tonsils, spleen,
thymus)
Nonspecific Defenses
Designed to:

First Line of Defense

A. Skin
B. Mucous Membranes
C. Other (tears, saliva, sebum, acidity)
Second Line of Defense
A. Cells (Phagocytes, Non-phagocytes)
B. Inflammation
C. Antimicrobial Proteins (Complement, Interferon)
D. Fever

Specific Defenses
Designed to:

A. Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) = production of antibodies by B cells

(particularly good for microbes in body fluids)

Cellular (Cell-Mediated) = T cells directly attacking the microbe (particularly

good for microbes hiding inside cells)
Digestive System
Digestive Structures & Their Functions
Respiratory System

Functions of the Respiratory System

 Warm, moisten, and filter incoming air

 pH Homeostasis
 Vocalization
 Olfactory reception
 Gas Exchange
Reproductive System

Requires Meiosis = reduces number of chromosome from 46 to 23

Male = make sperm and deliver it to female reproductive tract

Female = make eggs and nourish fetus

 Urinary System

The Urinary System is composed of 2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, 1 Urinary Bladder

and 1 Urethra
• The major function of the kidneys is to regulate the volume,
composition, and pH of body fluids. In the process the kidneys
remove metabolic wastes from the blood and excrete them to the
outside.
• Other functions of the kidneys include:
– Gluconeogenesis
– Control rate of RBC formation by secreting the hormone
erythropoietin
– Regulate blood pressure by secreting the enzyme renin
– Regulate absorption of calcium ions by activating vitamin D

• 3 parts of urine formation

– Glomerular filtration - Blood is filtered in the glomerulus
removing most of the solutes and water. Not filtered out,
plasma proteins and blood cells.
– Tubular reabsorption – Most of the water, all of the nutrients,
and certain ions are brought back to the blood by
reabsorption.
 – Tubular secretion – Toxic materials that were not filtered are
secreted from the blood vessels to the kidney tubules for
excretion.
• Excretion
– Metabolic wastes such as urea, uric acid and creatinine, excess
salts and certain drugs are eliminated by the process of
urination.
• Micturition - The act of emptying the bladder.
– As urine accumulates, the bladder stretches and stretch
receptors are activated.
– When ≈200mL of urine has accumulated, impulses are sent to
the brain and one feels the urge to void.
– Visceral afferent impulses activate the micturition center of
the dorsolateral pons