Lecture 6 - Peak Response SDOFs and Response Spectra

Structural Dynamics
Prof. Eduardo Miranda
Nov. 20th – Dec. 16th, 2006

Rose School, Pavia, Italy
Structural Dynamics
Prof. Eduardo Miranda
6. Peak Seismic Response of SDOF systems and

Response Spectrum
Structural Dynamics 2 © Eduardo Miranda
1
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
1. To discuss how to compute the peak seismic response of SDOF.
2. To present the concept of earthquake response spectrum.
3. To present how to compute response spectra.
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS DEFINING
DEFINING A
A SDOF
SDOF SYSTEM
SYSTEM
A SDOF system can be fully defined by only two parameters:
1. The period of vibration Tn
2. The damping ratio ζ
2
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS DEFINING
DEFINING A
A SDOF
SDOF SYSTEM
SYSTEM
The period of vibration Tn is a function of two parameters:
1. The lateral stiffness of the system k
2. The mass m or the weight of the system W
1 2π m W
Tn = = = 2π = 2π
f n ωn k kg
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS DEFINING
DEFINING A
A SDOF
SDOF SYSTEM
SYSTEM
The damping ratio ζ is a function of two parameters:
1. The damping coefficient c
2. The critical damping coefficient ccr
c c c cω
ζ = = = = n
ccr 2mωn 2 km 2k
3
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS DEFINING
DEFINING A
A SDOF
SDOF SYSTEM
SYSTEM
Then, the SDOF system can be defined in various alternative ways:
1. With ζ, k and m
2. With c, k and m
3. With Tn and ζ
4. With Tn, c and ccr
5. With Tn, c and m
6. With Tn, c and k
7. With fn and ζ
8. With fn, c and ccr
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS DEFINING
DEFINING A
A SDOF
SDOF SYSTEM
SYSTEM
Then, the SDOF system can be defined in various alternative ways (cont.):
9. With fn, c and m
10. With fn, c and k

11. With ωn and ζ
12. With ωn, c and ccr
13. With ωn, c and m
14. With ωn, c and k
4
PEAK
PEAK RESPONSE
RESPONSE
For earthquake resistant design purposes, the peak values (over

time) of various response parameters r are particularly relevant.
We will be especially interested in the peak value of the
response, or for brevity, peak response, defined as the
maximum of the absolute value of the response parameter:
r0 = max r (t )
t
(Note that by definition the peak response is always positive).
PEAK
PEAK RESPONSE
RESPONSE
Peak Relative Displacement:
D = u0 = max u (t )
t
Displ. [in] Relative Displacement Time History
20.0
10.0
Tn = 2.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
NS Comp of El Centro record
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
D = 7.47 in
5
PEAK
PEAK RESPONSE
RESPONSE
Peak Relative Velocity:
V = u&0 = max u& (t )

t
Vel. [in/s]
Relative Velocity Time History
50.0
Tn = 2.0s, ζ = 0.02
25.0
0.0
-25.0 NS Comp of El Centro record
-50.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
V = 41.6 in/s
PEAK
PEAK RESPONSE
RESPONSE
Peak Absolute (total) Acceleration:
A = u&&0t = max u&&t (t ) = max u&&g (t ) + u&&(t )

t t
Accel. [in/s 2] A = 234.5 in/s2 Absolute Acceleration Time History

500.0
250.0
Tn = 2.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-250.0
-500.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
6
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
For a given earthquake ground motion, changes in the period

of vibration will produce changes in the response of the
system.
Look at Excel spreadsheet
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
20.0
10.0
Tn = 1.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
D = 5.93 in
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
20.0
10.0
Tn = 2.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
D = 7.47 in
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
Displ. [in] D = 15.53 in Relative Displacement Time History

20.0
10.0
Tn = 3.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
7
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
In general, for ground motions recorded on rock or firm soil

sites an increase in period of vibration produces an increase in
maximum relative displacement.
NOTE: The above observation is valid only on average. For a

specific record it may not be valid over the entire period range.
It also does not apply to very long periods (e.g., with periods
longer than 3 or 4 s)
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
20.0
10.0
1.0 s Tn = 1.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
1.0 s
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
20.0
10.0
2.0 s Tn = 2.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
2.0 s
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
20.0
10.0 3.0 s Tn = 3.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0 3.0 s
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
8
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
In general, for broad band such as ground motions recorded

on rock or firm soil sites the time required for an SDOF to
complete a cycle of vibration is approximately equal to the
natural period of vibration of the system.
NOTE: The above observation is not true for narrow band

earthquake ground motions such as those recorded in very
soft soil sites.
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
Accel. [in/s 2] Absolute Acceleration Time History
500.0
250.0 A = 234.5 in/s2 Tn = 1.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-250.0
-500.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
Absolute Acceleration Time History
Accel. [in/s 2]
500.0
250.0 A = 73.8 in/s2 Tn = 2.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-250.0
-500.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
Accel. [in/s 2] Absolute Acceleration Time History
500.0
Tn = 3.0s, ζ = 0.02
250.0
0.0
-250.0
A = 68.2 in/s2
-500.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
9
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
For ground motions recorded on rock or firm soil sites an

increase in period of vibration produces in general a decrease
in maximum absolute acceleration and a decrease in shear
force.
NOTE: The above observation is valid only on average. For a

specific record it may not be valid over the entire period range.
This trend is also not applicable to very short periods (smaller
than 0.4 or so).
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
20.0
10.0
Tn = 1.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t = 4.82 s TIME [s]
Relative Displacement Time History
Displ. [in]
20.0
10.0
Tn = 2.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
t = 11.20 s
20.0
10.0
Tn = 3.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
Structural Dynamics
t = 13.44 s © Eduardo Miranda
20
10
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF PERIOD
PERIOD OF
OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION
Please note that the time in which the peak relative

displacement occurs varies with changes in the period of
vibration. This means that different SDOF systems (with
different Tn) will reach its peak AT DIFFERENT TIMES during
the earthquake.
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF DAMPING
DAMPING RATIO
RATIO
For a given earthquake ground motion, changes in the

damping ratio will produce changes in the response of the
system.
Look at Excel spreadsheet
11
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF DAMPING
DAMPING RATIO
RATIO
20.0
10.0
Tn = 3.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
Displ. [in]
20.0
10.0
Tn = 3.0s, ζ = 0.05
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
D = 10.81 in
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
Displ. [in]
20.0
10.0
D = 8.54 in Tn = 3.0s, ζ = 0.10
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF DAMPING
DAMPING RATIO
RATIO
In general an increase in damping ratio will produce a

decrease in peak relative displacement.
12
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF DAMPING
DAMPING RATIO
RATIO
Accel. [in/s 2]
A = 422.1 in/s2 Absolute Acceleration Time History
500.0
250.0
Tn = 0.5 s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-250.0
-500.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Accel. [in/s 2] TIME [s]
A = 354.2 in/s2 Absolute Acceleration Time History
500.0
250.0
Tn = 0.5 s, ζ = 0.05
0.0
-250.0
-500.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Accel. [in/s 2]
A = 276.8 in/s2 TIME [s] Absolute Acceleration Time History
500.0
250.0
Tn = 0.5 s, ζ = 0.10
0.0
-250.0
-500.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF DAMPING
DAMPING RATIO
RATIO
In general an increase in damping ratio will produce a

decrease in peak absolute acceleration and also a decrease in
shear force.
13
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
A response spectrum is a plot of the peak value of a response

parameter of a SDOF system as a function of the natural
period Tn.
Response spectra are sometimes plotted as a function of the

cyclic frequency fn.
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Relative displacement response spectrum:

20.0
10.0
Tn = 1.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0 D = 5.93 in
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]
S d [in] NS Comp of El Centro record

20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
14
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
20.0
10.0
Tn = 2.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0 D = 7.47 in
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]

20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM

20.0
10.0
Tn = 3.0s, ζ = 0.02
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME [s]

20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
15
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM

ζ = 0.02
Tn = 0.05s, 0.10s, 0.15s, 0.20s, 0.25s, … 2.90s, 2.95s, 3.0s

20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Relative velocity response spectrum:

ζ = 0.02
Tn = 0.05s, 0.10s, 0.15s, 0.20s, 0.25s, … 2.90s, 2.95s, 3.0s
S v [in/s] NS Comp of El Centro record

50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
16
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Absolute (total) acceleration response spectrum:

ζ = 0.02
Tn = 0.05s, 0.10s, 0.15s, 0.20s, 0.25s, … 2.90s, 2.95s, 3.0s
S a [g] NS Comp of El Centro record

1.5
1.0
0.5
PGA
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF DAMPING
DAMPING ON
ON RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
Relative displacement response spectra:
S d [in]
18.0
ζ = 0.02
16.0
ζ = 0.05
14.0 ζ = 0.10
12.0 ζ = 0.15
10.0 ζ = 0.20
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
17
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF DAMPING
DAMPING ON
ON RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
Relative velocity response spectra:

S v [in/s]
60.0
ζ= 0.02
ζ= 0.05
50.0 ζ= 0.10
ζ= 0.15
40.0 ζ= 0.20
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF DAMPING
DAMPING ON
ON RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
Absolute (total) acceleration response spectra:
S a [g] NS Comp of El Centro record

1.50
ζ = 0.02
1.25 ζ = 0.05
ζ = 0.10
ζ = 0.15
1.00
ζ = 0.20
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
18
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
Damping reduction factors:
S d (Tn , ζ )
B=
S d (Tn ,5%)
If the damping reduction factor B is known, then the response

spectrum for any damping ratio can be obtained from the 5%
damped spectrum using
S d (Tn , ζ ) = B × S d (Tn ,5%)
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
B ζ = 0.02
2.0 ζ = 0.05
ζ = 0.10
1.8
ζ = 0.15
1.6 ζ = 0.20
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
19
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
Sd [cm]
35
30 ξ=5%
25 10%
20
20%
15 30%
50%
10
5
(a) El Centro 1940
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
PERIOD [s]
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
B
1
ξ=10%
0.8
0.6 20%
30%
0.4
50%
(b) El Centro 1940

0.2
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
PERIOD [s]
20
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
Damping reduction factors proposed by Newmark and Hall (1982)
⎧1.514 − 0.321ln(ξ ) for constant acceleration region

⎪⎪
B = ⎨1.400 − 0.248 ln(ξ ) for constant velocity region
⎪
⎪⎩1.309 − 0.194 ln(ξ ) for constant displacement region
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
Damping reduction factors proposed by Newmark and Hall (1982)
B
1.0
ξ =10%
0.8
20%
0.6
30%
40%
50%
0.4
(a) Newmark-Hall 1982

0.2
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
PERIOD [s]
21
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
Damping reduction factors proposed by Kawashima and Aizawa (1986)
1 .5
B= + 0 .5
B 40ξ + 1
1.0
ξ =10%
0.8
20%
0.6
30%
40%
50%
0.4
(b) Kawashima and Aizawa 1986

0.2
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
PERIOD [s]
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
Damping reduction factors proposed by Lin and Chang (2003)
aT 0.30
B =1− a = 1.303 + 0.436 ln(ξ )
B
(T + 1)0.65
1.0
ξ =10%
0.8
20%
0.6
30%
40%
50%
0.4
(f) Lin and Chang 2003

0.2
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
PERIOD [s]
22
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
For those interested you may read more damping reduction factors in the
following paper (optional reading):
23
DAMPING
DAMPING REDUCTION
REDUCTION FACTORS
FACTORS
For those interested you may read more damping reduction factors in the
following paper (optional reading):
EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF RECORD
RECORD PROCESSING
PROCESSING ON
ON
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
Ground motions and response spectra (seismic response of SDOF systems)

may be affected by record processing. Typically, acceleration records are
baseline corrected and filtered. Both of these may affect the response of SDOF
systems.
It is beyond the scope of this course to cover these effects but some examples
and further reading is provided in the following pages.
24
EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF RECORD
RECORD PROCESSING
PROCESSING ON
ON
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
Effects of base line correction:
EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF RECORD
RECORD PROCESSING
PROCESSING ON
ON
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
(After Boore 2001, Effect of Baseline Corrections on Displacements and Response Spectra for Several Recordings of the 1999 Chi-
Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91, 5, pp. 1199–1211, October 2001)
25
EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF RECORD
RECORD PROCESSING
PROCESSING ON
ON
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
(After Boore 2001, Effect of Baseline Corrections on Displacements and Response Spectra for Several Recordings of the 1999 Chi-
Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91, 5, pp. 1199–1211, October 2001)
EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF RECORD
RECORD PROCESSING
PROCESSING ON
ON
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
Effects of high-pass filtering:
(After Boore and Bommer 2005, Processing of strong-motion accelerograms: needs, options and consequences
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25 (2005) 93–115)
26
EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF RECORD
RECORD PROCESSING
PROCESSING ON
ON
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRA
SPECTRA
Effects of high-pass filtering:
(After Boore and Bommer 2005, Processing of strong-motion accelerograms: needs, options and consequences
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25 (2005) 93–115)
PSEUDO-VELOCITY
PSEUDO-VELOCITY RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
An approximation to the relative velocity response spectrum Sv can be

obtained from the relative displacement response spectrum as:
⎛ 2π ⎞
V = ωn S d = ωn u0 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ S d
⎝ n ⎠
T
For structures with ζ<0.1 and 0.2s<Tn<5.0s
⎛ 2π ⎞
S v ≈ ωn S d = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ S d
⎝ n ⎠
T
27
PSEUDO-ACCELERATION
PSEUDO-ACCELERATION RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
An approximation to the absolute acceleration response spectrum Sa can be

obtained from the relative displacement response spectrum as:
2
⎛ 2π ⎞
A = ω S d = ω u = ⎜⎜
2
n
2
n 0
⎟⎟ S d
⎝ Tn ⎠
For structures with ζ<0.1 and Tn<5.0s
2
⎛ 2π ⎞
S a ≈ ω S d = ⎜⎜
2
n
⎟⎟ S d
⎝ Tn ⎠
PEAK
PEAK STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE
RESPONSE FROM
FROM THE
THE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
If the relative displacement response spectrum has been computed or

is available, the maximum relative displacement of the SDOF system
can be directly read from the spectrum:
u0 = D = S d = max u (t )
t
28
PEAK
PEAK STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE
RESPONSE FROM
FROM THE
THE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
The peak equivalent static lateral force in the system (base shear) is
computed as the peak relative displacement times the lateral stiffness:
f s 0 = Vb 0 = kD = kS d
Since A = ω n S d
2
then the lateral force in the system can also be
computed as:
A
f s 0 = Vb 0 = mA = W
g
PEAK
PEAK STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE
RESPONSE FROM
FROM THE
THE
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
For structures with ζ<0.1 and Tn<5.0s
Sa
f s 0 = Vb 0 ≈ mS a = W
g
The ratio Sa/g is known as seismic coefficient or base shear

coefficient.
29
DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF LINEAR
LINEAR SDOF
SDOF SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS USING
USING
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Determine the lateral strength of a SDOF system with Tn=1.0 s and

ζ=0.02 required to maintain the system elastic under the NS
components of El Centro record. Also determine the maximum lateral
deformation of the system.
S a [g]
1.5
1.0
0.61g
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF LINEAR
LINEAR SDOF
SDOF SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS USING
USING
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
Required lateral strength:

Sa
f s 0 = Vb 0 ≈ W = 0.61W
g
Lateral displacement demand:
Tn2 (1) 2
D = Sd ≈ Sa = 0. 61(386 . 2) = 5.97 in
4π 2 4π 2
(The exact displacement demand is 5.93 in)
30
DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF LINEAR
LINEAR SDOF
SDOF SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS USING
USING
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Repeat the problem, but using the displacement spectrum
S d [in]
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
5.93 in 6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF LINEAR
LINEAR SDOF
SDOF SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS USING
USING
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Required lateral strength:
4π 2 4π 2 231.1
f s 0 = Vb 0 = mωn2 S d = m 2
S d = m 2
5.93 ≈ W = 0.606W
Tn (1) g
(using acceleration spectrum was 0.61W)
Lateral displacement demand:
D = S d = 5.93 in
(using acceleration spectrum was 5.97 in)
31
DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF LINEAR
LINEAR SDOF
SDOF SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS USING
USING
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
In general for rock and firm sites, short period structures are
subjected to high lateral forces. If lateral forces want to be kept small,
the period must be lengthen. Example if V<0.4W then T>1.2s
S a [g]
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
DESIGN
DESIGN OF
OF LINEAR
LINEAR SDOF
SDOF SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS USING
USING
RESPONSE
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
In general for rock and firm sites, short period structures are
subjected to small lateral displacements. If lateral displacements
want to be kept small, the period of vibration must be kept small. .
Example if D<7 in then T<1.5s
S d [in]
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD [s]
32

Lecture 6 - Peak Response SDOFs and Response Spectra

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Lecture 6 - Peak Response SDOFs and Response Spectra

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Structural Dynamics

Prof. Eduardo Miranda

Nov. 20th – Dec. 16th, 2006

6. Peak Seismic Response of SDOF systems and

Structural Dynamics 2 © Eduardo Miranda

1. To discuss how to compute the peak seismic response of SDOF.

2. To present the concept of earthquake response spectrum.

3. To present how to compute response spectra.

Structural Dynamics 3 © Eduardo Miranda

A SDOF system can be fully defined by only two parameters:

1. The period of vibration Tn

2. The damping ratio ζ

Structural Dynamics 4 © Eduardo Miranda

The period of vibration Tn is a function of two parameters:

1. The lateral stiffness of the system k

2. The mass m or the weight of the system W

Structural Dynamics 5 © Eduardo Miranda

The damping ratio ζ is a function of two parameters:

1. The damping coefficient c

2. The critical damping coefficient ccr

Structural Dynamics 6 © Eduardo Miranda

Then, the SDOF system can be defined in various alternative ways:

Structural Dynamics 7 © Eduardo Miranda

9. With fn, c and m

10. With fn, c and k

Structural Dynamics 8 © Eduardo Miranda

For earthquake resistant design purposes, the peak values (over

(Note that by definition the peak response is always positive).

Structural Dynamics 9 © Eduardo Miranda

Peak Relative Displacement:

Displ. [in] Relative Displacement Time History

Structural Dynamics 10 © Eduardo Miranda

Peak Relative Velocity:

V = u&0 = max u& (t )

Structural Dynamics 11 © Eduardo Miranda

Peak Absolute (total) Acceleration:

A = u&&0t = max u&&t (t ) = max u&&g (t ) + u&&(t )

Accel. [in/s 2] A = 234.5 in/s2 Absolute Acceleration Time History

Structural Dynamics 12 © Eduardo Miranda

For a given earthquake ground motion, changes in the period

Look at Excel spreadsheet

Structural Dynamics 13 © Eduardo Miranda

Displ. [in] D = 15.53 in Relative Displacement Time History

Structural Dynamics 14 © Eduardo Miranda

In general, for ground motions recorded on rock or firm soil

NOTE: The above observation is valid only on average. For a

Structural Dynamics 15 © Eduardo Miranda

Structural Dynamics 16 © Eduardo Miranda

In general, for broad band such as ground motions recorded

NOTE: The above observation is not true for narrow band

Structural Dynamics 17 © Eduardo Miranda

Structural Dynamics 18 © Eduardo Miranda

For ground motions recorded on rock or firm soil sites an

NOTE: The above observation is valid only on average. For a

Structural Dynamics 19 © Eduardo Miranda

Please note that the time in which the peak relative

Structural Dynamics 21 © Eduardo Miranda

For a given earthquake ground motion, changes in the

Look at Excel spreadsheet

Structural Dynamics 22 © Eduardo Miranda

In general an increase in damping ratio will produce a

Structural Dynamics 24 © Eduardo Miranda

In general an increase in damping ratio will produce a

Structural Dynamics 26 © Eduardo Miranda