Project On

A STUDY ON NANOTECHOLOGY IN DEFENCE

SECTOR WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO DRDO

Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of

MASTER OF MANAGEMENT
STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

Submitted by

YAKSH JADHAV
Roll No. 38

Speclialization:

FINANCE

Submitted
To
Dr. RUPALI MORE

SASMIRA’S INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

STUDIESAND RESEARCH, SARSMIRA MARG,
WORLI, MUMBAI. AUGUST 2021

1
2
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this Project entitled- “A study on
Nanotechnology in Defence Sector with special reference to DEFENCE RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of the Degree of Master of Management Studies, University of Mumbai and submitted to the
Sasmira’s Institute of Management Studies and Research, Worli, Mumbai, is an authentic
record of my own work carried out during a period from May2021 till July,2021 under the
guidance of Dr. Rupali More.

The matter presented in this project report has not been submitted by me for the award of any
other degree of this or any other Institute.
Wherever references have been made to intellectual properties of any individual / Institution /
Government / Private / Public Bodies / Universities, research paper, text books, reference
books, research monographs, archives of newspapers, corporate, individuals, business /
Government and any other source of intellectual properties viz., speeches, quotations,
conference proceedings, extracts from the website, working paper, seminal work et al, they
have been clearly indicated, duly acknowledged and included in the Bibliography.

Name of Student: Yaksh Jadhav

Signature of Student:

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of our
knowledge.

Signature of Guide:
Name of Guide: Dr. Rupali More

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 CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that Mr. Yaksh Sanjay Jadhav, of the two year full-time Master's Degree
Programme in Management Studies (MMS), (Finance), Roll No. 38 has carried out the work
on the Industry Oriented Dissertation Project titled “A study on Nanotechology in Defence
Sector with special reference to Defence Research & Development Organisation under my
guidance in partial fulfillment of requirement for the completion MMS as prescribed by the
University of Mumbai.

This Industry Oriented Dissertation Project Report is the record of authentic work carried out
by him / her during the period from May 2021 to July 2021.

Place:
Date:

Signature of Guide:

Name of Guide:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project has been a great learning experience for me. I take this opportunity to thank Dr.
Rupali More, my internal project guide whose valuable guidance & suggestions made this
project possible. I am extremely thankful to her for her support. He has encouraged me and
channelized my enthusiasm effectively.
I express my heart-felt gratitude towards parents Mr. Sanjay Jadhav & Mrs. Sadhana
Jadhav, siblings and all those friends who have willingly and with utmost commitment helped
me during the course of my project work.
I also express my profound gratitude to Dr. Kamal Tandon, Director of Sasmira’s Institute of
Management Studies & Research for giving me the opportunity to work on the projects and
broaden my knowledge and experience.
I would like to thank all the professors and the staff of Sasmira Institute especially the
Library staff who were very helpful in providing books and articles I needed for my project.
Last but not the least, I am thankful to all those who indirectly extended their co- operation and
invaluable support to me.

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 CONTENTS

CHAPTER DETAILS
NO.
Candidate Declaration
Certificate by the guide
Acknowledgement
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
1.2 Need & Significance of the study
1.3 Nature & Scope of study
2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology in
Defence Sector
2.2 Defence Industry of India
2.3 Domestic of defence manufacturing
2.4 Industry Profile
2.5 Vision
2.6 Mission
3 Research Work
3.1 Problem indentification
3.2 Methodology Applied
3.3 Data Collection
4 Data Description and Analysis
5 Conclusion
5.1 Summary
5.2 Study of growth rate of defence
industry in India
5.3 Findings of the study
Reference
Annexure

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 CHAPTER NO .1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology means any technology on a nanoscale that has applications in the

real world. Nanotechnology encompasses the production and application of physical,
chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules
to submicron dimensions, as well as the integration of the resulting nanostructures into
larger systems. Nanotechnology is likely to have a profound impact on our economy
and society in the early 21st century, comparable to that of semiconductor technology,
information technology, or cellular and molecular biology. Science and technology
research in nanotechnology promises breakthroughs in areas such as materials and
manufacturing, nanoelectronics, medicine and healthcare, energy, biotechnology,
information technology, and national security. It is widely felt that nanotechnology will
be the next Industrial Revolution.

Background
Nanotechnology holds strong promises for use in the defence industry. Current
thinking is that nanotechnology can be used in two main ways by soldiers. The first is
miniaturisation of existing equipment to allow it to be not only smaller, but lighter, use
less energy and be more readily concealable. The second is to develop and adapt
new materials for military purposes.

Military Research
Although nanotechnology based military research is being done both publically and
secretly by numerous agencies around the world, the most high profile organisation is
the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN) at MIT. ISN is looking to “pursue a
long-range vision for how technology can make soldiers less vulnerable to enemy and
environmental threats. The ultimate goal is to create a 21st century battlesuit that
combines high-tech capabilities with light weight and comfort.”

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Soldier Battlesuit
A battlesuit such us that being developed by ISN would be required to remain
lightweight and comfortable while stopping bullets, protecting against toxins,
monitoring vital signs and administering first aid where possible. Battlesuit research is
still in its infancy but has already made some advancement in the fields of
communications, strength and soldier protection.

Communications
Just as communications from ships at sea used to utilise coded messages transmitted
by means of flashing lights specially coated polymer threads woven into the suit can
allow silent communication between soldiers. The system can be tuned to different
light wavelengths to prevent eavesdropping or detection by enemy units.

Protection
Kevlar is already the material of choice for protection against bullets and other
ballistics and nanotechnology is being applied to further increase its functionality.
Testing is underway on a shock-resistant material five times stronger than steel and
more than twice as strong as any other impact-resistant material currently in use.

Protection from chemical and biological agents is being provided for with the use of
special molecules called dendrimers. The dangerous chemicals stick to dendrimers
and are rendered harmless.

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  1.2 NEED & SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Nanotechnology in warfare is a branch of nanoscience in which molecular systems

are designed, produced and created to fit a nanoscale (1-100 nm). The application of
such technology, specifically in the area of warfare and defence, has paved the way
for future research in the context of weaponisation. Nanotechnology unites a variety
of scientific fields including material science, chemistry, physics, biology and
engineering.

Advancements in this area, have led to categorised development of such nano-

weapons with classifications varying from; small robotic machines, hyper-reactive
explosives, and electromagnetic super-materials. With this technological growth, has
emerged implications of associated risks and repercussions, as well as regulation to
combat these effects. These impacts give rise to issues concerning global security,
safety of society, and the environment. Legislation may need to be constantly
monitored to keep up with the dynamic growth and development of nano-science, due
to the potential benefits or dangers of its use. Anticipation of such impacts through
regulation, would 'prevent irreversible damages' of implementing defence related
nanotechnology in warfare.

Brief History

Nanotechnology has been defined as “the design, characterization, production, and

application of structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and
shape at the nanometer scale (atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale) that
produces structures, devices, and systems with at least one novel/superior
characteristic or property.”Applications of nanotechnology are not new. In fact, its
applications were used centuries before nanotechnology as a field was formally
defined, in creating paintings or making steel.The earliest systematic discussion is
considered to be done by an American Physicist named Richard Feynman in 1959. In
a speech, he explained the significance of “controlling and manipulating things at a
nanoscale.” The term “nanotechnology” was formally used by a Japanese scientists
Nario Taniguchi in a 1974 research paper on production technology. The technology
could be used to create objects and features on the order of nanometer. Interestingly,
at the Nano-scale the classical laws of physics become redundant and pave the way
for quantum mechanics. As a result, one could observe remarkable differences in
material behavior. This discovery had set the ball rolling for a series of nanotechnology
initiatives across the world. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, almost all industrialized
nations undertook nanotechnology initiatives, leading to a world wide proliferation of
nanotechnology.

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Military Applications

All of the world’s major military powers are heavily involved in research and
development of nanotechnology infused materials and systems. As of now,
nanotechnology research focuses on improving medical facilities and producing light
weight, strong and multi-functional materials as armours that facilitate both protection
and enhanced connectivity in a Network-centric warfare domain. Nanotechnology
undoubtedly provides myriad new options for the military. Below are a few areas where
the application of nanotechnology can be employed in a big way:

Nano-Battlesuit: Soldiers need to carry around a lot of heavy equipment’s. Also,

their clothing does not give them a foolproof protection from bullets. Many
Nanotechnology R&D departments are rigorously involved in developing “nano-
battlesuit.” This battlesuit could be as thin as a stretchy polyurethane fabric and
contain health monitors and communication equipment. Energy for communication
could be generated by normal body movements. Additionally, this material would
provide strength far better than the currently available materials and also facilitate
effective protection from bullets. Thus, nano-battlesuit allows the military to miniaturize
that not only cuts down on weight but also enhances efficiency and protection.
Nano-sensors: Nanotechnology allows smaller sensors which could find applications
in various segments. For instance, integrating these nano-sensors with neural
networks can help detect and identify incredibly small traces of airborne chemicals. An
array of these sensors will be of great use to the border forces working on the front
line, to determine the nature and magnitude of the potential risk when explosives are
detected.

Nano-drones: Like any mobile device, nano-drones have cameras and sensors and
also the feature of facial recognition. Military nano-drones could also include few
grams of explosive sufficient enough to penetrate the skull and destroy the contents.
These nano-drones would facilitate airstrike of surgical precision. These nano-drones
if trained as a team could penetrate buildings, cars, trains, evade people, bullets, pretty
much every counter-measure and hence are lethal enough to kill half of the city.

Nano- Systems implanted within human bodies: Another type of application would be
to monitor the medical and stress status of a soldier, releasing therapeutic drugs
and hormones as deemed necessary. Another application is linking such systems to
the brain cortex areas or the sensory organs, sensory nerves, motor nerves or muscles
so as to reduce the reaction times for the soldiers.

Nano-satellites: Nanotechnology would provide umpteen numbers of possibilities in

the outer space. For starters, use of nanotechnology for markedly smaller satellites
together with smaller launch vehicles. Thus, making these satellites cost-effective.
Moreover, these nano-satellies could be used in swarms for radar, communication and

10
intelligence. These satellites could also facilitate dedicated high resolution images of
enemy territory.

Nano-nuclear, chemical and biological weapons: Although there would not be any
fundamental difference in the quality of nanotechnology induced nuclear weapons.
Only the overall yield would be pretty low, and the mass and size correspondingly
small, blurring the distinction with conventional weapons. This would also reduce the
overall destruction caused. On the other and, nanotechnology would provide
qualitatively new options for inducing biological or chemical weapons. Nanotechnology
makes biological/chemical warfare much more effective and
manageable. Nanotechnology could actually facilitate easier entry into the body or
cells. Mechanisms could be designed using nanotechnology such that limit or prevent
damage to one’s own force, such as self destruction after a defined period of time or
reliable inoculation.

India’s current Status

Considering the underlying salience of nanotechnology, even India has been putting
in a consistent effort in the field. The potential of Nanotechnology in India was realized
by 2001 when NSTI (Nanoscience and Technology Initiative) was set up by the
government of India. Since then India has come a long way. DRDO is carrying out
extensive work in the field of nanotechnology to enhance its application in defense
sector. Major focus areas have been NBC (Nuclear, biological and Chemical) attack
protection devices, stealth and camouflage, sensors, high-energy applications,
nanoelectronics, structural applications. DRDO has also set up nano research and
production facility in various parts of India.[v] A Bengaluru based Log-9 Materials
startup is also collaborating with the defense industry to help it build various products
and applications while conserving energy.[vi] However, the progress made by the
country is not enough and the process needs to be accelerated.

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  1.3 NATURE & SCOPE OF STUDY

 PURPOSE
Nanotechnology holds strong promises for use in the defence industry. Current
thinking is that nanotechnology can make India self sufficient and the dream of one
of the super power across the world.

 Topic of study
A study of Nanotechnology in Defence sector with special reference to Defence
Research& Development Organisation

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

 Main objective is to analyse the growth of nanotechnology in defence sector

with special reference to DRDO(DEFENCE RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION)
 To know in what ways nanotechnology can be used for giving security to our
country
 In make more productive for our nation

Research questions
 What is Nanotechnology?

 In what ways nanotechnology is use in improving our military system?

 How it can be used to improve our infrastructure?

 What are major areas India is focusing on by using nanotechnology?

 What advantages can our country get over enemy by using nanotechnology?

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 CHAPTER NO 2 :LITERATURE REVIEW

 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DEFENCE SECTOR

Nanotechnology has been gaining considerable momentum across a range of

industries varying, from medical applications to military usage. Indeed nanotechnology
has been hailed as the next big thing that would soon find multiple applications in the
military domain. All military systems miniaturized would give a significant strategic
advantage over the enemy. Like miniaturized drones or a swarm of artificial bees
would facilitate a better battlespace awareness and situational&l visibility. Moreover,
minitaturized bots equipped with AI standing tall on the enemy frontline gives a clear
picture of a changing battlefield. Nanotechnology would eventually enable a new class
of lethal weapons that will alter the geopolitical landscape. It’s high time that
India takes cognizance of the advanced capabilities of nanotechnology to be
integrated into the current war fighting tactics to have an upper hand over the
adversary.
Nanotechnology and its military usage NT often acts as an enabling means that
enhances applications in exhilarating ways. Defence applications for NT are
numerous, ranging from sensing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), combatant
protection kits (smart armour, active camouflage), and medical aid (infection control),
to self-healing materials and nanoelectronics. At the same time, NT is more of an
evolving technology and many applications in the military realm are actually
Electronics/Computers/Sensors Electronics is one area in which NT is making great
strides. The use of NT applications will drastically reduce the cost and increase the
performance of memory, displays, processors, solar powered components, and
embedded intelligence systems. Miniaturization is expected to help microprocessors
run much faster, thereby enabling computations at far greater speeds. NT offers better
solutions for this. Present techniques like photolithography used for manufacturing
chips to make structures smaller than 100 nanometres come at a great cost. Currently,
work is in progress to make cheaper options like electron-beam lithography and soft
lithography more viable.15 In many cases, the limitations of other technologies which
are put together along with the NT enabled equipment undermine the progress made
in the field of NT. It could be possible to fit NT enabled electronic systems into a very
small device, but power supply could pose a problem because battery size would not
shrink in parallel. Thus, a micrometre sized system would still need a centimetre sized
power supply. In a few cases, for the system to communicate by radio to some
distance, antennas of a larger size would be required. The near future nanoelectronic
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systems may have to be produced within these limitations. In sensor manufacturing,
NT has larger utility because it allows the production of smaller sensors down to the
size of micrometres instead of centimetres. In the future, it may be possible to put
thousands of such sensors in a particular area depending upon the requirement. Also,
sensors made from nanocrystalline materials are extremely sensitive to changes in
their environment. Typical applications for such sensors are smoke detectors, ice
detectors on aircraft wings, automobile engine performance sensors, etc.18 It is
expected that NT could offer major solutions even in the design and development of
new types of power sources. In general, NT is expected to bring about a revolution in
the IT sector and is expected to make the next wave of information technology
development – ‘pervasive computing’19 – a reality. From a military point of view, the
utility of NT in the field of electronics, computers, and sensors would essentially
revolve around reducing the size of existing gadgetry and making them more efficient
The response to bioterrorism in the form of inventing new techniques is developing
rapidly. NT is fast emerging as a new frontier in bio-defence. Currently, NT is primarily
being used in the development of bio-sensors. A sensing device for detection of nerve-
gas agents in the atmosphere has been developed based on NT applications. This
technology has also been found useful in the production of chemical biological mass
spectrometers that are used to detect biological warfare agents. A technology capable
of having a single-cell microchip platform as a toxicity sensor is available. With this
technology, molecular targets can be inserted into the cell or the cell can simply be
exposed to the environment while monitoring continuously for cell death – the readout
is direct and virtually instantaneous. This platform will be leveraged in pharmaceutical
and bio-warfare applications. Many cells, where numerous life activities and the
interactions of protein surfaces take place, are measured in nanometres. Some
countries are working on extremely small machines and tools that can enter the human
body. This is the millionth of a millimetre world of biotechnology today. By using a
person’s saliva, body fluids, or blood, nanobiosensors can be created to reliably work
with pathogens such as viruses. In tissue engineering, a scaffold, measuring only 50
nanometres in diameter, can be built using nanofibres. These are the secrets of life
and they are taking place at the nanoscale. Drug and virus development costs can be
reduced by using nanochips to test various medications or a combination of chemicals
and vaccines. Presently, Nanotechnology is showing immense promise in the
development of various direct and indirect applications useful for bio-defence
purposes. In this field, a good amount of progress has been reported, particularly
various design methodologies for Carbon-nano-tube (CNT)-based biosensors and
their employment for the detection of a number of biomolecules are being research
NT shows great potential. However, there appears to be less attention towards
exploiting the benefits of this technology. Currently, work is on towards the
development of a next-generation all-electric warship that could revolutionize the
Navy’s use of weaponry and manpower. Here, designers and manufacturers are
expected to bank mainly on nano and micro-electronics technology. This technology
is likely to be a critical component of a ship’s system architecture. ‘These micro and
nanoscale electronic packages are likely to maintain reliability under extremely harsh
conditions resulting from concurrently acting vibrations, high-current density, high-

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power and high-temperature loads. Advanced navies like those of the United States
view nanoscience and NT as areas of increasing importance and opportunity. The US
Navy’s research and development organizations provide a critical infrastructure for
performing both multidisciplinary work at the nanoscale and providing critical transition
paths for nanoscience and NT into a whole host of applications of interest, such as
Combat-Safe Insensitive Munitions. Academic institutions in the United States are also
conducting original research on ways to incorporate nano approaches into energetic
materials on both the material development and material production fronts. Products
such as functionally graded nanocomposites are exciting examples of the potential for
NT to bring innovations from the bench to the fleet, while also providing an opportunity
for reducing costs. Experts are of the view that nanoparticles can be used to mark
ships, fishing boats, navigable channels, and delimiting safe heavens. The crystals
are soluble in paints, fuel, lubricants, speciality chemicals, glues, etc. but cannot be
easily counterfeited, removed, or altered by anyone except the authorised agency
which designed them.
Modern-day warfare demands more accurate delivery of force, with less collateral
damage. This could be effectively enabled by intelligent use of sensors and
information technology. Also, the availability of stronger, lighter-weight structural
materials, and reliable explosives and propellants that release greater energy would
allow this to happen. Less vulnerable corrosive material is helpful in satellite
manufacturing as well. Nanostructural materials show tremendous promise for
structural applications. Nanocomposites have already made their way into cars and
are achieving 10 per cent to 15 per cent weight and strength improvements, with a
promise of 20 per cent to 25 per cent. Also, such structural materials and the
miniaturization as such achieved by NT is likely to play a vital role in designing the
next generation of unmanned aerial vehicles/unmanned combat aerial vehicles. The
present generation of satellites utilise thruster rockets to either remain in orbit or to
change orbit. This becomes necessary because of a variety of factors, including
Newtonian compulsions. The life of these satellites, to a large extent, is determined by
the amount of fuel they can carry on board. In fact, more than one-third of the fuel
carried aboard satellites is wasted by these repositioning thrusters due to incomplete
and inefficient combustion of the fuel, such as hydrazine. The reason for such
incomplete and inefficient combustion is that onboard ignitors wear out quickly and
cease to perform effectively. Nanomaterials, such as nanocrsytalline tungsten-titanium
diboridecopper composite, are potential candidates for enhancing these ignitors’ life
and performance characteristics.Apart from onboard fuel, satellites in outer space use
solar power as a power source for various activities. Satellite designers are
continuously working on finding the means to reduce the weight of such solar cells.
Space and defence scientists are trying to adopt nanomaterials as alternative matrials
to their conventional counterparts. Lighter nanoporous materials like aerogels are
found to have wider applicability in spacecraft manufacturing and in the defence
industry. Even some special lightweight suits, jackets etc. could be made using
aerogels. In respect of threats from WMD terrorism, particularly in the arena of
chemical weapons terrorism, NT offers solutions against the usage of chemical agents
like VX, HD, GD, and GB. Some nanoparticle oxides like CaO, Al2O3, and MgO
interact with such chemicals much faster than microparticles and are ideally suited for

15
fast decomposition of such chemicals.There has always been some amount of
discomfort towards using Deplete Uranium (DU) projectiles (penetrators) for their
lethality against hardened targets and enemy armoured vehicles. This is mainly
because DU has residual radioactivity, and hence is toxic (carcinogenic), explosive,
and lethal to mankind. However, there is no alternative for the use of DU penetrators
because they possess a unique self-sharpening mechanism on impact with a target.
Nanocrystalline tungsten heavy alloys lend themselves to such a self-sharpening
mechanism because of their unique deformation characteristics, such as grain-
boundary sliding. Hence, nanocrystalline tungsten heavy alloys and composites are
being evaluated as potential candidates to replace DU penetrators.
Conventional Weapons/Ammunition NT-based stronger and lighter materials would
allow the building of conventional barrel-type weapons with reduced mass. It is
conceivable that small arms and light weapons could use barrels, locks etc. made of
nanofibre composites. This could help reduce the weight of such weapons
substantially. Even in respect of ballistic and airbreathing missiles, the reduced mass
could translate into a marked increase in speed, range, or payload as well as a
reduction in carrier size. It is also predicted that NT-improved explosives and
propellants are likely to enter military use within a decade’s time.
Space weather forecasting In the years to come, military dependence on space assets
is likely to increase because communication and navigation would be essentially
controlled by space-based systems. Knowledge of space weather in the near Earth
and solar space environment would become critical at this juncture. Nanostructured
sensors are expected to play a fundamental role in obtaining information on the
ionosphere and other regions of space
 2.2 DEFENCE INDUSTRY OF INDIA
The defence industry of India is a strategically important sector in India. India has
one of the world's largest military forces with a strength of over 14.4 lakh (1.44 million)
active personnel. It has the world's largest volunteer military of over 51 lakh (5.1
million) personnel. The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial
year 2021 is ₹4.78 lakh crore (US$67 billion). It has the third largest annual defence
budget behind USA (US$732 b) and China (US$261 b). It is the second largest
defence importer behind Saudi Arabia making up 9.2% of global arms import. India
has a domestic defence industry of which 80% is government owned. The public
sector includes DRDO and its 50 labs, 4 defence shipyards, 5 defence PSUs and
41 ordnance factories. India has a new defence procurement, acquisition and
manufacturing policy to reduce imports and enhance domestic manufacturing
"Defence Production Policy of 2018" (DPrP-2018) has a goal of becoming among the
top 5 global producers of the aerospace and defence manufacturing with annual export
target of US$5 billion by 2025.12% of worldwide arms exports (by value) reach
India. India domestically produces only 45% to 50% of defence products it uses, and
the rest are imported.India's military–industrial complex has had little success and only
recently private sector was allowed to enter the defence production.India's defence
exports were ₹4,682 crore (US$0.66 billion) in 2017–2018 and ₹10,500 crore
(US$1.47 billion) in 2018–2019, of 2018–2019 exports India's 8 Defence Public Sector

16
Undertakings (DPSU) and 41 Ordnance Factories (OF) contributed ₹800 crore (7.6%
of total defence exports). During 2014-2018 India was the world's second largest
defence importer.

MILITARY BUDGET
The military budget of India is about 1.49% for year 2018–19 of the
total GDP. However, it spends nearly an equal amount in importing arms from other
countries.
Its defence expenditure for the 2017–18 fiscal year, based on allotments by its Ministry
of Finance was 86,488 crores for defence capital and 2,96,000 crores for defence
pensions
Service/ department-wise allocation as a percentage of total defence estimates in
2017–18:

 Army: 55.9%
 Air Force: 22.5%
 Navy: 14.6%
 DRDO: 5.7%
 DGOF: 0.8%
 DGQA: 0.5%
The Indian army accounts for more than half of the total defence budget of India, with
most of expenditure going to the maintenance of cantonments, salaries and pensions,
instead of critical arms and ammunition.As of 2019, there is 25% shortfall in the
military's budget demand versus the actually budget allocation by the
government.There are suggestion to use the military's land bank to generate more
funds to bridge this gap for the modernisation of military with the latest
equipment. From November 2019, government exempted the imported defence
equipment from the customs and import duties for a period of five year during which
domestic production is unlikely to meet the technical demand of the forces. This will
result in a savings of ₹25,000 crore (US$3.5 billion) which could be used for the
modernisation of the forces

India has been pushing for greater indigenisation of military hardware as India imports
around 70% (by value) of its high-tech defence hardware such as aircraft, ships,
submarines, missiles etc. mainly from Russia, Japan, Israel and United States.
Compared to other branches of military, the Indian Army consumes 50% of defence
budget, is least technology intensive and slowest to adopt the indigenisation of
equipment, has multi-year long procurement cycle, and pre-purchase field trials last
for several years sometimes without resulting in any procurement, for example
soldier's hand held GPS enabled indigenous "Sathi" PDA "Beta Project" was
abandoned midway and soldiers still do not have a PDA. To expedite the development
cycle of new technologies and to better fit the end user requirements, army has asked
DRDO to take more army staff on deputation to be part of DRDO technology
development project teams.[20]

17
Indian forces are using numerous successful indigenous technologies produced by
the DRDO, including Varunastra, Maareech, Ushus, Advanced Light Torpedo (TAL)
Shyena; Electronic Warfare Technologies, radars, composite materials for LCA,
AEW&C, Astra, LCA Tejas by the Indian Airforce; ASAT, BrahMos, Nag missile,
SAAW, Arjun MBT Mk 1A, 46 metre Modular Bridge, MPR, LLTR Ashwin by the army

ARMS EXPORTS
India's track record as an arms exporter has been modest due to export restrictions
on the manufacturing organisations like OFB.[22][23] OFB exports Arms and
Ammunition, Weapon Spares, Chemicals & Explosives, Parachutes, Leather and
Clothing items to more than 30 countries worldwide
e.g. Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, SriLanka, Bangladesh, Germany, Belgium, Turke
y, Egypt, Oman, Israel, Kenya, Nigeria, Botswana, Chile, Suriname and USA.
However, due to liberal policies adopted by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's
government since 2014, there has been a substantial increase in India's defence
exports. According to the latest official data given in the upper house of Indian
Parliament - the Rajya Sabha, India's defence export has jumped by 700% in just two
years. The export authorisation went up from $213 million in FY 2016–17 to $1.5 billion
in FY 2018-19 (April to March period).
In March 2011 New Delhi agreed to sell its first indigenously designed and built multi-
role offshore patrol vessel (OPV) named Barracuda, to Mauritius. In March 2017, India
finalised a deal with Myanmar for sale of indigenously developed lightweight torpedoes
worth US$37.9 million. Similar naval platforms were sold to Sri Lanka and Vietnam as
well.[27]
In Sep 2017, Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) secured its biggest export order
from UAE for the supply of 40,000 numbers of 155 mm artillery shells for ₹322 crore.In
Aug 2019, OFB received a second order from UAE to supply another 50,000 artillery
shells

2.3 Domestic of defence manufacturing

INDIGENISATION
In September 2019, DRDO formulated the "DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer
of Technology" and released information on "DRDO-Industry Partnership: Synergy
and Growth and DRDO Products with Potential for Export". During the Vibrant Goa
Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO signed technology transfer contracts
with 16 Indian companies, including 3 startups, to produce products for the use
by Indian Armed Forces. This included high shelf life, high nutrition, ready-to-eat on-
the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult terrain and bad weather. To boost

18
the domestic defence production capability, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh's
November 2019 delegation included 50 Indian companies scouting for the Russian
partners and joint ventures for the defence production in India. DRDO and ISRO have
agreed to collaborate in India's crewed orbital spacecraft project
called Gaganyaan during which DRDOs various laboratories will tailor their defence
capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission.To become technology
research and production leader, reduce reliance on the imports and increase self-
reliance, DRDO Chief called for more collaboration with the industry, private sector,
research and education institutes including IITs and NITs.

MAKE IN INDIA
The Modi government in its first year cleared 39 capital procurement proposals, of
which 32 proposals worth ₹88,900 crore (US$12 billion) (or 96% of value of total
proposals) were categorized as Buy (Indian) and Buy and Make (Indian)—the top two
prioritized domestic industry-centric procurement categories as per the defence
procurement procedure (DPP).
The government's policies to encourage domestic manufacturing and export of
defence equipment under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's flagship scheme Make in
India in Defence. It has already resulted in substantial growth of defence export from
the country as it jumped by 700% in just two years, from $213 million in FY 2016–17
to $1.5 billion in FY 2018–19. Encouraged by this, the government set a target of
achieving defence export worth ₹35,000 crore ($4.87 billion) in next four years.
In July 2015, the defence ministry eased export regulations and stopped demanding
multiple assurances on end-use from foreign governments even for sale of
components by Indian entities.
Some critics say that instead of encouraging the manufacturing of equipment in India,
the Modi government has given financial powers to the Armed forces to purchase
equipment up to ₹500 crores without the consultation of the Ministry.This will further
increase the types of weapons, their spares and components, cost of maintainability
which will result in non-compatibility and standardisation problems in near future.

FDI IN DEFENCE
Even though Modi government has been trying hard to get FDI in defence sector by
first raising the cap from 26% to 49% through automatic route and 100% through
MoD's approval, whereby the investing foreign entity can have ownership up to 100%
in the defence manufacturing, it has received a dismal response with a meagre
investment of just ₹56 lacs (US$0.08 million) in 2014–15, ₹71 lac (US$0.10 million) in
2015–16, ₹7 lacs (US$0.01 million) in 2017–18 and ₹15 crores (US$2.18 million)
during 2018–19.

19
  2.4 INDUSTRY PROFILE

 Defence Research and Development Organisation

DRDO is the R&D wing of Ministry of Defence, Govt of India, with a vision to empower
India with cutting-edge defence technologies and a mission to achieve self-reliance in
critical defence technologies and systems, while equipping our armed forces with
state-of-the-art weapon systems and equipment in accordance with requirements laid
down by the three Services. DRDO's pursuit of self-reliance and successful indigenous
development and production of strategic systems and platforms such as Agni and
Prithvi series of missiles; light combat aircraft, Tejas; multi-barrel rocket launcher,
Pinaka; air defence system, Akash; a wide range of radars and electronic warfare
systems; etc., have given quantum jump to India's military might, generating effective
deterrence and providing crucial leverage. DRDO was formed in 1958 from the
amalgamation of the then already functioning Technical Development Establishment
(TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development & Production
(DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). DRDO was then a small
organisation with 10 establishments or laboratories. Over the years, it has grown multi-
directionally in terms of the variety of subject disciplines, number of laboratories,
achievements and stature. With a network of 52 laboratories, which are engaged in
developing defence technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments,
electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and naval
systems, DRDO is India's largest and most diverse research organisation. The
organisation includes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the DRDS and about
25,000 other subordinate scientific, technical and supporting personnel
The DRDO was established in 1958 by amalgamating the Defence Science
Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate
Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980 which later
on administered DRDO and its 50 laboratories/establishments. Most of the time the
Defence Research Development Organisation was treated as if it was a vendor and
the Army Headquarters or the Air Headquarters were the customers. Because the
Army and the Air Force themselves did not have any design or construction
responsibility, they tended to treat the designer or Indian industry at par with their
corresponding designer in the world market. If they could get a MiG-21 from the world
market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO.[7]
DRDO started its first major project in surface-to-air missiles (SAM) known as Project
Indigo in the 1960s. Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full
success. Project Indigo led to Project Devil, along with Project Valiant, to develop
short-range SAM and ICBM in the 1970s. Project Devil itself led to the later
development of the Prithvi missile under the Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP) in the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian Ministry of
Defence programme between the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a
comprehensive range of missiles, including the Agni missile, Prithvi ballistic
missile, Akash missile, Trishul missile and Nag Missile. In 2010, defence minister A.
K. Antony ordered the restructuring of the DRDO to give 'a major boost to defence
research in the country and to ensure effective participation of the private sector in
defence technology'. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning
include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the defence

20
minister as its chairman. The programmes which were largely managed by DRDO
have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment
as well as yielding significant technological benefits. Since its establishment, DRDO
has created other major systems and critical technologies such as aircraft
avionics, UAVs, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured
vehicles, sonar systems, command and control systems and missile systems
As part of rationalization plan, Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) was
merged with Snow and Avalanche Studies Establishment (SASE) which is renamed
into Defence Geological Research Establishment (DGRE). As of 2020, Advanced
Numerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG) and Laser Science and
Technology Center (LASTEC) are no longer functional as independent entities. The
staffs are relocated at various DRDO labs in Hyderabad. DRDO is planning to build a
new research lab in Lucknow.

PROJECTS
Aeronautics

LCA Tejas at IAF induction ceremony

The DRDO is responsible for the ongoing Light Combat Aircraft. The LCA is
intended to provide the Indian Air Force with a modern, fly by wire, multi-role
fighter, as well as develop the aviation industry in India. The LCA programme has
allowed DRDO to progress substantially in the fields of avionics, flight control
systems, aircraft propulsion and composite structures, along with aircraft design
and development.

 The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme under the
"Vetrivel" programme. Systems developed by DRDO include radar warning
receivers, radar and display computers. DRDO's radar computers, manufactured
by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian Su-30s.
 The DRDO is part of the Indian Air Force's upgrade programmes for its MiG-
27 and Sepecat Jaguar combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited. DRDO and HAL have been responsible for the system design
and integration of these upgrades, which combine indigenously developed
systems along with imported ones. DRDO contributed subsystems like the Tarang

21
 radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, core avionics computers, brake
parachutes, cockpit instrumentation and displays.
 HAL AMCA: Aeronautical Development Agency of DRDO is responsible for the
design and development of the fifth-generation aircraft. In 2015, 700 ADA
employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO.
 Avatar is a concept study for a robotic single-stage reusable spaceplane capable
of horizontal takeoff and landing. The mission concept is for low cost military and
commercial satellite space launches.
Other Hindustan Aeronautics programmes

HJT-36 Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT) prototype

Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan
Aeronautics with its programmes. These include the HAL Dhruv helicopter and
the HAL HJT-36. Over a hundred LRU (Line Replaceable Unit)'s in the HJT-36 have
come directly from the LCA programme. Other duties have included assisting the
Indian Air Force with indigenisation of spares and equipment. These include both
mandatory as well as other items.
Unmanned aerial vehicles
The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles – the Nishant tactical
UAV and the Lakshya (Target) Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA). The Lakshya PTA has
been ordered by all three services for their gunnery target training requirements.
Efforts are on to develop the PTA further, with an improved all digital flight control
system, and a better turbojet engine. The Nishant is a hydraulically launched short-
ranged UAV for the tactical battle area. It is currently being evaluated by the Indian
Navy and the Indian Paramilitary forces as well.

A scaled down model of TAPAS-BH-201 Model

The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a new class of UAVs. These
draw upon the experience gained via the Nishant programme, and will be substantially
more capable. Referred to by the HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance) and MALE
(Medium Altitude Long Endurance) designations. The MALE UAV has been tentatively
named the Rustom,[17] and will feature canards and carry a range of payloads,
22
including optronic, radar, laser designators and ESM. The UAV will have conventional
landing and take off capability. The HALE UAV will have features such as SATCOM
links, allowing it to be commanded beyond line of sight. Other tentative plans speak of
converting the LCA into a UCAV (unmanned combat aerial vehicle), and weaponising
UAVs.

 DRDO Abhyas
 DRDO AURA
 DRDO Fluffy
 DRDO Imperial Eagle
 DRDO Kapothaka
 DRDO Lakshya
 DRDO Netra
 DRDO Nishant
 Pawan UAV
 DRDO Rustom
 DRDO Ulka

Anti-drone warfare
D-4
DRDO as part of anti-drone warfare developed D-4 which uses data fusion coming
from multiple sensors for drone detection and is equipped with dual countermeasure
techniques. D-4 has a 360° radar coverage for detecting micro drones within a range
of 4 km, a radio frequency (RF) detector to check RF communications in 3 km range
and an electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR) sensor for visual identification within 2 km
range. The RF and EO/IR sensor works in tandem for confirmation and verification of
the target. This activates the first stage of countermeasure through RF/GNSS jammer
to counter the incoming communication signals. It is part of the soft-kill framework. For
second stage of countermeasure, D-4 comes equipped with a laser of range 150 m to
1 km which goes for the hard-kill. D-4 already demonstrated its capabilities to National
Security Guard (NSG) and Indian Air Force (IAF) in 2020-21. It was first deployed
during 2020 and again on 2021 Republic Day around New Delhi.
DRDO has already transferred the technology to Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for
mass production and is now considering it for private sector industries.
Indigenisation efforts
DRDO has been responsible for the indigenisation of key defence stores and
equipment. DRDO has assisted Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and the IAF with the
indigenisation of spares and assemblies for several aircraft. DRDO laboratories have
worked in coordination with academic institutes, the CSIR and even ISRO over
projects required for the Indian Air Force and its sister services. DRDO's infrastructure
is also utilised by other research organisations in India. In the first ever initiative of its
kind, DRDO has provided its patented Copper-Titanium (CuTi) alloy technology for
commercial exploitation to a start-up company. The agreement between DRDO and
Pahwa Metal Tech Pvt Ltd was signed on the sidelines of the Start Up India event at
Delhi.

23
Armaments
DRDO cooperates with the state-owned Ordnance Factories Board for producing its
items. These have led to issues of marginal quality control for some items, and time-
consuming rectification. Whilst these are common to the introduction of most new
weapons systems, the OFB has had issues with maintaining the requisite schedule
and quality of manufacture owing to their own structural problems and lack of
modernisation. The DRDO has played a vital role in the development of this ability
since the role of private organisations in the development of small arms and similar
items has been limited. A significant point in case is the INSAS rifle which has been
adopted by the Indian Army as its standard battle rifle and is in extensive service.
There have been issues with rifle quality in use under extreme conditions in the heat,
with the OFB stating that it will rectify these troubles with higher grade material and
strengthening the unit. Prior troubles were also dealt with in a similar manner. In the
meantime, the rifle has found favour throughout the army and has been ordered in
number by other paramilitary units and police forces.
In recent years, India's booming economy has allowed the OFB to modernise with
more state funding coming its way, to the tune of US$400 million invested during
2002–07. The organisation hopes that this will allow it to modernise its infrastructure;
it has also begun introducing new items, including a variant of the AK-47 rifles.
The DRDO's various projects are:
Body armour
Due to use of hard steel bullet core also called Armour Piercing (AP) that is made
from tungsten carbide for Kalashnikov rifles by banned terror groups like Jaish-e-
Mohammed (JeM), Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development
Establishment (DMSRDE) developed a new medium-sized light weight 9 kg bulletproof vest for
the Indian Army in 2021 for counter insurgency operation with increasing protection level. The
bulletproof vest conforms to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the Front Hard Armour
Panel (FHAP) was validated by Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL).
Small arms

 The INSAS weapon system has become the standard battle rifle for the Indian
Army and paramilitary units. Bulk production of a LMG variant commenced in
1998. It has since been selected as the standard assault rifle of the Royal Army of
Oman.
 In 2010, DRDO completed the development of Oleo-resin plastic hand grenades
as a less lethal way to control rioters, better tear gas shells and short-range laser
dazzlers.
 Modern Sub Machine Carbine (MSMC) also called Joint Venture Protective
Carbine (JVPC) is designed by the Armament Research and Development
Establishment of DRDO and manufactured by the Ordnance Factory Board at
Small Arms Factory, Kanpur and the Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli
Explosives
Chemical Kit for Detection of Explosives (CKDE)
A compact, low-cost and handy explosive detection kit has been designed and
perfected for field detection of traces of explosives. The kit yields a colour reaction,
based on which explosives can be detected in minutes. It is used for identification of

24
all common military, civil and home-made explosive compositions, and is being used
by Police and BSF for the detection of explosives.
Explosive Detection Kit (EDK)
In what has been termed a "reverse technology transfer", the Explosive Detection Kit
widely used in India by bomb detection squads and the armed forces since 2002,
would be manufactured and sold in the US. The kit uses reagents to detect various
chemicals present in explosives.[30]
RaIDer-X
High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) of DRDO in collaboration
with Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru and Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Bhopal (IISER-B)[31] have developed a new explosive
detection device called RaIDer-X (Rapid Identification Detector of eXplosives) which
was showcased on 1 March 2020 during National Workshop on Explosive Detection
(NWED-2020). It can detect bulk of pure as well as contaminated explosives of 20
different kinds from a standoff distance of 2 metre by using Universal Multiple
Angle Raman Spectroscopy (UMARS) technique.
Indian CL-20 explosive
A new high explosive is in the making at a DRDO lab that could replace other standard
explosives of the armed forces such as RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and Amorphous Boron.
Scientists at the Pune-based High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)
have already synthesised an adequate quantity of CL-20, the new explosive, in their
laboratory. The compound, 'Indian CL-20' or 'ICL-20', was indigenously developed in
HEMRL using inverse technology. CL-20 is a Nitroamine class of explosive which is
20% more powerful than HMX which itself is more than potent RDX. CL-20-based
shaped charges significantly improve the penetration of armour and could potentially
be used in the bomb for the 120-mm main gun mounted on the Arjun tank. The CL-
20, due to its reduced sensitivity enables easy handling and transportation and
reduces the chances of mishap and loss of men, money, materials and machines.
Artillery systems and ammunition

 Pinaka multi barrel rocket launcher: This system has seen significant success. This
system saw the DRDO cooperate extensively with the privately owned industrial
sector in India. As of 2016, the Pinaka Mk1 system, with rockets of up to 40 km
striking distance, has been successfully inducted in the Indian Army, with two
regiments in service and two more on order. The Pinaka Mk2 program with rockets
of up to 60 km in range, has cleared trials and has been recommended for
induction as well.
 A new long-range tactical rocket system is being developed, referred to as the
Prahaar (with the name meaning "Strike", in Hindi) program, while an exportable
derivative named Pragati ("Progress" in Hindi) was displayed in a South Korean
arms fair. The DRDO's project has fielded a long-range tactical strike system,
deriving from the successful Pinaka project. The aim is to develop a long-range
system able to strike at a range of 100–120 km, with each rocket in the system,
having a payload of up to 250 kg. The new MBRS's rocket will have a maximum
speed of 4.7 mach and will rise to an altitude of 40 km, before hitting its target at
1.8 mach. There is also a move to put a sophisticated new inertial guidance system
on the rockets whilst keeping cost constraints in mind. The DRDO has evaluated

25
 the IMI-Elisra developed trajectory control system and its technology, for use with
the Pinaka, and a further development of the system could presumably be used
with the new MBRL as well.
 DRDO's ARDE developed 81 mm and the,120 mm illuminating bombs and 105 mm
illuminating shells for the Indian Army's infantry and Artillery.
 A 51 mm Lightweight Infantry Platoon Mortar for the Indian Army. A man portable
weapon, the 51 mm mortar achieves double the range of 2-inch (51 mm) mortar
without any increase in weight. Its new HE bomb uses pre fragmentation
technology to achieve improved lethality. Besides HE, a family of ammunition
consisting of smoke, illuminating and practice bombs has also been
developed. The weapon system is under production at Ordnance Factories.
 Proximity fuses for missiles and artillery shells. Proximity fuses are used with
artillery shells for "air bursts" against entrenched troops and in anti-aircraft and
anti-missile roles as well.
 Training devices: These include a mortar training device for the 81 mm mortar used
by the infantry, a mortar training device for the 120 mm mortar used by the artillery,
and a 0.50-inch (13 mm) sub-calibre training device for 105 mm Vijayanta tank gun.
 The Indian Field Gun, a 105 mm field gun was developed for the Indian Army and
is in production. This was a significant challenge for the OFB, and various issues
were faced with its manufacture including reliability issues and metallurgical
problems. These were rectified over time.
 Submerged Signal Ejector cartridges (SSE), limpet mines, short-range anti-
submarine rockets (with HE and practice warheads), the Indian Sea Mine which
can be deployed against both ships and submarines. The DRDO also designed
short- and medium-range ECM rockets which deploy chaff to decoy away anti-ship
homing missiles. In a similar vein, they also developed a 3 in (76.2 mm) PFHE
shell, pre-fragmented and with a proximity fuse, for use against anti-ship missiles
and other targets, by the Navy. All these items are in production.
 For the Indian Air Force, DRDO has developed Retarder Tail Units and fuze
systems for the 450 kg bomb used by strike aircraft, 68 mm "Arrow" rockets (HE,
Practice and HEAT) for rocket pods used in air-to-ground and even air-to-air (if
need be), a 450 kg high-speed, low-drag (HSLD) bomb and practice bombs (which
mimic different projectiles with the addition of suitable drag plates) and escape aid
cartridges for Air Force aircraft. All these items are in production.
Tank armament
DRDO's ARDE also developed other critical systems, such as the Arjun Main Battle
Tank's 120 mm rifled main gun and is presently engaged in the development of the
armament for the Future IFV, the "Abhay". The DRDO is also a member of the trials
teams for the T-72 upgrade and its fire control systems. Earlier on, the DRDO also
upgraded the Vijayanta medium tank with new fire control computers.
Electronics and computer sciences
Electronic warfare
ECM stations for both communication and non-com (radar etc.) systems. The Indian
Army has ordered its Signal Corps to be a prime contributor in the design and
development stage, along with the DRDO's DLRL. The scale of this venture is
substantial – it comprises COMINT and Electronic intelligence stations which can
monitor and jam different bands for both voice/data as well as radar transmissions. In

26
contrast to other such systems, Samyukta is an integrated system, which can perform
the most critical battlefield EW tasks in both COM and Non-COM roles. The system
will be the first of its type in terms of its magnitude and capability in the Army. Its
individual modules can also be operated independently. A follow on system known
as Sauhard is under development.

 The Safari IED suppression system for the army and paramilitary forces and the
Sujav ESM system meant for high accuracy direction finding and jamming of
communication transceivers
EW systems for the Air Force

 Radar warning receivers for the Indian Air Force of the Tarang series. These have
been selected to upgrade most of the Indian Air Force's aircraft such as for the
MiG-21, MiG-29, Su-30 MKI, MiG-27 and Jaguar as well as self-protection
upgrades for the transport fleet.
 The Tranquil RWR for MiG-23s (superseded by the Tarang project) and
the Tempest jamming system for the Air Force's MiG's. The latest variant of
the Tempest jamming system is capable of noise, barrage, as well as deception
jamming as it makes use of DRFM. The DRDO has also developed a High
Accuracy Direction Finding system (HADF) for the Indian Air Force's Su-30 MKIs
which are fitted in the modular "Siva" pod capable of supersonic carriage. [45] This
HADF pod is meant to cue Kh-31 Anti radiation missiles used by the Su-30 MKI
for SEAD.
 DRDO stated in 2009 that its latest Radar warning receiver for the Indian Air Force,
the R118, had gone into production. The R118 can also fuse data from different
sensors such as the aircraft radar, missile/laser warning systems and present the
unified data on a multi-function display. The DRDO also noted that its new Radar
Warner Jammer systems (RWJ) were at an advanced stage of development and
would be submitted for trials. The RWJ is capable of detecting all foreseen threats
and jamming multiple targets simultaneously.
 Other EW projects revealed by the DRDO include the MAWS project (a joint
venture by the DRDO and EADS) which leverages EADS hardware and DRDO
software to develop MAWS systems for transport, helicopter and fighter fleets.
DRDO also has laser warning systems available.
 A DIRCM (Directed Infra Red Countermeasures) project to field a worldclass
DIRCM system intended to protect aircraft from infrared guided weapons.
 The DRDO is also developing an all new ESM project in cooperation with the Indian
Air Force's Signals Intelligence Directorate, under the name of "Divya Drishti"
(Divine Sight). Divya Drishti will field a range of static as well as mobile ESM
stations that can "fingerprint" and track multiple airborne targets for mission
analysis purposes. The system will be able to intercept a range of radio frequency
emissions like radar, navigational, communication or electronic countermeasure
signals. The various components of the project will be networked
via SATCOM links.
 Additional DRDO EW projects delivered to the Indian Air Force have included the
COIN A and COIN B SIGINT stations. DRDO and BEL developed ELINT
equipment for the Indian Air Force, installed on the service's Boeing 737s and
Hawker Siddeley Avro aircraft. DRDO has also developed a Radar Fingerprinting
System for the IAF and the Navy.

27
 Another high accuracy ESM system is being developed by the DRDO for
the AEW&C project. The Indian Air Force's AEW&C systems will also include a
comprehensive ESM suite, capable of picking up both radars as well as
conducting Communications Intelligence.
Radars
The DRDO has steadily increased its radar development. The result has been
substantial progress in India's ability to design and manufacture high power radar
systems with locally sourced components and systems. This began with the
development of short-range 2D systems (Indra-1) and has now extended to high
power 3D systems like LRTR intended for strategic purposes. Several other projects
span the gamut of radar applications, from airborne surveillance (AEW&C) to
firecontrol radars (land based and airborne). A list of the tactical programs is as follows:
Army

 Multifunction Phased Array Radar and 3D Surveillance Radar for Akash Missile
Weapon System (Rajendra & 3D CAR respectively). In production.
 Low Level Light weight 2D Radar for mountainous terrain Air Defence (Bharani).
In production.
 Low Level Light weight 3D Radar for mountainous terrain Air Defence (Bharani
Mk2). In production.
 3D Tactical Control Radar for Air Defence (3D TCR). In production.
 4D Active Aperture Array Tactical Control Radar for Air Defence (4D TCR). In
development.
 Short Range Battle Field Surveillance Radar (2D BFSR-SR). In production.
 Weapon Locating Radar (3D WLR). In production.
 3D Atulya ADFCR (Air Defense Fire Control Radar). In development.
 Multi Mission Radar (MMSR). Project cancelled and subsumed into QRSAM
(Quick Reaction SAM) program.
 FOPEN Radar. In development.
 Through wall detection Radar. In development.
 Ground Penetration Radar. In development.
Air Force

 Multifunction Phased Array Radar and 3D Surveillance Radar for Akash Missile
Weapon System (Rajendra and 3D CAR respectively). In production.
 Active Phased Array Radar for AEW&C. In production.
 Low level 2D Air Defence Radar (Indra-2). Production closed and items delivered.
 3D Low Level Light Weight Radar (Aslesha). In production.
 3D Low Level Light Weight Radar for Mountains (Aslesha Mk2). In development.
 3D Medium Range Surveillance Radar for Air Defence (Rohini derivative of 3D
CAR)
 4D Active Array Medium Power radar for AD role (Arudhra). In production.
 4D Active Array Low Level Transportable radar for AD role (Ashwini). In
production.
 4D Active Array High Power radar for AD role. In development.
 4D Active Array for AWACS India project. In development.
 3D Active Array Multi Function Radar for BMD role (MFCR). In production.

28
 3D Active Array Long Range Tracking Radar (LRTR) for BMD role. In production.
 4D Active Array Very Long Range Tracking radar for BMD role (VLRTR). In
development.
 Airborne Electronically Scanned Array Radar for Tejas Mark 1A and Tejas Mk2
(Uttam). In development.
 Ground Controlled interception
 SAR for UAVs
Navy

 Maritime Patrol Radar for fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft (superseded by a more
advanced system, the XV-2004)
 Maritime Patrol Radar with RS and ISAR (XV-2004)
 3D Medium-Range Surveillance Radar for ASW Corvettes. In production.
 Multifunction Phased Array Radar for Air Defence Ship. In development.
 Maritime Patrol Airborne Radar for UAV. In development.
 Coastal Surveillance Radar (CSR). In production.
More details on the DRDO's productions as well as production-ready radar systems is
as follows:

 INDRA series of 2D radars meant for Army and Air Force use. This was the first
high power radar developed by the DRDO, with the Indra-I radar for the Indian
Army, followed by Indra Pulse Compression (PC) version for the Indian Air Force,
also known as the Indra-II, which is a low level radar to search and track low flying
cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft. These are 2D radars that provide range
and azimuth information and are meant to be used as gap fillers. The Indra 2 PC
has pulse compression providing improved range resolution. The series is used
both by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army

Rajendra fire control radar for the Akash SAM: The Rajendra is stated to be ready.
However, it can be expected that further iterative improvements will be made. The
Rajendra is a high power Passive electronically scanned array radar (PESA), with
the ability able to guide up to 12 Akash SAMs against aircraft flying at low to
medium altitudes. The Rajendra has a detection range of 80 km with 18 km height
coverage against small fighter-sized targets and is able to track 64 targets,
engaging 4 simultaneously, with up to 3 missiles per target. The Rajendra features
a fully digital high-speed signal processing system with an adaptive moving target
indicator, coherent signal processing, FFTs, and variable pulse repetition
frequency. The entire PESA antenna array can swivel 360 degrees on a rotating
platform. This allows the radar antenna to be rapidly repositioned and even
conduct all-round surveillance.

 Central Acquisition Radar, a state of the art planar array S-band radar operating
on the stacked beam principle. With a range of 180 km, it can track while scan 200
fighter-sized targets. Its systems are integrated on high mobility, locally built
TATRA trucks for the Army and Air Force; however, it is meant to be used by all
three services. Initially developed for the long-running Akash SAM system, seven
were ordered by the Indian Air Force for their radar modernisation program and
two of another variants were ordered by the Indian Navy for their P-28 Corvettes.

29
 The CAR has been a significant success for radar development in India, with its
state of the art signal processing hardware.The ROHINI is the IAF specific variant
while the REVATHI is the Indian Navy specific variant. The ROHINI has a more
advanced Indian developed antenna in terms of power handling and beamforming
technology while the REVATHI adds two-axis stabilisation for operation in naval
conditions, as well as extra naval modes.

 BFSR-SR, a 2D short-range Battle Field Surveillance Radar, meant to be man-

portable. Designed and developed by LRDE, the project was a systematic example
of concurrent engineering, with the production agency involved through the design
and development stage. This enabled the design to be brought into production
quickly. The radar continues to progress further in terms of integration, with newer
variants being integrated with thermal imagers for visually tracking targets detected
by the radar. Up to 10 BFSR-SR can be networked together for network-centric
operation. It is in use with the Indian Army and the BSF as well as export
customers.
 Super Vision-2000, an airborne 3D naval surveillance radar, meant for helicopters
and light transport aircraft. This program was subsequently superseded by the
advanced XV-2004 which offered a more sophisticated architecture able to handle
SAR and ISAR modes. The SV-2000 is a lightweight, high performance, slotted
array radar operating in the X-Band. It can detect sea-surface targets such as a
periscope or a vessel against heavy clutter and can also be used for navigation,
weather mapping, and beacon detection. The radar can detect a large vessel at
over 100 nautical miles (370 km). It is currently under modification to be fitted to
the Advanced Light Helicopter and the Navy's Do-228's. Variants can be fitted to
the Navy's Ka-25's as well. A more advanced variant of the Super Vision, known
as the XV-2004 is now in trials and features an ISAR, SAR Capability intended for
the Indian Navy's helicopter fleet.
 Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar, a 3D AESA was developed with
assistance from Elta of Israel and is similar to Elta's proven EL/M-2080 Green
Pine long-range Active Array radar. The DRDO developed the signal processing
and software for tracking high-speed ballistic missile targets as well as introduced
more ruggedisation. The radar uses mostly Indian designed and manufactured
components such as its critical high power, L Band Transmit-Receive modules and
other enabling technologies necessary for active phased array radars. The LRTR
can track 200 targets and has a range of above 500 km. It can detect Intermediate-
range ballistic missile. The LRTR would be amongst the key elements of the Indian
Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. DRDO would provide the technology to
private and public manufacturers to make these high power systems.
 3D Multi-Function Control Radar (MFCR) was developed as part of the Indian anti-
ballistic missile program in cooperation with Thales of France. The MFCR is an
active phased array radar and complements the Swordfish Long Range Tracking
Radar, for intercepting ballistic missiles. The MFCR will also serve as the fire
control radar for the AAD second-tier missile system of the ABM program. The
AAD has a supplementary role against aircraft as well and can engage missiles
and aircraft up to an altitude of 30 km. The MFCR fills out the final part of the
DRDO's radar development spectrum and allows India to manufacture long-range

30
 3D radars that can act as the nodes of an Air Defence Ground Environment
system.
 2D Low-Level Lightweight Radar (LLLWR) for the Indian Army, known as the
Bharani, which requires many of these units for gap-filling in mountainous terrain
and has been ordered into production after clearing Indian Army trials. The Indian
Air Force will also acquire a more advanced unit, called the Aslesha. The LLLWR
is a 2D radar with a range of 40 km against a 2 square meter target, intended as
a gap-filler to plug detection gaps versus low-level aircraft in an integrated Air
Defence Ground network. The LLLWR makes use of Indra-2 technology, namely
a similar antenna array, but has roughly half the range and is much smaller and a
far more portable unit. The LLLWR can track while scan 100 targets and provide
details about their speed, azimuth, and range to the operator. The LLLWR makes
use of the BFSR-SR experience and many of the subsystem providers are the
same. Multiple LLLWRs can be networked together. The LLLWR is meant to detect
low-level intruders, and will alert Army Air Defence fire control units to cue their
weapon systems.
 3D Short-Range Radar for the Indian Air Force – ASLESHA: The ASLESHA radars
have a range of approximately 50 km against small fighter-sized targets and will
be able to determine their range, speed, azimuth, and height. This radar will enable
the Indian Air Force Air Defence units to accurately track low-level intruders. The
radar is a semi-active phased array with a 1-meter square aperture. The DRDO
was in discussions with the Indian Navy to mount these systems on small ships.
 Multi-mode radar, a 3D radar is a HAL project with DRDO's LRDE as a subsystem
provider. This project to develop an advanced, lightweight Multi-mode fire control
radar for the LCA Tejas fighter had faced challenges and was delayed and finally
superseded by a program called the Uttam to develop an AESA FCR for the Tejas
LCA. The MMR program was finally completed with Elta's (Israel) assistance and
became a hybrid system incorporating the original DRDO antenna, gimbal
stabilisation, and Israeli backend. The multi-mode radar has the range (for
detection of a small fighter target) around 100 km can track 10 targets, can engage
2 targets and uses the lightweight system. Originally, DRDO developed an all-new
combined signal and the data processor had been developed, replacing the
original separate units. The new unit is much more powerful and makes use of
contemporary ADSP processors. The radar's critical hardware was also developed
and validated. The software for the air-to-air mode has been developed
considerably (including search and track while scan in both look up and look down
modes) but air-to-ground modes were still being worked upon and proved
problematic. The radar development was shown to be considerably more mature
than previously thought but still faced significant delays and challenges. At Aero
India 2009, it was revealed that the 3D MMR project has been superseded by the
new 3D AESA FCR project led by LRDE. The MMR has been completed with Elta
Israel's assistance and now involved Elta EL/M-2032 technology for Air-to-Ground
mapping and targeting – in order to simplify testing, the Hybrid MMR basically
became an Indian variant of the EL/M-2032 with an Indian antenna and gimbal
system as Elta pointed out mixing and matching Indian hardware with Israeli
software would, in essence, mean a new design with a significant time impact. The
"hybrid" MMR has been tested, validated and will be supplied for the initial LCA
Tejas fighters.
 DRDO has indigenised components and improved subsystems of various other
license-produced radars manufactured at BEL with the help of BEL scientists and

31
 other researchers. These improvements include new radar data processors for
license-produced signal radars as well as local radar assemblies replacing the
earlier imported ones.
 BEL Weapon Locating Radar:

Swati, a 3D radar developed from the Rajendra fire-control radar for the Akash
system, uses a passive electronically scanned array to detect multiple targets for
fire correction and weapon location. The system has been developed and
demonstrated to the Army and orders have been placed .In terms of performance,
the WLR is stated to be superior to the AN/TPQ-37, several of which were imported
by India as an interim system while the WLR got ready. The Indian Army has
ordered 28 of these units.

 3D Tactical Control Radar: a new program, the TCR is an approximately 90 km

ranged system for use by the Indian Army. A highly mobile unit, it is a variant of
the 3D CAR unit and packaged into 2 as verses 3 units. The Indian Army has
ordered many of the types for its Air Defense Units.
Apart from the above, the DRDO has also several other radar systems currently under
development or in trials, these include:

 Active Phased Array radar: a 3D radar for fighters, an MMR follow on, the APAR
project aims to field a fully-fledged operational AESA fire control radar for the
expected Mark-2 version of the Light Combat Aircraft. This will be the second
airborne AESA program after the AEW&C project and intends to replicate DRDO's
success with the ground-based radar segment to airborne systems. The overall
airborne APAR program aims to prevent this technology gap from developing, with
a broad-based program to bring DRDO up to par with international developers in
airborne systems, both fire control, and surveillance. As of 2016, the radar was still
in development, with variants expected to be fielded on future IAF fighters like the
MCA or Tejas advanced Marks.
 Synthetic aperture radar & Inverse synthetic aperture radar: the DRDO's LRDE is
currently working on both SAR and ISAR radars for target detection and
classification. These lightweight payloads are intended for both conventional fixed
wing as well as UAV applications.
 Airborne Warning and Control: a new radar-based on active electronically scanned
array technology. The aim of the project is to develop an in-house capability for
high power AEW&C systems, with the system covering the development of an S-
Band AESA array. The aircraft will also have data-links to link fighters plus
communicate with the IAF's C3I infrastructure as well as a local SATCOM (satellite
communication system), along with other onboard ESM and COMINT systems. As
of 2016, the system was in advanced trials and had achieved a TRL (Technical
Readiness Level) of 8/10 with trials focusing on proving its self-protection
equipment.
 Medium-Range Battlefield Surveillance Radar: in 2009, the LRDE (DRDO) stated
that it was working on a Long-range battlefield surveillance radar. It is possible that
the BFSR-LR project has replaced this earlier project and the Indian Army will
utilise the BEL built ELTA designed BFSR-MR's for Medium-Range surveillance
while using the LRDE designed systems for Long Range surveillance. The 2D
radar was to track ground targets and provide key intelligence to the Indian Army's

32
 artillery units, with the resultant information available on various tactical networks.
As of 2016, this project was not active.
 3D Medium Power Radar: a spin-off of the experience gained via the 3D MFCR
project, the 3D Medium Power Radar project is intended to field a radar with a
range of approximately 300 km against small fighter-sized targets. Intended for the
Indian Air Force, the radar is an active phased array, and will be transportable. It
will play a significant role being used as part of the nodes of the Indian Air Force's
enhanced Air Defence Ground Environment System. As of 2016, the radar was
ready for IAF user trials and the IAF had ordered 8 MPRs already.
 3D Low-Level Transportable Radar: A new program, the LLTR is also called the
Ashwini and is an approximately 150–200 km ranged system for use by the Indian
Air Force. A highly mobile unit, it will also employ AESA technology, and open
architecture to provide easy upgrades and a variety of modes and capabilities
depending on the software fit. The aim of the 3D Medium Power Radar and LLTR
is to offer systems that can be deployed in a variety of roles, from fire control to
surveillance, and not be tied to one role alone. As of 2016, the LLTR program was
in an advanced stage and expected to reach the trials phase
 3D Army AD Fire Control Radar: A new program for the Indian Army, the Atulya
FCR is intended to provide Army AD units with a compact fire control system for
their armament. The Indian Army has a total requirement of over 60 FCRs.
 3D Army Multi-Mission Radar: A new program for the Indian Army, the mobile
compact radar system is expected to be capable of both artillery detection and air
defense missions. As of 2016, it was in an advanced stage of development, with
basic design completed and realisation of the prototype underway.
Command and control software and decision-making tool

 Tactical tools for wargaming: Shatranj and Sangram for the Army, Sagar for the
Navy and air war software for the Air Force. All these systems are operational with
the respective services.
 C3I systems: DRDO, in cooperation with BEL and private industry has developed
several critical C3I (command, control, communications and intelligence systems)
for the armed services. Under the project "Shakti", the Indian Army aims to
spend US$300 million to network all its artillery guns using the ACCS (Artillery
Command and Control System). Developed by DRDO's Centre for Artificial
Intelligence & Robotics, the system comprises computers and intelligent terminals
connected as a wide area network. Its main subsystems are the artillery computer
centre, battery computer, remote access terminal and a gun display unit. The
ACCS is expected to improve the Army's artillery operations by a factor of 10 and
allowing for more rapid and accurate firepower. The ACCS will also improve the
ability of commanders to concentrate that fire-power where it is most needed. The
DRDO and BEL have also developed a Battle Management system for the Indian
Army for its tanks and tactical units.

Other programmes in development for the Army include Corps level information and
decision making software and tools, intended to link all units together for effective C3I.
These systems are in production at DRDO's production partner, Bharat Electronics.
These projects are being driven by the Indian Army Corps of Signals. The Indian Army
is also moving towards extensive use of battlefield computers. DRDO has also

33
delivered projects such as the Combat Net Radio for enhancing the Army's
communication hardware.

 Data management and command and control systems for the Navy have been
provided by the DRDO. The Navy is currently engaged in a naval networking
project to network all its ships and shore establishments plus maritime patrol
aircraft and sensors.
 Radar netting and multi-sensor fusion software for linking the Indian Air Force's
network of radars and airbases which have been operationalised. Other systems
include sophisticated and highly complex mission planning and C3I systems for
missiles, such as the Agni and Prithvi ballistic missiles and the Brahmos cruise
missile. These systems are common to all three services as all of them utilise
different variants of these missiles.
 Simulators and training tools: DRDO and private industry have collaborated on
manufacturing a range of simulators and training devices for the three services,
from entry level tests for prospective entrants to the Indian Air Force, to
sophisticated simulators for fighter aircraft, transports and helicopters, tanks and
gunnery devices.
Computing technologies
DRDO has worked extensively on high speed computing given its ramifications for
most of its defence projects. These include supercomputers for computational flow
dynamics, to dedicated microprocessor designs manufactured in India for flight
controllers and the like, to high speed computing boards built around Commercial Off
The Shelf (COTS) components, similar to the latest trends in the defence industry.

 Supercomputing: DRDO's ANURAG developed the PACE Supercomputer for

strategic purposes for supporting its various programmes. The initial version, as
detailed in 1995, had the following specifications: The system delivered a
sustained performance of more than 960 Mflops (million floating operations per
second) for computational fluid dynamics programmes. Pace-Plus included 32
advanced computing nodes, each with 64 megabytes (MB) of memory that can be
expanded up to 256MB and a powerful front-end processor which is
a hyperSPARC with a speed of 66/90/100 megahertz (MHz). Besides fluid
dynamics, these high-speed computer systems were used in areas such as vision,
medical imaging, signal processing, molecular modeling, neural networks and
finite element analysis. The latest variant of the PACE series is the PACE ++, a
128 node parallel processing system. With a front-end processor, it has a
distributed memory and message passing system. Under Project Chitra, the
DRDO is implementing a system with a computational speed of 2-3 Teraflops
utilising commercial off the shelf components and the Open Source Linux
Operating System.
 Processors and other critical items: DRDO has developed a range of processors
and application specific integrated circuits for its critical projects. Many of these
systems are modular, in the sense that they can be reused across different
projects. These include "Pythagoras processor" to convert cartesian to polar
coordinates, ANUCO, a floating point coprocessor and several others, including
the ANUPAMA 32-bit processor, which is being used in several DRDO projects.
 Electronic components: one of the endeavours undertaken by the DRDO has been
to create a substantial local design and development capability within India, both

34
 in the private and public sectors. This policy has led to several hard to obtain or
otherwise denied items, being designed and manufactured in India. These include
components such as radar subsystems (product specific travelling wave tubes) to
components necessary for electronic warfare and other cutting edge projects.
Today, there are a range of firms across India, which design and manufacture key
components for DRDO, allowing it to source locally for quite a substantial chunk of
its procurement. The DRDO has also endeavoured to use COTS (Commercial off
the shelf) processors and technology, and follow Open Architecture standards,
wherever possible, in order to pre-empt obsolescence issues and follow industry
practise. One significant example is the development of an Open Architecture
computer for the Light Combat Aircraft, based on the PowerPC architecture and
VME64 standard. Variants of the earlier Mission computer utilising Intel 486 DX
chips are already present on the Su-30 MKI, Jaguar and MiG-27 Upgrades for the
Indian Air Force.
Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC)
DRDO is working on a slew of directed energy weapons (DEWs). LASTEC has
identified DEWs, along with space security, cyber-security and hypersonic vehicles as
focus areas in the next 15 years. The aim is to develop laser-based weapons,
deployed on airborne as well as seaborne platforms, which can intercept missiles soon
after they are launched towards India in the boost phase itself. These will be part of
the ballistic missile defence system being currently developed by DRDO. LASTEC is
developing a 25-kilowatt laser system to hit a missile during its terminal phase at a
distance of 5–7 km. LASTEC is also working on a vehicle-mounted gas dynamic laser-
based DEW system, under project Aditya, which should be ready in three years.
Project Aditya is a technology demonstrator to prove beam control technology.
Ultimately, solid-state lasers would be used. For US President Donald Trump visit to
India in 2020, DRDO deployed the LASTEC developed vehicle-mounted gas dynamic
laser-based DEW system for counter-drone operations in Ahmedabad after
completion of successful trial on 21 February 2020.It can detect, identify and destroy
low flying objects of smaller size carrying explosives or arms and ammunitions. The
Aditya directed energy weapon system was first deployed during the visit of Brazilian
president Jair Bolsonaro on Indian Republic Day 2020.
LASTEC projects include:
Non-Lethal systems:

 Hand-held laser dazzler to disorient adversaries, without collateral damage. 50-

metre range. .
 Crowd-control dazzlers mounted on vehicles to dispel rioting mobs. 250-metre
range.
 Laser-based ordnance disposal system, which can be used to neutralise IEDs and
other explosives from a distance.

Lethal Systems:

 Air defence dazzlers to take on enemy aircraft and helicopters at range of

10 km. 25-kilowatt laser systems to destroy missiles during their terminal phase
at range of 5 to 7 km.

35
 At least 100-kilowatt solid-state laser systems, mounted on aircraft and ships, to
destroy missiles in their boost phase itself.
Combat vehicles & engineering
Tanks and armoured vehicles

 Ajeya upgrade (Invincible): upgrade for the T-72 fleet, incorporating a mix of locally
made and imported subsystems. 250 have been ordered. Local systems include
the DRDO-developed ERA, a DRDO-developed laser warning system and combat
net radio, the Bharat Electronics Limited advanced land navigation system
consisting of fibre optic gyros and GPS, NBC protection and DRDO's fire detection
and suppression system amongst other items. Imported systems include a
compact thermal imager and fire control system and a new 1000 hp engine.
 Anti-tank ammunition: DRDO developed the FSAPDS for the 125 mm calibre,
meant for India's T-72 tanks, the 120 mm FSAPDS and HESH rounds for the Arjun
tank and 105 mm FSAPDS rounds for the Army's Vijayanta and T-55 tanks.
Significant amounts of 125 mm anti-tank rounds manufactured by the Ordnance
Factory Board were rejected. The problems were traced to improper packaging of
the charges by the OFB, leading to propellant leakage during storage at high
temperatures. The locally developed rounds were rectified and requalified.
Production of these local rounds was then restarted. Since 2001, over 130,000
rounds have been manufactured by the OFB. The DRDO said in 2005 that it had
developed a Mk2 version of the 125 mm round, with higher power propellant for
greater penetration. In parallel, the OFB announced in 2006 that it was also
manufacturing 125 mm IMI (Israel Military Industries) rounds. It is believed that this
might assist in improving the OFB's APFSDS manufacturing capability. These
rounds and presumably the Mk2 round and will be used by both the T-72 and T-
90 formations in the Indian Army.
 Various armour technologies and associated subsystems from composite
armour and explosive reactive armour to Radios (Combat Net Radio with
frequency hopping and encryption) and Battle Management systems. Fire-control
systems are currently in production at BEL for the Arjun tanks. The first batch in
production have a hybrid Sagem-DRDO system, with Sagem sights and local fire
control computer.
 Arjun tank: The penultimate design was accepted by the Indian Army and is now
in series production at HVF Avadi.

The Arjun follows a template similar to the tanks developed by western nations,
with containerised ammunition storage, with blast off panels, heavy Composite
armour, a 120 mm gun (rifled as compared to smoothbore on most other tanks), a
modern FCS with high hit probability and a 1,400 horsepower (1,000 kW) engine
and a four-man crew. Originally designed in response to a possible Pakistani
acquisition of the M1 Abrams, the project fell into disfavour once it became clear
that Pakistan was instead standardising on cheaper (and less capable) T type
tanks. In such a milieu, acquiring the Arjun in huge numbers is simply unnecessary
for the Indian Army, given the additional logistic costs of standardising on an
entirely new type. The Indian Army ordered 124 units in 2000 and an additional
124 units in 2010 and Mk 2 version is already developed and ordered.

36
Modification of BMP-2 series
India licence manufactures the BMP-2 with local components. The vehicle has been
used as the basis for several locally designed modifications, ranging from missile
launchers to engineering support vehicles. The DRDO and its various labs have been
instrumental in developing these mission specific variants for the Indian Army.

 Armoured Engineering Reconnaissance Vehicle for enabling the combat

engineers to acquire and record terrain survey data. The instruments mounted on
the amphibious vehicle are capable of measuring width of obstacle, bed profile,
water depth and bearing capacity of soil of the obstacle in real time which are
helpful in taking decisions regarding laying of tracks or building of bridges.
 Armoured Amphibious Dozer with amphibious capability for earth moving
operations in different terrain for preparation of bridging sites, clearing obstacles
and debris and to fill craters. Self-recovery of the vehicle is also a built-in feature
using a rocket-propelled anchor.
 Carrier Mortar Tracked: designed to mount and fire an 81 mm mortar from within
vehicle. Capacity to fire from 40° to 85° and traverse 24° on either side; 108 rounds
of mortar ammunition stowed.
 Armoured Ambulance based on the BMP-2 vehicle.
 NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle: this variant has instrumentation for determining
NBC contamination, as well as bringing back samples. The vehicle includes a plow
for scooping up soil samples, to instrumentation such as a radiation dosimeter
amongst other key items.
Other engineering vehicles

 Bridge Layer Tank: claimed by DRDO to be amongst the best bridging systems
available on a medium class tank. It has an option to carry a 20-metre or 22-metre
class 70 MLC bridge, which can be negotiated by all tanks in service with Indian
Army.
 Amphibious Floating Bridge and Ferry System intended for transporting heavy
armour, troops and engineering equipment across large and deep water obstacles.
The vehicle can convert to a fully decked bridge configuration of 28.4 metres in
length in 9 minutes. Two more vehicles can be joined in tandem to form a floating
bridge of 105 metres in length in 30 minutes. The bridge superstructure is
integrated with floats to provide stability and additional buoyancy. The vehicle is
also capable of retracting its wheels for use as a grounded bridge/ramp for high
banks.
 Arjun Bridge Layer Tank: the BLT-Arjun is an all-new design with a scissor type
bridge laying method, which helps it avoid detection from afar. It uses the chassis
of the Arjun tank and can take higher weights than the BLT-72.
 Sarvatra Multi-span Bridge System: the bridge can be deployed over water and
land obstacles to provide 75 metres of bridge-length for battle tanks, supply
convoys and troops. The system consists of a light aluminum alloy scissors bridge
and was approved for production in March 2000 trials. One complete set of the
multi span mobile bridging system includes five truck-mounted units with a bridge-
span of 15 metres each. The system is designed to take the weight of the Arjun
MBT, by far the heaviest vehicle in the Army's inventory. Microprocessor based
control system reduces the number of personnel required to deploy and

37
 operationalise the bridge. The bridging equipment is carried on a Tatra Kolos
chassis and the system is built by Bharat Earth Movers Ltd (BEML).
 Mobile Decontamination System: with the NBC aspect of the battlefield in mind,
the DRDO developed a Tatra vehicle based Mobile Decontamination system for
decontamination of personnel, clothing, equipment, vehicles & terrain during war.
The main sub-systems of mobile decontamination system are: pre-wash, chemical
wash and post wash systems respectively. The pre-wash system consists of a
3000-litre stainless steel water tank and a fast suction pump. A high-pressure jet
with a capacity of 3400 L/hour and a low-pressure jet with a capacity of 900 L/hour
and 1600 L/hour are included. The chemical wash system is capable of mixing two
powders and two liquids with variable feed rates and has a five-litre per minute
slurry emulsion flow rate. The post wash system consists of a high-pressure hot
water jet, a hot water shower for personnel and provision of steam for
decontamination of clothing. The decontamination systems have been introduced
into the services. The system is under production for the Army at DRDO's
partnering firms, with the DRDO itself manufacturing the pilot batch.
 Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)/Daksh: A tracked robotic vehicle with staircase
climbing ability has been developed and is particularly intended for remote
explosion of explosive devices. The ROV is carried in a specially designed carrier
vehicle with additional armament and firing ports. The ROV itself is fairly
sophisticated, with provision to carry various optronic payloads, an articulated
gripper to pick up objects, an ability to traverse difficult terrain including staircases,
as well as an integral waterjet projector to blow up explosive packages. It was
formally inducted into Indian army's corps of engineers on 19 December 2011. The
Indian army placed a total order of 20 ROVs and 6 of them are now operational
with army. Each unit cost about Rs. 9 million.
 DRDO is developing robotic soldiers and mules capable of carrying luggage up to
400 kg at high altitudes.
 Research & Development Establishment (Engineers) developed Unexploded
Ordnance Handling Robot (UXOR) for Indian Army and Indian Air Force that can
handle and defuse 1,000 kg ordnance be it bombs, missiles or motors remotely
from 1 km line of sight with 6 hours of endurance. UXOR already completed user
trials as of March 2021 with the IAF and is ready to enter mass production.
 DRDO developed Short Span Bridging System (SSBS) of 10 meter length and 4
meter wide that can cover a gap of 9.5 meter on single span. The system is
mounted on a 8x8 BEML-Tatra truck. The project first started with a small prototype
development of 5 meter SSBS on a 6x6 BEML-Tatra chassis. Indian Army inducted
12 SSBS of 10 meter length on 3 July 2021.
In development

 Abhay IFV (Fearless): an IFV design in prototype form. This IFV will have a 40 mm
gun based on the proven Bofors L70 (Armour piercing and explosive rounds), a
fire-control system derived from the Arjun MBT project with a thermal imager, all-
electric turret and gun stabilisation, a locally designed FLAME launcher for locally
manufactured Konkurs-M anti-tank missiles and an Indian diesel engine. The
armour will be lightweight composite.
 Tank Ex: a project to mount Arjun's turret on a T-72 chassis to combine high fire-
power with a low silhouette. This is a DRDO initiative and not a specific Army

38
 demand. Reports emerged in 2008 that the Indian Army has rejected the tank with
two prototypes built.
 Armoured vehicle for Paramilitary forces: a wheeled armoured vehicle, the AVP
was displayed at Defexpo-2006. The AVP has armoured glass windows and firing
ports, as well as provision for heavier calibre small arms, and crowd control
equipment. Currently at prototype stage.
 Mining and De-mining equipment: the Self Propelled Mine Burier has been
developed by the DRDO for a requirement projected by the Indian Army. It is an
automated mine laying system developed on a high mobility vehicle and is
currently in trials. The Counter-Mine flail, is a vehicle built upon the T-72 chassis
and has a series of fast moving flails to destroy mines. A prototype has been
displayed.
Naval research and development
Sonars
DRDO, BEL and the Indian Navy have developed and productionised a range
of sonars and related systems for the Indian Navy's frontline combat ships.
These include:

 APSOH (Advanced Panoramic Sonar Hull mounted),

 HUMVAD (Hull Mounted Variable Depth sonar),
 HUMSA ( The APSOH series; the acronym HUMSA stands for Hull Mounted Sonar
Array),
 Nagin (Towed Array Sonar),
 Panchendriya (Submarine sonar and fire control system).
Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst work is proceeding
apace on a new generation of sonars. DRDO's sonars are already present on the
Indian Navy's most powerful ships. The standard fit for a front line naval ship would
include the HUMSA-NG hull mounted sonar and the Nagin towed array sonar. The
Mihir is a dunking sonar meant for use by the Naval ALH, working in conjunction with
its Tadpole sonobuoy. The Panchendriya is in production for the Kilo class
submarine upgrades.
Torpedoes
DRDO is currently engaged in developing multiple torpedo designs. These include a
lightweight torpedo that has been accepted by the Navy and cleared for production.
Advanced Light Torpedo (Shyena)
Main article: Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena
Development of Shyena was started during 1990 under Naval Science and
Technological Laboratory (NSTL). It is electrically propelled, can target submarines
with a speed of 33 knots with endurance of six minutes in both shallow and deep
waters. It is guided by active/passive acoustic homing that transition from warm to cold
medium.

Varunastra

39
Varunastra is developed by Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL) as
an advanced heavyweight anti-submarine torpedo that is powered by 250 KWs Silver
Oxide Zinc (AgOZn) batteries.It is wire guided with active-passive acoustic homing and
additionally augumented by GPS/NavIC satellite guidance mechanism.
S.M.A.R.T
S.M.A.R.T or Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo is a canisterised hybrid
system that involves a missile carrier to achieve faster speed and longer range while
the torpedo inside act as anti-submarine warfare payload. SMART carries a range of
650 km with two-way data link and can be launched from warship or a truck-based
coastal battery. Developed by Defence Research Development
Laboratory (DRDL), Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL)
and Research Centre Imarat (RCI) as part of fusion project to combine technologies
of institutions dealing with land and naval based armaments. Further help was
provided by Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE) for
velocity reduction mechanism that act before releasing an autonomous light weight
torpedo towards the designated target.

Under development

 NSTL Advanced Lightweight Torpedo

The DRDO also developed and productionised a microprocessor controlled triple tube
torpedo launcher for the Indian Navy as well as a towed torpedo decoy.
Marine propulsion
Air-independent propulsion
Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) in collaboration with Larsen &
Toubro and Thermax developed a 270 kilowatt Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) to
power the Scorpène design based Kalvari-class submarines. It produces electricity by
reacting with hydrogen generated from sodium borohydride and stored liquid
oxygen with phosphoric acid acting as an electrolyte. On 8 March 2021, NMRL
successfully conducted the final develomental test of the indigenous air-independent
propulsion (AIP) system.
Shipboard electronic countermeasure

Defence Laboratory at Jodhpur developed Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR),

Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR) and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR) as part
of passive expendable electronic countermeasure technology for the Indian Navy as
per their qualitative requirement. The trials were successfully completed in the Arabian
Sea as of April 2021. Unlike other systems, it uses much less quantity of chaff material
as decoy for incoming missiles making it useful for longer duration use. The technology
was already cleared for mass production by Indian private-sector industries.
Other projects
These have included indigenisation of various components (for instance, adsorbent
material for submarines, radar components, naval ship signature reduction efforts and

40
materials technology). DRDO has played a significant role in the development of
warship grade steel in India and its productionisation. DRDO has also assisted private
industry in developing EW trainers, ship simulators for training and health monitoring
systems for onboard equipment. Other equipment for the Navy includes underwater
telephone sets, and VLF communication equipment, for the Navy's submarines.
DRDO's IRDE has also developed optronic fire control systems for the Navy's and the
Coast Guard's ships.
Information command and control systems
DRDO's labs have been part of projects to develop sophisticated command and
control systems for the Navy, such as the EMCCA (Equipment Modular for Command
and Control Application) which ties together various sensors and data systems. The
EMCCA system gives commanders on the ship a consolidated tactical picture and
adds to the ship's maritime combat power.
DRDO labs are also engaged in supporting the Navy's ambitious naval enterprise wide
networking system, a programme to link all naval assets together via datalinks, for
sharing tactical information.
Mines and targets
Three kinds of mines, processor based mine, moored mine and processor based
exercise mine are in production for the Navy. Targets developed for the Navy include
a static target called the Versatile Acoustic target and a mobile target called the
programmable deep mobile target (PDMT).
In development

 A Submarine Escape set, used by crew to escape from abandoned submarines.

The set consists of breathing apparatus and Hydro-suit.
 New generation Sonars and EW equipment.
 Heavyweight torpedoes, underwater remotely operated vehicles, improved
signature reduction technology for naval applications.
Missile systems
Anti-tank guided missile
DRDO Anti Tank Missile

It is a first generation wire-guided missile developed by Defence Research and

Development Laboratory (DRDL) that had a subsonic speed of 300 ft/s (91 m/s) with
a range of 1.6 km and carries a 106 mm HEAT warhead.
SAMHO
Developed as an indigenous replacement for LAHAT against heavily armoured vehicle
and low flying objects. It can be fired from 120 mm rifled gun on Arjun MBT.
MPATGM
Man Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile or MPATGM, is a third generation fire-and-
forget anti-tank guided missile derived from Nag project under IGMDP developed by
DRDO in collaboration with private sector defence contractor VEM Technologies.

41
SANT
A fourth generation ATGM developed from NAG as a stand-off range weapon that
comes with dual seeker configuration.
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP)

The IGMDP was launched by the Indian Government to develop the ability to develop
and design a missile locally, and manufacture a range of missile systems for the three
defence services. The programme has seen significant success in its two most
important constituents – the Agni missiles and the Prithvi missiles, while two other
programmes, the Akash surface to air missile (SAM) and the anti-tank Nag
missile have seen significant orders. The Trishul missile, a sub-programme to develop
short-range SAM for the Indian Armed Forces faced persistent problems throughout
its development. Finally the project was terminated in 2008 as a techhnology
demonstrator.
Prithvi
The Prithvi (Earth) missiles are a range of SRBMs produced for the Indian Air Force
and Army; a variant for the Navy has been deployed on Sukanya class patrol vessel.
Another submarine-launched variant known as the K-15 is under development. The
Prithvi is an extremely accurate liquid fuelled missile with a range of up to 350 km.
While relatively inexpensive and accurate, with a good payload, its logistics footprint
is high, on account of it being liquid fuelled.
Agni
The Agni (Fire) ballistic missiles are a range of MRBMs, IRBMs, ICBMs meant for
long-range deterrence. The Agni-III has range of up to 3,500 km (2,175 mi). The Agni-
I and Agni-II have been productionised, although exact numbers remain classified.
First trials of the Agni-III saw problems and the missile test did not meet its objectives.
The second test was successful. Further tests of the Agni-III are planned to validate
the missile and its subsystems, which include new propellant and guidance systems,
a new reentry vehicle and other improvements.
The Agni-V missile is an Intercontinental ballistic missile meant for long-range
deterrence. The Agni-V is the newest version and has the longest range of up to 5000–
6000 km. Agni-V would also carry Multiple independently targetable reentry
vehicle payloads and will have countermeasures against Anti-ballistic missile systems.
It was successfully test-fired on 19 April 2012. The missile will utilise a canister and
will be launched from it. Sixty percent of the missile will be similar to the Agni-III missile.
Advanced technologies like ring laser gyroscope and accelerometer will be used in the
new missile. DRDO plans to develop reusable missiles which will be a combination of
ballistic and cruise missile technology. During an interview on 24 August 2014, The
DRDO chief disclosed the plans of DRDO designing a Long Range ballistic Anti-Ship
missile.
Agni-P
Agni-P is a new generation of medium range range ballistic missile from the Agni
series that incorporates the latest developments in design, composite materials, fuels,
navigation and guidance system. As of 2021, it is the smallest and lightest missile of
the Agni family.

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Akash
The Akash (Sky or ether) is a medium-range surface-to-air missile system consisting
of the command guidance ramjet powered Akash along with the dedicated service
specific launchers, battery control radar (the Rajendra Block III), a central acquisition
radar, battery and group control centres. The Akash project has yielded spinoffs like
the Central Acquisition radar and weapon locating radar.
The Akash system cleared its user trials with the Indian Air Force in 2007. The user
trials had the Akash intercept flying targets at ITR, Chandipur. The Akash missile
struck its targets in every test. The Indian Air force has since been satisfied with the
performance of the missile and ordered two squadrons of the Akash, with a squadron
having eight launchers.
The Indian Air Force placed an order for an additional six squadrons of the Akash SAM
in 2010, with an order of 750 missiles (125 per squadron). This order makes a total of
a 1000 Akash SAMs on order for the Indian Air Force for eight squadrons.In June
2010, the Defence Acquisition Council placed an order of the Akash missile system,
valued at ₹12,500 crore (US$1.8 billion). Bharat Dynamics Limited will be the system
integrator and nodal production agency for the Akash Army variant.
Trishul
The Trishul (Trident) is a short range surface-to-air missile developed by India. It was
developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation as a part of
the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It can also be used as an anti-
sea skimmer from a ship against low flying attacking missiles. Trishul has a range of
9 km (5.6 mi) It is powered by a dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid
propellant. Trishul weighs 130 kg (290 lb) and is capable of carrying a 15 kg (33 lb)
warhead.
The Trishul missile project was commissioned in 1983 as a part of Integrated Guided
Missile Development Program. The project was to be completed by 1992 and the
missile would be fitted to Brahmaputra-class frigates as an anti-sea skimmer. In 1985,
Trishul made its first unguided flight from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
The missile made its first full range guided flight in 1989. In 1992, the missile was
successfully tested against a target and reached Mach 2 speed. In 1997, the
associated radar systems for detecting the incoming sea-skimmer were operational.
The launch system was developed by Bharat Dynamics Limited in 1998.In
2003, Government of India announced that the missile will be a technology
demonstrator and de-linked it from other projects. The missile was successfully test-
fired in 2005. The development cost of the programme was ₹2.826
billion (US$40 million) and the Defence minister announced the official closure of the
programme in 2008.
Nag
The Nag anti-tank missile (Cobra) is a guided missile system intended for the Indian
Air Force and the Indian Army. The Army will deploy the Nag on ground-based
launchers and from helicopters, whereas the Air Force will rely on helicopter based
units. The Nag has an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker and has a top and direct attack
capability, with a tandem warhead. The Army's land missile carrier and launcher,
known as the Namica, carries several ready to use Nag missiles within and four Nag

43
missiles in an extendable launcher above the turret. The Namica has its own FLIR
based sighting and fire control unit.
The Air Force and Army will also use their Advanced Light helicopters (ALH) (HAL
Dhruv) and the HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LHC) as Nag carriers. The ALHs will be
equipped with IRDE (DRDO) developed HELITIS (Heliborne Imaging and Targeting
systems) with a combination of a FLIR and laser range finder in a stabilised turret for
target acquisition and designation. The thermal imager is likely to be imported, but the
gimballed turret, stabilisation, laser range finder and associated electronics have been
designed in India and will be manufactured locally. The Nag ATGM is regarded as a
highly capable missile, even though its development has been protracted, mainly due
to the technological challenges of developing a state of the art IIR sensor equipped
top attack missile. The Nag is still cheaper than most imported missiles in its category
and is earmarked for the Army and Air Force.
The Nag anti-tank guided missile was cleared for production in July 2009 and there
are uncorroborated reports since that it may be purchased
by Tanzania, Botswana and Morocco. The Nag will complement the existing
Russian 9M113 Konkurs Anti-tank guided missile and European missile MILAN in
Indian usage, both of which are manufactured under licence by Bharat Dynamics
Limited.
Brahmos
Launched as a joint venture between India's DRDO and the Russian NPO, the
BrahMos programme aims at creating a range of missile systems derived from
the Yakhont missile system. Named the "BrahMos" after the Brahmaputra and the
Moskva rivers, the project has been highly successful.
The Indian Navy has ordered the BrahMos Naval version, both slant-launched and
vertically launched, for its ships; the Indian Army has ordered two regiments worth of
land-launched missiles for long-range strike; and an air-launched version is in
development for the Indian Air Force's Su-30 MKIs and the Navy's Tu-142 long-range
aircraft.
The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on the BrahMos,
aspects of its propulsion, airframe and seeker, plus its Fire Control Systems, Mobile
Command posts and Transporter Erector Launcher.
An upgraded version of the 290 km-range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was
successfully test-fired by India on 2 December 2010 from Integrated Test Range (ITR)
at Chandipur off the Odisha coast.
"Block III version of BrahMos with advanced guidance and upgraded software,
incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude was
flight tested successfully from Launch Complex III of ITR," its Director S P Dash said
after the test-firing from a mobile launcher at 1100 hours. The 8.4-metre missile which
can fly at 2.8 times the speed of sound is capable of carrying conventional warheads
of up to 300 kg for a range of 290 km.
It can effectively engage ground targets from an altitude as low as ten metres for
surgical strikes at terror training camps across the border without causing collateral
damage. BrahMos is capable of being launched from multiple platforms like
submarine, ship, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL). The
Block III BrahMos has the capability of scaling mountain terrain and can play a vital

44
role in precision strike in the northern territories. The advanced cruise missile can fly
close to the rough geographies and kill the target .A five-year development timeframe
is anticipated.
The hypersonic Brahmos 2 is to be developed as a follow on to the original Brahmos.
The missile would fly at speeds of 5-7 Mach.
Nirbhay
Nirbhay (Fearless) is a long range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile powered by
solid rocket booster and turbofan or a turbojet engine that can be launched from
multiple platforms and is capable of carrying conventional and nuclear warheads. The
missile is guided by an inertial navigation system and a radio altimeter for the height
determination.It carries a Ring Laser Gyroscope (RLG) based guidance, control and
navigation system with additional MEMS based Inertial Navigation System (INS) along
with radiodetermination-satellite service GPS/NAVIC.With a range of about 1000 km,
Nirbhay is capable of delivering 24 different types of warheads depending on mission
requirements.
Shaurya
The Shaurya (Valor) is a canister-launched hypersonic surface-to-
surface tactical missile developed by the Indian Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) for use by the Indian Armed Forces. Similar to the BrahMos,
Shaurya is stored in composite canisters, which makes it much easier to store for long
periods without maintenance as well as to handle and transport. It also houses the gas
generator to eject the missile from the canister before its solid propellant motors take
over to hurl it at the intended target.
Shaurya missiles can remain hidden or camouflaged in underground silos from enemy
surveillance or satellites till they are fired from the special storage-cum-launch
canisters. The Shaurya system will require some more tests before it becomes fully
operational in two to three years. Moreover, defence scientists say the high-speed,
two-stage Shaurya has high maneuverability which also makes it less vulnerable to
existing anti-missile defence systems.
It can be easily transported by road. The missile, encased in a canister, is mounted on
a single vehicle, which has only a driver's cabin, and the vehicle itself is the launch
platform. This "single vehicle solution" reduces its signature – it cannot be easily
detected by satellites – and makes its deployment easy. The gas generator, located
at the bottom of the canister produces high pressure gas, which expands and ejects
the missile from the tube.
The centrepiece of a host of new technologies incorporated in Shaurya is its ring laser
gyroscope (RLG) and accelerometer. The indigenous ring laser gyroscope, a
sophisticated navigation and guidance system developed by the Research Centre
Imarat (RCI) based in Hyderabad is a highly classified technology.
In test flights the RLG functioned exceptionally well. the RLG monitors the missile's
position in space when it is flying. The missile's on-board computer will use this
information and compare it with the desired position. Based on the difference between
the missile's actual and desired positions, the computer will decide the optimum path
and the actuators will command the missile to fly in its desired/targeted position. The
third test of the RLG was successful on 24 September 2011, reaching a speed of 7.5
mach. It is now ready for production.

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Prahaar
Prahaar is a solid-fueled surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile
developed by DRDO of India. It would be equipped with omni-directional warheads
and could be used for hitting both tactical and strategic targets. It has a range of about
150 km. It was successfully test-fired on 21 July 2011 from the Integrated Test Range
(ITR) at Chandipur.
Barak 8
India and Israel have worked out an agreement to develop and produce the long-
range Barak 8 air defence system for both the Indian and the Israeli militaries. The
initial co-development funding is about US$350 million, of which IAI will finance 50 per
cent. The venture is a tripartite one, between the DRDO, the Indian Navy, and the IAI.
The missile is referred to as the LRSAM in Indian Government literature, and will have
a range of 72 km (45 mi).Israel Aircraft Industries refers to the system as Barak-8. IAI
states that the missile will have a dual pulse motor, is vertically launched and is able
to engage both aircraft and sea skimming missiles. It has a fully active seeker, and the
Barak-8 Weapons system is capable of multiple simultaneous engagements. It will
have a two way datalink for midcourse update, as well as be able to integrate into
larger C3I networks. The primary fire control sensor for the naval Barak-8/LRSAM will
be the ELTA MF-STAR Naval AESA radar which Israel claims to be superior to many
existing systems worldwide. The dual pulse rocket motor for the SAM was developed
by DRDO, and the prototypes were supplied to IAI for integration with IAI systems to
develop the complete missile.
The other variant of the LRSAM will be fielded by the Indian Air Force. Along with the
Akash SAM, the LRSAM fills a longer range requirement and both types will
complement each other. Each unit of the MR-SAM would consist of a command and
control centre, with an acquisition radar, a guidance radar and 3 launchers with eight
missiles each.
A 4-year, US$300 million System Design & Development phase to develop unique
system elements and an initial tranche of the land-based missiles is estimated. The
radars, C2 centres, TEL's and missiles will be codeveloped by Israel and India. In turn,
IAI and its Israeli partners have agreed to transfer all relevant technologies and
manufacturing capabilities to India allowing India to manufacture the LRSAM systems
locally as well as support them. The Barak-8 next generation long-range surface-to-
air missile (LR-SAM) had its first test-flight on 29 May 2010.

Astra

Astra is an 105 km (65 mi) class, active radar homing air-to-air missile meant
for beyond-visual-range missile combat. Several tests of the missiles basic propulsion
and guidance have taken place from land based launchers. Air-launched trials will
follow thereafter. DRDO has developed an indigenous 7 kg lightweight rocket launcher
for the Indian army which will replace the 14 kg Carl Gustav Mark-II launcher which is

46
much heavier than the DRDO-developed rocket launcher. The DRDO has made
extensive use of composites in its construction, resulting in the reduced weight.
VL-SRSAM
VL-SRSAM is the naval variant of Astra with some design and technological changes
for an all weather point and area defence role against flying targets such as fighter
aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles etc.
Rudram-1
NGARM (New Generation Anti-Radiation Missile) now officially called Rudram-1 is a
100–250 km range air-to-surface, anti-radiation missile to provide air superiority,
tactical capability to Indian Air Force for suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD),
that can be launched from a range of altitudes.
QRSAM
DRDO developed QRSAM as part of replacement program for the Soviet era 9K33
Osa and 2K12 Kub that is being used extensively by Indian Army and Indian Air Force.
It is built for an all weather, all terrain scenario with electronic counter-countermeasure
system against aerial targets. It has an engagenment range of minimum 3 km to a
maximum of 30 km that is powered by solid fuel propellant, maintaining a speed of 4.7
Mach in flight. The missile system uses a two way data link communication with active
radar homing.
XRSAM
DRDO is developing a long range surface to air missile to supplement Barak-8 and S-
400 systems for its multi-tier air defence umbrella protecting the Indian airspace. It will
use some of the key technologies developed during Ballistic Missile Defence
Programme.
Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
Unveiled in 2006, the ABM project was a surprise to many observers. While DRDO
had revealed some details about the project over the years, its progress had been
marked by strict secrecy, and the project itself was unlisted, and not visible among
DRDO's other programmes. The ABM project has benefited from all the incremental
improvements achieved by the DRDO and its associated industrial partners via the
long-running and often contentious Akash missile and Trishul missile programmes.
However, it is a completely new programme, with much larger scope and with
predominantly new subsystems.
The ABM project has two missiles—namely the AAD (Advanced Air Defence) and PAD
(Prithvi Air Defence) missiles. The former is an endo-atmospheric interceptor of new
design, which can intercept targets to a height of 30 km (19 mi). Whereas the latter is
a modified Prithvi missile, dubbed the Axo-atmospheric interceptor (AXO) with a
dedicated second stage kill vehicle for ballistic missile interception, up to an altitude of
80 km (50 mi). Both these missiles are cued by an active phased array Long Range
Tracking Radar, similar to the Elta GreenPine but made with locally developed
components, which include DRDO-developed transmit/receive modules. The ABM
system also makes use of a second radar, known as the Multi-Function Control Radar
which assists the LRTR in classifying the target, and can also act as the fire control
radar for the AAD missile. The MFCR, like the LRTR, is an active phased array system.

47
The entire system was tested in November 2006, under the Prithvi Air Defence
Exercise, when a prototype AXO missile intercepted another Prithvi missile at a height
of 50 km (31 mi). This test was preceded by an "electronic test" in which an actual
target missile was launched, but the entire interceptor system was tested
electronically, albeit no actual interceptor was launched. This test was successful in
its entirety. The AAD Missile was tested in December 2007 which successfully
intercepted a modified Prithvi missile simulating the M-9 and M-11 class of ballistic
missiles. Interception happened at an altitude of 15 km (9 mi).
Anti-satellite weapon

After testing the over 5,000 km Agni V missile, which went up to 600 km into space
during its parabolic trajectory, the Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) now feels it can fashion deadly anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons in double-quick
time. Agni V gives you the boosting capability and the 'kill vehicle', with advanced
seekers, will be able to home into the target satellite, DRDO chief, VK Saraswat
said.The defence ministry in 2010 had even drafted a 15-year "Technology
Perspective and Roadmap", which held development of ASAT weapons "for electronic
or physical destruction of satellites in both LEO (2,000-km altitude above earth's
surface) and the higher geosynchronous orbit" as a thrust area in its long-term
integrated perspective plan under the management of DRDO. Consequently, defence
scientists are focusing on "space security" to protect India's space assets from
electronic or physical destruction. Another spin-off from Agni V test is that the DRDO
feels it can work towards launching mini-satellites for battlefield use if an adversary
attacks the country's main satellites. On 27 March 2019, India conducted a
successful Anti-satellite missile test from Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha.
Sagarika
The K-15 Sagarika is a nuclear-capable submarine-launched ballistic missile
belonging to the K Missile family with a range of 750 kilometres (466 mi). Sagarika can
carry a payload of up to 500 kilograms (1,102 lb). Sagarika was developed at the
DRDO's missile complex in Hyderabad.
This missile will form part of the triad in India's nuclear deterrence, and will provide
retaliatory nuclear strike capability. The development of this missile (under the title
Project K-15) started in 1991. The Indian government first confirmed Sagarika's
development seven years later (1998), when the then Defence Minister, George
Fernandes, announced it during a press conference.
The development of the underwater missile launcher, known as Project 420 (P420),
was completed in 2001 and handed over to the Indian Navy for trials. The missile was
successfully test-fired six times, and tested to its full range up to three times. The test
of missile from a submerged pontoon was conducted in February 2008.
Sagarika is being integrated with India's nuclear-powered Arihant class
submarines that began sea trials on 26 July 2009.
Precision-guided munition
India's first laser-guided bomb, Sudarshan is the latest weapon system developed
indigenously to occupy the niche of a precision delivery mechanism. It can be fitted to
a 450 kilograms (990 lb) gravity bomb and can guide it to the target using lasers with
a CEP (Circular Error Probability) of 10 metres.

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DRDO Glide Bombs
Garuthmaa & Garudaa are DRDO's 1000 kg Glide Bombs. These are India's first
indigenously designed glide bomb with a range of 30 km (Garudaa) to 100 km
(Garuthmaa).
DRDO Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW)
Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) is a long-range precision-guided anti-airfield
weapon engaging ground targets with high precision up to a range of 100 kilometres.
High Speed Low Drag Bomb (HSLD
This is a family of both guided and unguided munition developed by the Armament
Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) for the new generation
Indian, NATO and Russian origin aircraft.
Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite (CCI-Sat)
Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite is an advanced reconnaissance satellite,
being developed by DRDO. It will be India's first officially declared spy satellite and
according to ISRO it should be in the sky by 2014.This satellite will help
Indian intelligence agencies to significantly boost surveillance of terror camps in
neighbouring countries.
Future Plans
Aerobic Vehicle for Transatmospheric Hypersonic Aerospace Transportation also
known as AVATAR is a DRDO concept for a robotic single-
stage reusable spaceplane capable of horizontal takeoff and landing, that can be used
for space launches of low cost military and commercial satellite.
Autonomous Unmanned Research Aircraft (AURA)
AURA later renamed into Ghatak is an autonomous stealthy unmanned combat air
vehicle (UCAV) of flying-wing concept powered by dry Kaveri engine variant. It is
designed and developed for the Indian Air Force (IAF) that will be capable of
releasing missiles, bombs and precision-guided munitions from its internal weapons
bay.
Directed Energy Weapons (DEW)
In view of future warfare and contactless military conflict, DRDO initiated National
Directed Energy Weapons Programme in collaboration with domestic private sector
industries. It is working on several directed energy weapons (DEW) system such
as KALI (electron accelerator) based on electromagnetic radiation or subatomic
particle beam to achieve short, medium and long term national goals. Initially divided
into two phases, Indian Army and Indian Air Force requested minimum of 20 tactical
DEWs that can destroy smaller drones and electronic warfare radar systems within
6 km to 8 km distance. Under phase 2, another 20 tactical DEWs will be developed
that can destroy target within 15 km to 20 km distance which will be used against
troops and vehicles from ground or air platforms. As of 2020, a truck mounted DEW
of 10 kilowatt laser with range of 2 km and portable tripod mounted 2 kilowatt DEW
with range of 1 km were demonstrated in field operation successfully.[132] DRDO is
working on 50 kilowatt DEW along with ship motion compensation systems for the
Indian Navy. In future, DRDO plans to work on a bigger 100 kW DEW.

49
GATET engine
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has launched a ₹100
crore (US$14.0 million) project in R&D in the area of gas turbines, a DRDO official
said in April 2010. Under the initiative of DRDO's Aeronautics Research and
Development Board, R&D projects, which need investment in the region of ₹50
lakh (US$70,100.00) to ₹5 crore (US$701,000.00), would be considered for funding.
GTRE was the nodal agency to spearhead this venture, called GATET
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)
An unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft to attain hypersonic speed flight that will
also act as carrier vehicle for future hypersonic and long-range cruise missiles. It will
include multiple spinoff in civilian applications including the launching of satellites at
lower cost.
Naval Anti-Ship Missile (NASM)
The project is sanctioned in 2017 for a 5–55-km short range air-launched Naval Anti-
Ship Missile (NASM–SR) to replace Sea Eagle missiles in use by the Indian Navy with
future variants ranged in excess of 150-km.
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)
From year 2010 onwards, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
started working on critical technologies for future longer range air-to-air missile that
can also be used in surface-to-air missile systems. Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)
is one such missile propulsion technology that uses thrust modulated ducted
rocket with a reduced smoke nozzle-less missile booster.
Long Range - Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM)
Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) is working on developing a cruise
missile with a range greater than 1,000 km with land and under water variant for Army
and Navy.It will use SFDR for propulsion that will take the missile to supersonic speed.
LR-LACM is developed to achieve greater CEP than BrahMos with increase in
warhead load capaciity.

Industry linkages, technology transfer and indigenisation

India domestically produces only 45% to 50% of defence products it uses, and the rest
are imported.To become technology research and production leader, reduce reliance
on the imports and increase self-reliance, DRDO Chief called for more collaboration
with the industry, private sector, research and education institutes
including IITs and NITs. India's military–industrial complex has had little success and
only recently private sector was allowed to enter the defence production. To expedite
the development cycle of new technologies and to better fit the end user requirements,
army has asked DRDO to take more army staff on deputation to be part of DRDO
technology development project teams.
Indian forces are using numerous indigenous technologies produced by the DRDO,
including Varunastra, Maareech, Ushus, TAL by navy; Electronic Warfare
Technologies, radars, composite materials for LCA, AEW&C, Astra, LCA Tejas by
airforce; and ASAT, BrahMos, ASTRA, Nag missile, SAAW, Arjun MBT Mk 1A, 46-
metre Modular Bridge, MPR, LLTR Ashwin by the army. In September 2019, DRDO
formulated the "DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology" and

50
released information on "DRDO-Industry Partnership: Synergy and Growth and DRDO
Products with Potential for Export".
During the Vibrant Goa Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO
signed technology transfer contracts with 16 Indian companies, including 3 startups,
to produce products for the use by Indian Armed Forces. This included high shelf life,
high nutrition, ready-to-eat on-the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult
terrain and bad weather.DRDO and ISRO have agreed to collaborate in India's crewed
orbital spacecraft project called Gaganyaan during which DRDOs various laboratories
will tailor their defence capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission
with critical human-centric systems and technologies like space grade food, crew
healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for the safe recovery
of the crew module and fire suppression system etc. Kalyani Group is developing
the DRDO Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS).
DRDO with Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI) under
Advance Assessment Technology and Commercialisation Programme is helping
Lakes and Waterways Development Authority (LAWDA) to keep Dal Lake clean by
providing low cost Biodigesters for the treatment of human excreta, animal
waste disposal, grey water and kitchen waste release that works fine in ambient as
well as sub zero temperature which are also supplied to Indian Railways.
Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE) which works in the field
of chemical weapon, biological agent detection and research is helping Indian Council
of Medical Research (ICMR) in augmenting diagnostic capability for COVID–
19 outbreak. It has created special hand sanitiser formulation and diagnostic kits
following WHO standards and guidelines that are supplied in large numbers
to civilian and defence officials. Medical staff all over India dealing
with Coronavirus contamination are using protective waterproof clothing with special
sealant used in submarine applications developed by Institute of Nuclear Medicine
and Allied Sciences (INMAS) for CBRN defense that is made up of high
strength polyester coated with breathable polymer. The clothing underwent successful
trials at the South India Textile Research Association and exceeds the criteria of
currently available suits in the market.The suit is washable, passed all critical CBRN
and ASTM standards and is now manufactured by two private players, Venus
Industries from Mumbai and IMTEC from Kolkata. Defence Bioengineering and
Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) developed causality evacuation bag for COVID-
19 infected patients that can withstand Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
(CBRN) environments and is protected against blood and viral penetration. The bag
is made up of durable water repellent nonwoven fabric. It is rigid cylindrical in shape
with air and water proof zippers and ventilators. Already ordered 500 in numbers,
DRDO will now transfer the technology to private sector for manufacturing.
Under Society for Biomedical Technology (SBMT) programme, DEBEL has developed
five-layer nanomesh based N99 masks and is collaborating with startup
company Scanray Tech for the production of ventilators using current available
technologies with Indian made parts due to unavailability of imports. It is also working
on a new multiplexed ventilator technology that will be able to support several infected
individuals on a single ventilator. The prototype development stage is complete and
the initial model is now undergoing various improvements suggested by a team of
medical researchers and doctors. The technology will finally be transferred to Tata
Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra, Hyundai Motor India, Honda Cars India and Maruti

51
Suzuki for immediate mass production. DRDO signed agreement with Indian
Telephone Industries Limited for tech transfer on low cost multiplexed ventilator
technology with 80% to 90% of components are now make in India.
DRDO as of 11 April 2020 transferred technologies to 30 major companies to
manufacture various non-medicine products against the COVID-19 pandemic which
includes ventilator, sanitiser, personal protective equipment, face shield and isolation
shelter. The technology for the newly developed multiplexed ventilator came from on-
board oxygen generation system (OBOGS) developed for HAL Tejas. Private sector
players like Raksha Polycoats and Accurate Savan Defence are now producing
protective clothing, isolation shelters based on DRDO tech developed for high altitude
pulmonary edema (HAPE) bags, submarine escape suit and satellite recovery
systems. Hyderabad based jewellary making startup iMake with Modern
Manufacturers and Kirat Mechanical Engineering from Chandigarh, Wipro 3D
from Bengaluru and Global Healthcare from Delhi are 3D printing visor-based face
shields which is an offshoot of the tech developed for high-altitude military parachuting.
Setco from Mumbai is producing sealants developed for submarines of Indian Navy at
DRDO labs for personal protection equipments.
Research Centre Imarat (RCI) and Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL)
developed product called Aerosol Containment Box for enclosure
of intubation procedure made with Poly(methyl methacrylate). It is cubical in shape
designed for both adults and minors that covers the COVID-19 infected patients during
medical examination and treatment from head to chest to stop the transmission of
droplets containing the virus to others. Employees' State Insurance
Corporation Medical College, Hyderabad helped RCI in prototype development
while Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research helped in testing,
validation and acceptance of product for medical use. The technology is now
transferred to private industries located in Chandigardh and Hyderabad for mass
manufacturing.RCI at DRDO Missile Complex, Hyderabad is now supplying
technology of brushless DC motors (BLDC) used for missile actuators and high
response solenoid valves used in missile control for ventilator pumps that validated
the prototype testing stages.
Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES) developed two sanitising
equipments of 50 litres tank capacity consists of portable backpack type that covers
an area of 300 metres while another trolley mounted for large area sanitisation of up
to 3000 metres by spraying 1% hypochlorite solution.
Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE) developed portable
disinfection chamber and special face protection mask for health
professionals combating COVID-19 outbreak in India. The personnel decontamination
system is equipped with sanitiser and soap dispenser. The full-body decontamination
starts using for pedal with an electrically operated pump creating disinfectant mist of
700-litre of hypo sodium chloride. The system takes 25 seconds for full
decontamination with automatic shut-off procedure and can decontaminate 650
personnels until next refill. The face mask developed for COVID-19 patients uses the
A4 size Over-Head Projection (OHP) film for protection and light weight materials for
long duration comfortable use. VRDE developed full-body decontamination chamber
was designed and validated within 4 days with All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi became the first premier institution to use it. The mass manufacturing of
the portable decontamination chamber is now done by Dass Hitachi Limited.

52
Development cum Production Partner programme
As part of Make In India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, DRDO under Development
cum Production Partner programme (DCPP) allowed handholding of domestic private
sector industries to improve their development and production cycle of complex
defence systems.
VL-SRSAM (Vertical Launch - Short Range Surface to Air Missile) and Advanced
Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) became some of the successful projects of this
programme.

 2.5 Vision
Empowering the nation with state of the art indigenous defence technologies and
system.

 2.6 Mission
 Design , develop and lead to production state of the art sensors, weapons systems,
platforms and allied equipment for our Defence Services
 Provide technologies solutions to the services to optimise combat effectiveness
and to promote well being of the troops
 Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build strong
indigenous technology base.
 DRDO is a network of more than 50 laboratories which are deeply engaged in
developing defence technologies covering various disciplines.

Organizational
 structure-

DirectorsGeneral-

Dr. K Tamilmani, Director General - Aeronautical Systems (Aero)

Dr. Keshav Dattatreya Nayak, Director General - Micro Electronic Devices &
Computational Systems (MED & CoS)
 Dr. Manas K Mandal, Director General - Life Sciences (LS)

Dr. Satish Kumar, Director General - Missiles and Strategic Systems (MSS)

Ms J Manjula, Director General - Electronics & Communication Systems (ECS)

Shri Pravin K Mehta, Director General - Armament & Combat Engineering Systems
(ACE)

Dr. Subhash Chandra Sati, Director General - Naval Systems and

Materials (NS & M)

53
ChiefControllers-

Dr. G Athithan DS & CC R&D (SAM)

Shri GS Malik DS & CC R&D (R&M and Imp)
Dr. CP Ramanarayanan, DS & CC R&D (HR)
Shri Sudhir Kumar Mishra OS & CC R&D (BrahMos)
Shri M Hafizur Rahaman, OS & CC R&D (TM)
Dr. S Guruprasad, OS & CC R& D (PC & SI)

Military investments in NT: A global overview

In the twenty-first century, the US military expenditure roughly accounts for almost half
of the world’s total military expenditure. The United States invests substantially in
military Research and Development (R&D). These investments amount to almost two
thirds of global expenditure on military R&D. The US military has been involved in NT
research since the early 1980s.Since the last decade, research and monitory
investments by the Department of Defence (DoD) in the NT arena have become more
significant. In the mid-1990s, the DoD identified NT as one of six ‘Strategic Research
Areas’ of interest.38 The DoD NT programme is grouped into seven Programme
Component Areas (PCAs),39 which mirror the PCAs of the US National
Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). About half of the DoD’s nanotech investment goes to
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the remainder to the
armed forces.They also have an ‘Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies’ at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in place since 1998, which is doing research
and development in several army-related NT issues. DoD is investing in NT to advance
both offensive and defensive military objectives. Figure 1 gives annual DoD
investment in NT. Its primary areas of interest include information acquisition,
processing, storage, and display (nanoelectronics), materials performance and
affordability (nanomaterials), and chemical and biological warfare defence
(nanosensors). It is also looking at NT as a base technology for the production of
soldier protection kits. The integration of these functionalities into a single technology
is the ultimate goal of the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies.43 Understanding the
importance of NT technology, the US Government has increased funding by
approximately 15 per cent over a span of four years (see Table 1). Apart from the
United States, many other countries like Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and
Russia are investing in R&D of NT-based materials and systems for military utility.
However, most Asian and European countries, with the exception of Sweden (a
Swedish defence NT programme exists), do not run dedicate programmes for defence
NT research. Rather, they integrate several NT-related projects within their traditional
defence-research structures, e.g., as materials research, electronic devices research,
or bio-chemical protection research. Even in the United States huge investments are

54
being made in NT sectors dealing with issues other than defence. President Bush
signed the twenty-first century NT Research and Development Act into law in the year
2003. Officially, the US Government has committed $3.7 billion in nanotech funding
through 2008. NT being a dual-use technology, naturally the advances made in the
scientific and commercial arenas under civil funding are likely to find their way into
defence applications. Japan invested more than $1 billion in 2002 alone on nanotech
research. China is estimated to be investing $300–400 million per year into nanotech
research. The European Union has committed $3.3 billion until 2006–2007. China is
probably in second position in respect of research investments in this field and has
overtaken Japan. In fact, NT was listed as one of the key component parts of China’s
technology development move during its tenth five-year (2000–2005) plan and the
development of nanometre biological and medical technology, electronics and
components were rated as mid- and long-term goals. China’s National Centre for
Nanoscience and Technology has more than 3000 scientists working on various
aspects of NT.
The United States, China, and Germany are the top owners of health-related NT
patents filed internationally post 1975, holding 33 per cent, 20 per cent, and 13 per
cent of the total, respectively. However, despite being a strong leader in the field,
China is not participating in international debates on the role of NT in sustainable
development. It is not possible to precisely judge China’s military investments in the
arena of NT, but going by the Chinese past there is a case to believe that it would
have an interest in a military NT programme as well. India is looking at the rapid
developments in the field of nanoscience very carefully. The Government of India
initiated a Nanomaterials Science and Technology Mission (NSTM) in the tenth five-
year plan. In accordance with this, the Department of Science and Technology started
working towards evolving a framework for a national initiative in this field. In October
2001, India formally launched the Nanomaterials Science and Technology Initiative
(NSTI). Today, the NT has become an arena of multidisciplinary research in India like
in many other states. The Department of Biotechnology also funds various projects on
nanobiotechnology.50 India has allocated Rs 1,000 crores in the 11th five-year plan
for research and development in this field and every year Rs 200 crores would be
allocated for this purpose. NT being a multidisciplinary area of research, various
sectors of Indian industry are investing in it in tune with their interests and
requirements. However, Indian investments in NT are not very encouraging. According
to Assocham, India lags behind many developing as well as developed economies
when it comes to research and development spending on nanotechnology, with annual
investments touching a minuscule $7 million, which is even below that of Taiwan,
which spends $104 million annually. In contrast, Germany spends $395.5 million,
France $301.1 million, and the United Kingdom $180 million.51 In the defence arena,
India’s Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) is working on areas
like sensors, high-energy applications, stealth and camouflage, Nuclear, Biological,
and Chemical (NBC) attack protection devices, structural applications,
nanoelectronics, and characterization. This initiative was started in the year 2006.
Currently, its major focus is on developing various types of sensors, NBC
protection/detection devices and developing paint with camouflage characteristics.

55
SAUVIK GALUI ON NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is a scientific approach of altering the properties by manipulating a
material in nanoscale. This emerging field has the potential to bring enormous
changes in the field of dentistry by the means of nanorobots, nanomaterials,
nanodiagnostic aids and nanotherapeutic approaches. Nanodentistry will be engaged
soon in maintaining a near perfect oral health. But human safety, biocompatibility, cost
effectiveness should be considered before its wide application in the field of dentistry

 SAJIV TOMAR ON NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology is an area of science and technology that holds highly promising
prospects for military applications, considering its wide applicability in defensive
as well as offensive operations. Given the research and development (R&D) efforts
being made in this field by a large number of countries, new products with much
superior properties in terms of performance and durability are likely to be realized
very soon. The most important aspect of nanotechnology-enabled products is the
miniaturization of devices and the diverse functionalities that can be integrated
within a singular system. Accordingly, the most profound applications in the future
will be realized for the war fighter.

 Richard Feynman stated:

And it turns out that all the information that man has carefully accumulated in all the
books in the world can be written in this form in a cube of material one two hundredth
of an inch wide - which is the barest piece of dust that can be made out by the human
eye. So there is plenty of room at the bottom”.

 NARENDRA KUMAR

Nanotechnology-enabled high energy explosives and propellants, chemical,

biological, radiation, and nuclear threats and their detection/protection, and
camouflage and stealth for signature management of military targets in
multispectral wavelength signals are analyzed.

 David Swain
Nano scale science and engineering most likely will produce the stratergic technology
breakthrough of tomorrow.Our ability to workat the molecular level atom by atom to
create something new something we can manufacture from the bottom up opens huge
vistas for many of us.

56
  Ajay Lele
Nanotechnology are emerging fields of science and technology that are witnessing
the emergence of an increasing number of new ideas and applications .Many
states are seriously looking at military application of this technology.

 Paul Mceuen
Nanotechnology is the idea that we can create devices and machines all the
way down to the nanometer scale, while is a billionth of a meter , about half the
width of a human DNA molecule.

 William Powell
Nanotechnology is manufacturing with atoms

 Richard Feyman: Father of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is science , engineering and technology conducted at the
nanoscale.

 Xiaona Zhu on nanotechnology:

Nanomaterials, in addition to their small size, possess unique physicochemical
properties that differ from bulk materials, making them ideal for a host of novel
applications. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one important class of nanomaterials
that have been widely studied for their potential applications in nanomedicine. Due to
the fact that MNPs can be detected and manipulated by remote magnetic fields, it
opens a wide opportunity for them to be used in vivo. Nowadays, MNPs have been
used for diverse applications including magnetic biosensing (diagnostics), magnetic
imaging, magnetic separation, drug and gene delivery, and hyperthermia therapy, etc.
Specifically, we reviewed some emerging techniques in magnetic diagnostics such as
magnetoresistive (MR) and micro-Hall (μHall) biosensors, as well as the magnetic
particle spectroscopy, magnetic relaxation switching and surface enhanced Raman
spectroscopy (SERS)-based bioassays. Recent advances in applying MNPs as
contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and as tracer materials in magnetic
particle imaging are reviewed. In addition, the development of high magnetic moment
MNPs with proper surface functionalization has progressed exponentially over the past
decade. To this end, different MNP synthesis approaches and surface coating
strategies are reviewed and the biocompatibility and toxicity of surface functionalized
MNP nanocomposites are also discussed. Herein, we are aiming to provide a
comprehensive assessment of the state-of-the-art biological and biomedical
applications of MNPs.
Nanotechnology

57
 Mandeep Kaur: Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling the matter on an
atom and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures
sized between 1-100 nanometers in at least one dimension, and involve
modifying or developing materials within that size. It makes the material lighter,
stronger, faster, smaller and more durable.Nanotechnology obligates the ability
to frame components of molecular size and precise machine. In other words,
‘nanotechnology’ refers to the contrived ability to construct items from the
bottom up, using tools and techniques that are being defined to make high
performance products.
 Ibraes syaad: Nanotechnology is a known field of research since last century.
Since “nanotechnology” was presented by Nobel laureate Richard P. Feynman
during his well famous 1959 lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
(Feynman, 1960), there have been made various revolutionary developments
in the field of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology produced materials of various
types at nanoscale level. Nanoparticles (NPs) are wide class of materials that
include particulate substances, which have one dimension less than 100 nm at
least (Laurent et al., 2010). Depending on the overall shape these materials
can be 0D, 1D, 2D or 3D (Tiwari et al., 2012). The importance of these materials
realized when researchers found that size can influence the physiochemical
properties of a substance e.g. the optical properties. A 20-nm gold (Au),
platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), and palladium (Pd) NPs have characteristic wine red
color, yellowish gray, black and dark black colors, respectively.

58
 CHAPTER 3 . RESEARCH WORK

 3.1 Problem identification: In the time when Covid-19 has affected the
entire world and most of the sectors of Indian economy. The Indian Defence
Sector as well many other sectors are evaluating the impact of Covid-19 on
defence manufacturing in India to find a solution to deal with the same.Due to
pandemic broke out Indian army was cancelled all the non-essential training,
joint exercises, conferences travels, posting, extending the leave of army
personnel and cancelling the leave of paramilitary personnel. The forces have
proactively participated in the repatriation of the stranded Indian from the
COVID-19 hotspots and quarantining them in the Army Wellness Centre. They
have also contributed to setting up quarantine centre and hospitals at the units
and other places. Defence manufacturing in India not only affects the country’s
economy but also the defence preparedness of Indian armed forces. To begin
with, it’s important to understand how stakeholders have modified their support
and role in this situation. SIDM has accelerated the manufacturing of Defence
Research and Development Organisatio designed Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) kits, masks, ventilator parts in the field of defence industry by
efficient coordination and channelisation. MSMEs is the backbone of Indian
economy that accelerate GDP growth, earn valuable foreign exchange through
exports and provide employment opportunities. Keeping MSMEs strong is one
of the priorities of the government. They contribute more than 20% of the total
production of these organisations. Manufacturing sector has been affected the
most due to lockdown and disruption in existing supply chains and the defence
sector is no exception to this.

 3.2 Methodology Applied:

Questionnare is used for the research activity.This method is used
for collecting data .Discussion with academic collegue are carried out to
collect information on the problem area. After which the question and
measures of the variable in the questionnaire are drawn from the
literature review.Regarding this the research area was classified in order
to conduct research.

59
  3.3 Data Collection

Primary Data -:

Primary data is a type of data that is collected by researchers directly from main
sources through survey,etc. Primary data are usually collected from the source where
the data originally originates from and the regarded as the best kind of data in
research. Data for the study was collect form primary source through questionnaires
and due to which responses could be baised in case of questionnaires. The sources
of primary data are usually chose and tailored specifically to meet the demands or
requirements of a particular research. Also before choosing data collection , source ,
aim and the people who are targeted should be keep in mind.

Secondary Data:

Data which is collected will be from the secondary sources.The data is collected from
organization report , historic data,books , magzines etc.

60
 CHAPTER NO - 4 DATA DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

The people responded in this study are of different age groups.The

collection of primary data from respondents to study the nanotechnology
in defence sector

 Do you think Nanotechnology is good for our future generation?

Interpretation: Above graph indicates that nanotechnology is used in every sector today
and with it many new invention are taken place.88% respondent think that it will be good for
our future generation. Only 2% respondent thinking it as not a great idea for future.In the future
here we can predict that nanotechnology could also enable objects to harvest energy from
their environment. New nano-materials and concepts are currently being developed that show
potential for producing energy from movement, light, variations in temperature, glucose and
other sources with high conversion efficiency. So by examining this we can think
nanotechnology is good for the future generation.

61
  Do Nanotechnology is used in your company?

Interpretation: Above graph says that 88% respondent where they work
nanotechnology is used and in 12% respondent work place it is not used.
Nanotechnology allows for both the improvement of existing and the development of
completely new products and processes, and sometimes new services as
well. Companies often experiment with multiple applications at the same time, many of
which are still in the research phase.

 Given below which nanotechnology product you are aware of?

Interpretation: Above graph indicates that 40% respondents are well known about food
products and packaging, 26% knows about solar panels, 13% about surface protection body
armour , 21% knows transdermal patches.Body armour is developed to protect the precious
lives of jawans from the threat of small arms fire as it is more effective. Many are aware of
solar panel .Drdo has made in such a way as its UV system is used for removal of
microbes.Use of solar power for functioning of water pump and uv system.DRDO has made
food products packaging in such a way as they are all preserved ,some are short term
preserved.They have expertise in preparing long lasting food for armed forces. Food is

62
prepared in stringent hygienic conditions .Transdermal patches are a well established method
of drug delivery. They provide many benefit to patients , providers and manuacturers.

 Do you think Nanotechology has made improvement in our countrys

defence sector?

Interpretation: As we know nanotechnology has helped human being to reach the depth
of a very minute particles.It has maked a immense improvement in our defene sector . As
61%respondent are agree and 9% disagree meanwhile 16% are still confused . The main
aims of military research into nanotechnology are to improve medical and casualty care for
soldiers, and to produce lightweight, strong and multi-functional materials for use in clothing,
both for protection and to provide enhanced connectivity. By using new technology our
countrys defence will be strong.

 Which Organization under indian government is charged with

militarys research and development?

Interpretation: DRDO is the organization who has charged the responsibility of military
research and development. As it is a defence R&D hub which develops defence technologies,
systems/products that are required for Indian Armed Forces.It also provides the freedom to
industries to carry out value addition to the base technology.

63
  Is the budget given to DRDO by Govt is sufficient for the projects?

Interpretation: Above graph indicates 33% respondents thinks that the budget is suffcients
for their projects but 38% are not agree and says the budget is insufficient and 29% are
confused .As per 33% respondent who thinks funds are sufficient is due to technological
development made by drdo they have made many equipments which are beneficial for the
development of our country and as per 38% disagree one theres opinion is due to as gov
recently put a cut in the funds of drdo by which many major projects are got on hold.

64
 CHAPTER NO 5 : CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

 The changes brought about by the digital revolution, considered as a disruptive

innovation have attracted particular attention from public and private defence
stakeholders.

 Main objective of governments and defence companies is to renew military

capabilities through the integration of new digital technologies into existing
networks and weapon systems.

 All application areas of military capabilities are concerned. Sensors, command

and control systems, vectors, effectors, as well as logistics activities, military
support and training are already affected by the development of robotics,
artificial intelligence, computer simulation, nanotechnologies or neuroscience.
The risk for traditional defence stakeholders is to undergo change rather than
drive it, by not accurately anticipating the impact of new technologies on
business models, professional practices and concepts of operations.

 In order to be able to anticipate the potential impact and benefit from disruptive
innovations, it is necessary to have certain capacities. In particular, mastering
the knowledge bases from which disruptive innovations develop requires the
ability to detect, integrate and transform them in order to create value for the
defence sector

 India’s defence should refrain from focusing on extremely ambitious military

goals in this field and should initially start with technologically feasible work.
Indian defence scientists and engineers need to work in tandem with their
civilian counterparts because there are a lot of commonalities in the civilian and
military arenas of Nanotechology. There is also a need to engage the military
in the process of research, development, and planning from the beginning.
Lastly, there is a need to look at the military utility of Nanotechnology not in
isolation but along with a few other technologies like information technology
and biotechnology.

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5.2 The Growth of Defence Industry in India

Indian Defence Sector is anticipated to register a CAGR of over 4% during the

forecast period.

 The geopolitical conflicts of India with its neighboring nations and the threat due to
terrorism have forced the country to further reinforce its perimeter security and
naval and airborne capabilities.

 The country has been constantly increasing its defense expenditure over the years,
and the budget for 2019, valued at USD 44.6 billion, is its largest ever. The
increasing defense budget is expected to drive market growth during the forecast
period.

 India is striving for self-sufficiency across various sectors, including defense, by

promoting the ‘Make in India’ initiative through focused, sustained, and evolved
indigenization programs. This may provide new growth opportunities for players in
the market.
 The growth in the Indian defense market, is mainly fuelled by its ongoing rivalry
with Pakistan and the need to counter China. The need to secure strategic interests,
against the backdrop of ever increasing Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean region,
continues to fuel the indian defence expenditure.

 India shares a 3,323km land border with Pakistan, and an even longer 3,488km border
with the People's Republic of China (PRC), and has territorial disputes with both countries
over the ownership of the Northern State of Kashmir and the North Eastern State of
Arunachal Pradesh, respectively. These factors have played a crucial role in spurring
growth in Indian base defense expenditure (excluding pensions) over the historic period,
which increased from US$39.3 billion in 2016 to US$47.3 billion in 2020, reflecting a CAGR
of 4.80% over the historic period.

 The growth in defense capital expenditure is expected to be fueled by the need to stem
the erosion in the country's capabilities to counter Pakistan and China. Over the last few
years, India has consistently ranked among the leading defense importers worldwide.
Between 2014-2018, India was ranked as the second largest importer of defense
equipment, behind only Saudi Arabia. The acquisition of defense equipment is mainly
driven by the need to gain a significant technological advantage over Pakistan, while
retaining a level of strategic parity with respect to China.

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 5.3 Findings in the study

 The Indian defense market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.46% over the
forecast period.
 The Indian defense market has three major sectors: Airborne C4ISR, Multirole
aircraft and Land Based C4ISR.
 The Indian Army Modernization with an explicit emphasis on development and
induction of new wheeled armored vehicles and the Futuristic Infantry Fighting
Vehicle program will drive the Indian Army defense modernization spending.
On the other hand, the thrust to induct LCA Tejas aircraft in greater volumes
to replace the now obeselete MiG-21 aircraft will spur growth in the Indian Air
Force defense expenditure.
 DRDO is not only helping the country with its innovatives weapons for our
protection but also with the making of ventilators and other pharmateutical
equipments needed during covid which fulfilled the capacity for the patients.
 DRDO has developed many products for combating covid.
 For the growth in defence sector depends on how peacefully and mindly we
interact with our neighbouring nations , China and Pakistan.
 By the “ Make In India” project now we are the second most equipment
importer in the world.This project is not only helping defence sector but also
the other sectors also by which our exports are growing at a high rate which
leads to self sufficient nation.

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 REFERENCE
Bibliography

1. Author : Ajay lele

2. Author : Kumar , Narendra ,Dixit
3. Author : Zhong le wang
4. Author : Stephen , Evoy
5. Author : Rishab Anand
6. Author : Alford
7. Author : Schenk
8. Author : Bower
9. Author : Daspit Dsoza
10. Author : Distel
11. Author : Gavettii
12. Author : Hodgkison
13. Author : Healy
14. Author : Lichtenthaler
15. Author :Zahra
16. Author : George
17. Author : S Murthy
18. Author : P Shankar
19. Author: Risal Singh
20. Author: Mital Gupta
21. Author : H M Balkrishna
22. Author : Thomas Venghese

Webliography
1. www.azonano.com
2. www.drdo.in

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 ANNEXURE
1.Do you think Nanotechnology is good for our future generation?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Maybe

2. Do Nanotechnology is used in your company?

a) Yes
b) No

3. Given below which nanotechnology product you are aware of?

a) Surface Protection Body Armor
b) Solar panels
c) Food Products and Packaging
d) Transdermal patches

4. Do you think Nanotechology has made improvement in our countrys defence

sector?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Maybe

5. Which Organization under indian government is charged with militarys research

and development?
a) DRDO
b) ISRO
c) HAL
d) BHARAT DYNAMIC

6. Is the budget given to DRDO by Govt is sufficient for the projects? *

a) Yes
b) No
c) Maybe

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