K^_KXAKIGAD I` 8Krr`r=
8Krr`r= Xkckrkigk s`urgk i`t c`uif
C[KX]D KJÁGVXAGD

C[KX]D KJÁGVXAGD
 Fadzerdidf`s, vdjkrad. Aie.Gavaj.

 Casagd fk gdlp`s , Erup` 488>;, [iavkrsafdf fk jd G`std.

 
 Drldif` fk Mksus Qdigk
Qdigk @rgdsatds
 _KIFAKIVK CKNGD FK XKDJA]DGA@I
XKDJA]DGA@I FK K^_KXALKIV@
K^_KXALKIV@

XKW[LKI

Ki kstk aic`rlk sk jjkvdrd d gdh` kj dprkifazdmk fk g`l` trdhdmd y kj saeiacagdf` fk j` quk sk g`i`gk g`l`
cukrzd kjágtragd, kst` sugkfkrd p`r lkfa` fk f`s kxpkralkit`s quk dyufdrdi d j`s aitkerditks fkj erup` d
vkr lds prdgtagdlkitk fk quk c`rld sk pukfk kvafkigadr jd cukrzd kjágtragd jd gudj takik rkjdga÷i g`i jd jky
fk g`uj`lh
s`ctwdrk qukyl`strdrä
jds gdreds
jdskjágtragds,
fackrkitkssdhakif` qukquk
satudga`iks jd tágiagd fk j`s kxpkrakit`s
jd pr`hjklätagd skrd fk pjditkd.
fkj kxpkralkit` c`rld vartudj p`r ui

 _djdhrds gjdvks= C ukrzd
ukrzd kjágtragd, jky fk g`uj`lh, gdreds kjágtragds.

DHWVXDGV

Ai tnas rkp`rt, tnk jkdriaie `c n`w at w`rbs dif tnk lkdiaie `c wndt as bi`wi ds kjkgtrag c`rgk wajj hk
gdrrakf `ut, tnas wajj ndppki tnr`uen tw` kxpkralkits tndt wajj nkjp tnk lklhkrs `c tnk er`up t` skk l`rk
 prdgtagdjjy n`w tnk c`rgk gdi hk kvafkigkf wnagn as rkjdtkf t` g`uj`lh's jdw dif kjkgtrag gndreks,
bi`waie tndt tnk kxpkralkit tkgniaquk wajj hk f`ik ai d vartudj wdy hy d s`ctwdrk tndt wajj sn`w tnk
facckrkit satudta`is tndt tnk pr`hjkl `c tnk kxpkralkit p`sks.

 Bkyw`rfs= kjkgtrag c`rgk, g`uj`lh's jdw, kjkgtrag gndreks..

4. AI
AIVX
VX@F
@F[G
[GG
GA×
A×I
I
8. LD
LDX
XG@ VK
VK×X
×XAAG@
ki ks kstd
td skeu
skeuif
ifdd kx kxpk
pkra
raki
kiga
gadd sk ks kstu
tufa
fadr
drää
lkfadi
lkf aditktk kxp
kxpkra
kralki
lkit`s
t`s sal
salujd
ujdf`s
f`s sa jds trks
trks Ki jd cìsagd fk gdlp`s kxastks vdrads rdlds quk
vdradhjks quk s`i gdred 4, gdred 8 y fastdigad g`istatuyki t`fds jds tkldtagds rkjdga`idfds g`i
gulp
gulpjk jkii g`g`ii j` j`ss rkq
rkqua
uassat
at`s
`s qu qukk s`i j` j`ss gdreds,gdlp`s kjkgtrag`s, y kitrk `trds g`sds.
lkgdia
lkg diasl`
sl`ss fk kjk kjkgtr
gtrazd
azdga÷
ga÷ii pdrpdrdd c`r
c`rldr
ldr jd [id fk kstds rdlds ks jd cukrzd kjkgtragd jd gudj
cukrzd
cukrzd kjá kjágtr
gtragd
agd,, tdl
tdlhak
hakii ki kst kstkk ai
aic`r
c`rlk
lk sk takik ui l`fuj` quk fkpkifk fkj vdj`r fk jds
rkdjazdrä kj ndjjdze` fk prkeuitds pjditkdfds g`i gdreds y jd fastdigad quk kstds tkiedi kitrk
kj f`gkitk quk dyufdräi dj kstufaditk d ldikmdr  kjjds,sdhakfi` quk jds dreds fk fastait` saei` sk
g`i lds cjuafkz kj tkld pjditkdf`. dtrdki y jds gdreds fk
fk aeudj saei` sk rkpkjki.
 

K^_KXAKIGAD I` 8 Krr`r= Xkckrkigk s`urgk i`t c`uif

C[KX]D KJÁGVXAGD

_drd kig`itrdr kstd cukrzd, yd quk kstd cukrzd ks 6.4

gdjgujdhjk, sk ikgksatd sdhkr tdlhaki dgkrgd fk jd
jky fk g`uj`lh y kj saeiacagdf` fk gdreds 6?
kjkgtragd, pukst` quk sai kjjds i` sk p`frad 7;
c(x) < 7.3 x ∘ ?
kig`itrdr g`i cdgajafdf jd cukrzd kjkgtragd. 7?
8;
    )
   I
    (
Jd jky fk g`uj`lh fagk quk ‚Jd‚Jd cukrzd fk    C
8?
4;
dtrdgga÷i ` rkpujsa÷i kitrk f`s gdreds puitudjks 4?
ks farkgtdlkitk pr`p`rga`idj dj pr`fugt` fk jds ;
?
f`s gdreds k aivkrsdlkitk pr`p`rga`idj dj ? 8 6 3 > 4? 48
gudfrdf` fk jd fastdigad kitrk kjjds.“.Q jds q8 (»G)
gdreds kjkgtragds dj aeudj quk jd ldsd s`i uid
 pr`pakfdf cuifdlkitdj
cuifdlkitdj quk g`istatuyk d jd
6.8
ldtkrad jd gudj kstä rkjdga`idfd g`i pdrtagujds
fkj dt`l` yd skdi kj kjkgtr÷i, kj pr`t÷i y kj
ikutr÷i2 kst`s g`igkpt`s i`s dyufdrdi d 8;??

kitkifkr lugn` lkm`r jd pdrtk tk`ragd fk kstk 8??? c(x) < ?.1 xY-8
aic`rlk y dsa p`fkr rkdjazdr y kitkifkr g`i lds     )
4;??
cdgajafdf jd pdrtk prägtagd.    I
    (
4???
   C

;??
7. LKV@F@J@EÌ
EÌD
D ?
   4    ?
   ?    8    ?
   7    ?  6    ?
   ;    ?
   3    ?
   5    ?
   >    ?
   1    4    4
 .    4
   ? .    ? .    ? .    ? .    ? .    ? .    ? .    ? .    ? .    ?    ? .
r (l)
Kstk kxpkralkit` sk jjkv` d gdh` p`r lkfa` fk
salujdf`r wkh ki f`ifk sk p`frdi salujdr j`s
H@XXDF@X

l`vala
l`v alakit
kit`s
`s quk jd pr`
pr`hjk
hjklät
lätagd
agd aif
aifagd
agd y sk
 p`frdi ndgkr jds fackrkitks lkfagds quk jd 6.7
aic`rl
aic`rldga
dga`i
`i fk jd kxp
kxpkra
krakig
kigad
ad aif
aifagd
agd,, ki kst
kstkk
8;??
kig`itrdrk
kig`i trdrkl`s
l`s trks vdradhjks pdrd erdfu
erdfudrdr jds
8??? c(x) < ?.1 x ∘ ?
gudjks skrdi=
    ) 4;??
 gdred 4    I
    (
4???
   C



gdred 8
fastdigad
;??
?
? ;?? 4??? 4
4;?? 8??? 8;?? 7???
kstds skrdi jds vdradhjks quk sk utajazdrdi pdrd jd 8
( l)
.
kjdv
kjdv`j
`jdr
drag
ag`i
`i fk jd jdss fafacr
crki
kitk
tkss pr
pr`h
`hjk
jkld
ldtatagd
gdss
grkdfds p`r kj f`gkitk jds gudjks dyufdräi d j`s
kstufaditk
kstuf aditkss d ndjj
ndjjdr
dr kj rksujtdf`
rksujtdf` quk sk kstal
kstaldd y 6.6
8
kspkrd, juke` fk `htkikr j`s rksujtdf`s kst`s sk   C ∕r
 B <
 p`ifrdi pralkrdlkitk ki jd tdhjd pr`pukstd, q 4∕q 8
fkspuks sk tkifrd quk grkdr p`r lkfa` fk kst`s Dj rkklpjdzdr j`s fdt`s `htkiaf`s ki kj
rksu
rk sujt
jtdf
df`s
`s ui er erdc
dcag
ag`` y pd pdrd
rd ca
caid
idja
jazd
zdrr sk puit` 4=
∘3
rksp`ifkrdi djeudis prkeuitds quk `htkifrkl`s q 4 <4∕4? G 
 p`r lkfa`
l kfa` fk kj pr`gkfalakit` rkdjazdf` p`r j`s q 8 <4∕4? G 
∘ 3

aitkerditks fk kj erup` kxpkralkitdj. r <?,?; l

 C <7,;1; I 
6. XKW[JVDF@W
 
 

K^_KXAKIGAD I` 8 Krr`r= Xkckrkigk s`urgk i`t c`uif

C[KX]D KJÁGVXAGD

  7,;1; I ∕( ?,?; l )
8
 p`fkl`s afkitacagdr sa s`i fk lasld ` fackrkitk
 B < < >,1>∕4? 1 G  gdred,
gdred, `hskrvdi
`hskrvdif`f` sa sk dtrdtrdki
dki ` sk rkp
rkpkjk
kjki.
i.
( 4∕4?∘ G )∕( 4∕4?∘ G )
3 3

Juke
Ju ke`` di
didj
djaz
azdl
dl`s`s jdjdss er
erdc
dcag
agds
ds qu
qukk pu
pukf
kfkk
kstdhjkgkr y vkracagdr jd jky fk g`uj`lh. Dj aeudj
quk p`fkl`s rkdcarldr jd tk`rìd quk fagk quk jd

kjkgtr`kstätagd
ki rkp`s`. kstd kic`gdfd ki gdreds puitudjks

;. DI
DIÄJ
ÄJAW
AWAW
AW FK XK
XKW[
W[JV
JVDF
DF@W
@W
5. XKCKXKIGADW
Ki jd eräcagd 6.4 sk pukfk i`tdr quk lakitrds quk
jd gdred 8 dulkitd, jd cukrzd kjágtragd tdlhaái j`
 R GAVDVA@I skr?1 Zj 7?>8 \
ndgk. Kst` quakrk fkgar quk dlhds vdradhjks s`i
 R GAVDVA@I Waj Zj 7?>8 \
farkgtdlkitk pr`p`rga`idjks, tdlhaái sk pukfk
derk
de rked
edrr qu
qukk fk
fkha
haf`
f` d jd c`c`rl
rldd cì
cìsa
sagd
gd fk jd  nttp=//www.
nttp=//www.ktatufkjd
ktatufkjd.g`l/Kjk
.g`l/Kjkgtr`tkgi
gtr`tkgiad/
ad/
 pkifakitk sk pukfk dcarldr quk su dulkit` ks fk f`wij`dfs/gdpatuj`4.pfc 
c`rld jaikdj.  nttp=//fkp
nttp=//fkpd.cqual.
d.cqual.uidl.lx/
uidl.lx/dlyf/drg
dlyf/drgnav
nav
kr`/Kjkgtr`stdtagdP7865.pfc 

Ki ks kstd
td erdrdca
cagd
gd 6.8 sk pu puf`
f` `h
`hsk
skrv
rvdr
dr ququkk nttps=//kst
nttps=//kstufas.uah.
ufas.uah.gdt/faeat
gdt/faeatdjDsskts/81
djDsskts/816/
6/
lakitrds jd fastdigad quk skpdrd jds f`s gdreds 816661P>.pfc 
dulki
dul kitd,
td, jd cukcukrzd
rzd kjá
kjágtr
gtragd
agd fas
faslai
laiuyk
uyk.. Kst
Kst``  Hdrg` Xì`s, N., & X`mds Gdjfkr÷i, K.
qua
uakkrk fkfkga
garr quk ks kstd
tdss f`
f`ss vdrdraadh
dhjk
jkss s`
s`ii Jky fk G`uj`lh y salujdga÷i fk
trdykgt`rads fk pdrtìgujds gdredfds ki
aivkrsdlkitk pr`p`rga`idjks.
pr`p`rga`idjks. Q fdfd jd c`rld fk H@XXDF@X

gdlp`s kjágtrag`s
jd pkifakitk sk pukfk fkgar quk su faslaiuga÷i kstdga`idra`s. Fkpdrtdlkit` fk Cìsagd y 
ks fk ldikrd p`tkigadj. Tuìlagd.
Ki jd eräcagd 6.7 j`erdl`s i`tdr quk lakitrds jd  H`naeds, ^., & _krade`, L. G. (8?4?).
aivkrsd fk jd fastdigad dj gudfrdf` dulkitd, jd L`fkj`s lkitdjks djtkridtav`s fk j`s
djuli`s fk skeuif` gurs` fk Aiekiakrìd
cukr
cukrzd
zd kjkjág
ágtr
trag
agdd td
tdlh
lhaá
aáii j` nd ndgk
gk.. G`G`ii ks
kst`
t` s`hrk jd Jky fk G`uj`lh y kj Gdlp`
 p`fkl`s dcarldr quk dlhds vdradhjks s`i Kjágtrag`. Xkvastd kjkgtr÷iagd fk
farkgt
farkgtdlk
dlkitk
itk pr`
pr`p`r
p`rga`
ga`idj
idjks,
ks, fdf
fdf`` quk ki jd aivkstaedga÷i kfugdtavd, 48 (4),
(4), 4-4;.
eräcag
eräcagdd td
tdlh
lhaá
aáii sk pupukf
kfkk `h
`hsk
skrv
rvdr
dr qu
qukk su 
fk G`uj`lh, J. Gdlp`
kjágtrag`. Aitkisafdf fk gdlp` kjágtrag`.
dulkit` ks fk ldikrd p`tkigadj.
_`tkigadj kjágtrag`. Fackrkigad fk
Juke` fk didjazdr jds tdhjds sk puf` kstdhjkgkr y  p`tkigadj .
vkracagdr jd Jky fk G`uj`lh, kstd lasld cuk  JKQ, L. C. K., & G@[J@LH, F. CÌWAGD
lkiga`idf
lkiga `idfdd ditk
ditkra`rl
ra`rlkitk.
kitk. Vdlh
Vdlhaái
aái pufa
pufal`s
l`s AA.
g`lpr`hdr quk kj kstufa` fk jd kjkgtr`kstätagd  Gdrj`s, M., & Vkrksd, L. (8?4>). Garguat`s
kstä kic`gdf` ki gdreds puitudjks ki rkp`s`. kjkgtrag`s.

3. G@
G@I
IGJ[
J[WA
WA@I
@IKW
KW
>. DIK^@W
Lkfadi
Lkfa ditk
tk j`j`ss rk
rksu
sujt
jtdf
df`s
`s `h
`htk
tkia
iaf`
f`ss fk jd
kxpk
kxpkra
raki
kiga
gadd j`
j`er
erdl
dl`s
`s fk
fktk
tkrl
rlai
aidr
dr qu
qukk ki ui
gukrp` kxastki f`s gdreds fk fackrkitk tap` quk
s`i p`satavds ` ikedtavds, sa i` sk sdhk fk quk
tap` ks su gdred g`i jd aitkrdgga÷i fk dlh`s
 

K^_KXAKIGAD I` 8 Krr`r= Xkckrkigk s`urgk i`t c`uif

C[KX]D KJÁGVXAGD

H@XXDF@X