Electromagnetism

 
This chapter is about the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, electromagnetic induction and transformer.

4.1 Force on a Current-carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

 
  Catapult field  
Resultant magnetic field produced by the interaction between the magnetic field from a current-carrying conductor and the
   
magnetic field from a permanent magnet
     
 
 In simple terms:

(Current + Magnetic field) + Magnetic field = Force + Catapult field

 
The direction of the force acting on the conductor carrying-current in the magnetic field can be determined using Fleming's left-hand
rule.

 
 

4.2 Electromagnetic Induction

 
  Electromagnetic induction  
The production of induced electric current without the use of any source of electricity by making relative motion between
conductors or magnets.

This causes a magnetic flux change in the conductor.

   
Electromagnetic induction also causes kinetic energy changes to electrical energy.

It is produced in a straight wire or solenoid.

     
 
The induced current production is summarized as follows:

1. Voltage is generated when a straight wire is moved across a magnetic field on a permanent magnet or a permanent magnet is
moved in a solenoid.
2. If the voltage is generated, then the induced current will also be generated.
3. The existence of induced currents can be proven by the movement of the needle deflection on the galvanometer.

 
 In simple terms:

Force + Magnetic field = Induced current

The direction of the induced current flow can be determined by Fleming's right-hand rule.

 
The laws that are used in the concept of electromagnetic induction are Faraday's law and Lenz's law.

 
  Faraday's Law  
The magnitude of the electromotive force (e.m.f) is directly proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic flux.
   
The more and faster the magnetic field is “cut off,” the more current is generated.

     
 
  Lenz's Law  
  The resulting induction current is always flowing in the direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it.  
     
 
 

When the north pole of the magnet approaches the solenoid, the solenoid will reject the magnet.

To reject the north pole, the magnetic field on the solenoid becomes the north pole.

When the north pole of the magnet is away from the solenoid, the solenoid will turn to the south pole to retract the magnet.

As the poles change, the direction of the current also changes.

 
 

4.3 Transformer

 
  Transformer  
  A tool that can increase or decrease the capacity of the alternating current supply.  
     
 
 
There are two types of transformers which are step-up transformer and step-down transformer.

 
1. Step-up transformer
Increase the potential difference or voltage.

Vs > Vp , Ns > Np  , Is < Ip

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

 
2. Step-down transformer
Lower the potential difference or voltage.
 Vs < Vp , Ns < Np , Is > Ip
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

 
  Transformer formula  
Vs Ns
  = , where V = voltage and N = number of turns  
​ ​

​ ​

Vp Np
​ ​

     
 
  Ideal transformer  
A tool used to efficiently convert the input power to the output power without any heat loss to the environment.
   
It has 100% efficiency.

     
 
  Formula  
Output power = Input power
Ps = Pp ​

​
​

Vs  Is = Vp  Ip ,
​ ​ ​

  Output power  
Efficiency = × 100%
Input power
​

Vs  Is ​

= × 100%.
​ ​

Vp  Ip
​

​ ​

     
 

Chapter : Electromagnetism
Topic : Magnetic Effect of a Current-Carrying Conductor
Form 5
Physics

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