ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY

DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
ENGR.
ENGR.KEVIN
KEVINPAOLO
PAOLO
V. V.
ROBLES
ROBLES
3.1 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES

A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if,

initially at rest, it remains at rest when subjected to a
system of forces and couples. If a structure is in
equilibrium, then all its members and parts are also in
equilibrium.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.1 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
Recall from statics that for a space (three-dimensional) structure subjected to three-
dimensional systems of forces and couples, the conditions of zero resultant force and
zero resultant couple can be expressed in a Cartesian xyz coordinate system as,

These six equations are called the equations of equilibrium of space structure.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.1 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
For a plane structure lying in the xy plane and subjected to a co- planar system of
forces and couples , the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium can be
expressed as

These three equations are referred to as the equations of equilibrium of plane

structures.
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.1 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
Concurrent Force System
When a structure is in equilibrium under the action of a concurrent force system—
that is, the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a single point — the moment
equilibrium equations are automatically satisfied, the force equilibrium equations
need to be considered.
For a space structure,

For a plane structure,

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.2 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES
External Forces
External forces are the actions of other bodies on the structure under
consideration.

Applied forces, usually referred to as loads (e.g., live loads and wind loads), have a
tendency to move the structure and are usually known in the analysis.

Reaction forces, or reactions, are the forces exerted by supports on the structure
and have a tendency to prevent its motion and keep it in equilibrium.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.2 EXTERNAL
s first necessary to draw a AND INTERNAL FORCES
ers. If a member is selected,
roundings and its outlined
Internal Forces
nts must be shown that act
actionsInternal forces are
at the supports canthe forces and couples exerted on a member or por-tion of the
structure
hat forces commonby the rest of the structure. These forces develop within the structure
to two
ppositeanddirections
hold the on the portions of it together. The internal forces always occur in
various
s. equal but opposite pairs, because each member or portion exerts back on the rest
nt in aofmember are tothe
the structure besame forces acting upon it but in opposite directions, according
used. to
This requiresthird
Newton’s that law.
a Because the internal forces cancel each other, they do not
x
e axis of the member at the
appear in the equations of equilibrium of the entire structure. The internal forces
determined.
are alsoAamong
free-body
the unknowns in the analysis and are determined by applying the
r is isolated and the
equations internal
of equilibrium to the individual members or portions of the structure.
s of equilibrium applied to
M M V
s acting at the section will
nd bending moment M, as
N N
V
are used to determine the
internal loadings THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
ternal loadings in structural MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
nnections. Structural membersmembers aretogether
are joined assumedinto be pin connected, since bolting or nailing them
will not
Thesufficiently restrain them from rotating with respect to each other.
3.3 SUPPORTS FOR PLANE SURFACES
epending on the intent of the designer. three types of
hat the deck of this concrete bridge is Idealized models andused in structural analysis that represent pinned and
n specified are the pin connection, the roller support,
o that one section can be considered fixed supports and pin-connected and fixed-connected joints are shown
A pin-connected weld
upported on the otherjoint and a roller support allow some
section.
in Figs.
ht rotation, whereas a fixed joint allows 2–3a and
no relative 2–3b. In reality, however, all connections exhibit some
rotation
Supports are used to attach structures to the ground or other bodies, thereby
nnected members and is consequently stiffness
more toward jointto
expensive rotations, owing to friction and material behavior. stiffeners
In thisand
case a more are appropriate model for a support or joint might be
restricting their movements under the action of applied loads. The loads tend to move
ples of these joints, fashioned in metal concrete,
2–1 and 2–2, respectively. For mostthat shown the If the torsional spring constant k = 0, the joint is
in Fig. 2–3c.
k: q
timber structures,
the structures; but supports prevent the movements by exerting opposing forces, or
sumed to be pin connected, since aboltingpin, andor ifnailing , the joint is fixed.
them
weld

reactions, to neutralize the effects of loads, thereby keeping the structures in

ntly restrain them from rotating with respect to each other. typical “pin-supported” connection (metal) typical “fixed-supported” connection (metal)
(a) (b)
dels used in structural analysis that represent pinned and
equilibrium.
and pin-connected and fixed-connected joints are shown Fig. 2–1
d 2–3b. In reality, however, all connections exhibit some
weld
d joint rotations, owing to friction and material behavior.
more appropriate model for a support or joint might be
ig. 2–3c. If the torsional spring constant k = 0, the joint is stiffeners
: q , the joint is fixed.
weld

typical “pin-supported” connection (metal) typical “fixed-supported” connection (metal)

(a) (b)
weld
Fig. 2–1

stiffeners
typical “roller-supported” connection (concrete) typical “fixed-supported” connection (concrete)
(a) (b)
weld
Fig. 2–2
n (metal) typical “fixed-supported” connection (metal)
(b) THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.3 SUPPORTS FOR PLANE SURFACES

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.3 SUPPORTS FOR PLANE SURFACES

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.3 SUPPORTS FOR PLANE SURFACES

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.4 DETERMINACY
Determinacy describes the complexity of analysis to determine the reactions.
The equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and sufficient conditions for
equilibrium. When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from these
equations, the structure is referred to as statically determinate.

Structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations are
called statically indeterminate.

Degree of Indeterminacy, i :
where: r = number of unknowns
i=r–e-c e = equilibrium equations
c = conditions

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 total number of unknown reactive force and moment components with
the
3.4total number of available equilibrium equations.* For a coplanar
DETERMINACY
structure there are at most three equilibrium equations for each part, so
For that
a beams andis pin-connected
if there coplanar
a total of n parts and structures,
r force and there are atreaction
moment most three
equilibrium equations
components, for each part, so that if there is a total of n parts and r force and
we have
moment reaction components, we have

r = 3n, statically determinate

(2–3)
r 7 3n, statically indeterminate

i = r - 3n, degree of indeterminacy

In particular, if a structure is statically indeterminate, the additional
equations needed to solve for the unknown reactions are obtained by
relating the applied loads and reactions to the displacement or slope at
different points on the structure. These equations, which are referred to
as compatibility equations, must be equal in number to the degree of
indeterminacy of the structure. Compatibility THEORYequations involve
OF STRUCTURES thePaolo V. Robles
1 | Engr. Kevin
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
mber that
must
esulting inbethese cases,
shown
classifications
(a) inthe
are unknown
equal reactive forces
but opposite
indicated. pairs. acting between each
The free-body (b)
member must be shown in equal but opposite= 3n pairs. The3n,free-body r = 3, Ans.
rams
= 3, n of
r = each
3.4 DETERMINACY
3, n = member
1, 3 = 3112
= 1, 3 = 3112
lting diagrams(a) of(a)
classifications each
are shown.
member
are indicated.
Applying rStatically
Statically or
determinate r 7
determinate
are shown. Applying r = 3n or r 7 3n, the
the Ans. n = 1, 3 = 3112
r = 5, n = 1, 5 7 3112
resulting classifications are indicated.
r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3112 Ans.
StaticallyStatically determinate Ans.
Classify each of the beams shown in as statically
= 3, n = 1, 3 = 3112 determinate
determinate or (b)statically
indeterminate.
(a)
(a) (a)
r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3112 Statically determinate r = 5, Ans.
n = 1, 5 7 3112
= 3, n = 1, 3 = 3112 (b) Statically determinate = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3112
rAns.
(b)
(a)
r = 5, n = 1, 5(a)7 3112 Statically indeterminate to the second degree
Statically
Ans.
determinate
(b)
= 5, n = 1, 5 7 3112 (b)
(b)
Statically indeterminate to the second degree Ans. (c)
, n = r1,=3 3,= n3112
= 1, 3 = 3112 Statically determinate
Statically determinate Ans.
Ans.
r = 5, Ans.
n = 1, 5 7 3112
= 5, n r==1,5,5n7=3112
1, 5 7 3112 StaticallyStatically indeterminate
indeterminate to the degree
to the second second degree Ans.
r = 6, n = indeterminate
Statically 2, 6 = 3122 to
(b)
(b) the second degree
(c)
r = 5, n = 1, 5 7 3112 Statically indeterminate to the second degree Ans. (b)
= 5, n = 1, 5 7 3112 (c) Statically indeterminate to the second degree Ans.
(c)
= 5,
rr = 6, n
n== 1, = 3122
2, 56 7 3112
(b)
r = (b)
6, n = 2, 6 (c)
= 3122 Statically determinate Ans.
= 6, n = 2, 6 (c)= 3122 Statically determinate Statically determinate
Ans.
r = 5, n = 1, 5 7 3112
, n = 1, 5 7 3112
Statically indeterminate to the second degree
Statically indeterminate to the second degree Ans.Ans. (d)
(c)
= 6, n r==2,6,6n==3122
2, 6 = 3122 StaticallyStatically determinate
determinate Ans. Ans.
(c) r = 10, n = 3, 10 7 3132
r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3122
(c) Statically indeterminate to
n = 2, (d)
r = 6,(d) 6 = 3122 Statically determinate the first degree
Ans. (d)
= 6, n = 2, 6 = 3122 Statically determinate Ans.
r = 10, n = 3, 10 7 3132
= 10, n = 3, 10 7 3132
Statically indeterminate to the first degree
Statically indeterminate to the first degree Ans. Ans. (c)
(c)
(d) r = 10, n = 3, 10 7 3132
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
(d)
(c) Fig. 2–19 MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 r = 7, n = 2, 7 7 6
assification
r 7 3n, theofresulting
pin-connected structures
classifications The
are is free-body
SOLUTION
similar
indicated. diagrams
to that of beams. of the members or r
are
Statically 7
shown.3n, the
Applying
indeterminate resulting
r = 3n classifications
to the first ar
3.4 DETERMINACY
SOLUTION r = nis =similar
2, 7 7
are7,indicated. to 6that of beams.
eOLUTION
free-body diagrams of the members are or r 7 3n,Applying
the resulting
Classification
shown. classifications
of pin-connected
r = 3n structures
Classification of pin-connected degreeis similar to that of beams. Ans.
Classification of pin-connected
r 7 3n, the resulting structures
classifications isThe
similar
are indicated. (a)to that
free-body of beams.
diagrams of thestructures
members are indeterminate
Statically shown. Applyingtor the = 3nfirst
The
The free-body diagrams of the members areorshown. free-body diagrams
Applying of
r = 3n the members are shown. Applying r = 3n
Classify each of the pin-connected
r 7 3n,
r 7 3n,
the resulting
structures
classifications
shown
are indicated.
degree in as statically determinate Ans. or
r r 7 3n, the resulting classifications areorindicated. (a)the resulting classifications are indicated.
statically indeterminate.
7, n = 2, 7 7 6
cally indeterminate to the first r = 7, n = 2, 7 7 6
een = 2, 7 7 6 Ans. Statically indeterminate to the first r = 7, n = 2, 7 7 6
ally indeterminate to the
(a) first
degree Ans.
r = 7, n = 2, 7 7 6
r =Statically
7, n = 2,indeterminate
7 7 6
Statically indeterminate to the first
e7, n = 2, 7 7 6 Ans. to the first
ically indeterminate to the Statically indeterminate
degree (a) to the first Ans. degree Ans.
(a)first degree Ans.
ree (a) Ans.
r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9,
(b) Statically determinate Ans.
r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9,
9, n = 3, 9 = 9,
(b) Statically determinate Ans.
cally determinate Ans. r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9,
n = 3, 9 = 9, (b) Statically determinate Ans.
ally determinate Ans. r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9,
9, n = 3, 9 = 9, r =Statically
9, n = 3,determinate
9 = 9, Ans.
(b)
ically determinate (b) Ans. Statically determinate Ans.
r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 9,
10, n = 2, 10 7 6, (b) Statically
r = 10, n determinate
= 2, 10 7 6, Ans.
cally indeterminate to the fourth r = 10, n = 2, 10 7 6, Statically indeterminate to the fourth
Ans. r = 10, n = 2, 10 7 6,
ee
0, n = 2, 10 7 6, Statically indeterminate to the fourth
Ans. degree Ans.
ally indeterminate to the
(c)fourth r = 10, n =(c)
degree
2, 10 7 6, Statically indeterminate to the fourth
e10, n = 2, 10 7 6, Ans. r =Statically
10, n = indeterminate
2, 10 7 6, to the fourth degree Ans.
ically indeterminate to the fourth Statically
degree (c)
indeterminate to the fourth
Ans. THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
(c) degree Ans.
ree (c) Ans. MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 3.4 DETERMINACY
For rigid frames
where: r = number of unknowns
i = r +3m – 3j – c m = number of members
j = number of joints
c = conditions

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 thi
through the loop is required, since once
equationscan the
of thenunknowns
equilibrium.
be foundAusing
at
secondthe example of sections
this is shown
and thein
Stati
e A D members method of
n 3.4 DETERMINACY
tion are determined, the internal forces
Fig. at
2–21b. 2 any
Althoughpoint thein the
frame
equations of equilibrium. A second example in r
Fig. = 9,
2–21c n = 2,
has 9 7
no 6,
closed
Staticallyofindeterminate
this is shown loops
in
to the
third

rs can
2.4 then beAND
DETERMINACY found using the Fig.
STABILITY method
5we1 2–21b. ofAlthough
can use sections
this same the and
method, the
frame using vertical
in Fig. 2–21c
third
sections,
has notoclosed
degree
classifyloops
it. For
Ans.
ns ofClassify each of
equilibrium. A the pin-connected
second this
example case
we can use structures
we
ofthis can
this
samealso shown
just
is method,
shown drawin invertical
its
using as statically
complete sections, todeterminate
free-body diagram. For or
The
classify it.(c)
(a)
frame in Fig.this resulting
case has
weclassifications
can
no also justare
drawindicated in eachfree-body
its complete figure. diagram. The
statically the
21b. Although indeterminate. 2–21c closed loops (This frame has no closed loop
(a) resulting classifications
use this same method, using vertical sections, to classify it. For are indicated in each figure.
us
ely we can also Bjust draw Cits complete free-body diagram. The
gde,classifications are indicated in each figure.
ps
re A D
any 2
r
” S
(c) r =
e s
Sta
(This frame has(c)no closed loops.)
e (a) six
us
at (This frame has no closed loops.)
ed r = 9, n = 2, 9 7 6, r = 18, n = 3, 18 7 9, r = 9, n = 1, 9 7 3,
e Statically indeterminate to the
ps Statically indeterminate to the Statically indeterminate to the
e Ans. ninth degree
(c)
Ans. sixth degree Ans.
fy third degree
n
t” (a) (This frame has no (b) closed loops.)
s Fig. 2–21
re
or
ne
at
e
r = 9, n = 2, 9 7 6, r = 18, n = 3, 18 7 9, THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Roblesr =
he Statically indeterminate to the
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological EngineeringStat
 3.5 STABILITY
To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not only necessary to
satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held or
constrained by their supports.

A structure is considered to be internally stable, or rigid, if it maintains its shape and

remains a rigid body when detached from the supports.

A structure is termed internally unstable (or nonrigid) if it cannot maintain its shape
and may undergo large displacements under small disturbances when not supported
externally.

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.5 STABILITY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
3.5 STABILITY

THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles

MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 lines of action of the reactive forces intersect at a common point or are
STABILITY
3.5 parallel to one another. If the structure consists of several members or
components, local instability of one or several of these members can
generally
In general, then, abestructure
determined
will by
be inspection. If the
geometrically members formis,a itcollapsible
unstable—that will move slightly
mechanism,
or collapse—if therethearestructure will beforces
fewer reactive unstable.
thanWe will nowofformalize
equations equilibrium;these
or if there
statements for a coplanar structure having n members or components
are enough reactions, instability will occur if the lines of action of the reactive forces
with r unknown reactions. Since three equilibrium equations are available
intersect at a common point or are parallel to one another.
for each member or component, we have

r 6 3n unstable
r Ú 3n unstable if member reactions are
(2–4)
concurrent or parallel or some of the
components form a collapsible mechanism

If the structure is unstable, it does not matter if it is statically

If the structure is unstable, it does not matter if it is statically determinate or
determinate or indeterminate. In all cases such types of structures must
indeterminate. In all cases such types of structures must be avoided in practice.
be avoided in practice.
The following examples illustrate how structures or their members can
be classified as stable or unstable. Structures in the form
THEORY of a truss
OF STRUCTURES willKevin Paolo V. Robles
1 | Engr.
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
 MA when the reactive forces are all parallel. An example of this case is shown

3.5 STABILITY
in Fig. 2–24. Here when an inclined force P is applied, the summation of
FA
forces in the horizontal direction will not equal zero.
partial constraints

Fig. 2–22 O O

A B C

FA FC
d d

P P FB

concurrent reactions

Fig. 2–23

P P

A B C
FA FB FC

parallel reactions

Fig. 2–24
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
7 SOLUTION are assumed (a) to be known. A
The member is stable since the reactions are nonconcurrent and
The structures are classified as indicated. Fig. 2–25
3.4 STABILITY
nonparallel. It isThe member
also statically is stable since the reactions
determinate. Ans. are
Classify each SOLUTION
of the structures in Fig. 2–25a through 2–25d as stable or (a)
B
unstable. The structures are subjected to arbitrary external loads that nonparallel. It2–25
Fig. is also statically
B determinate.
The The structures
member
are assumed to be known.
is are
stable classified
since the as indicated.
reactions are nonconcurrent and
A
nonparallel. It is also statically determinate. The memberAns. is stable since the reactions are nonconcurrent and
SOLUTION B nonparallel. It (b)
is also statically determinate. Ans.
A A
The structures are classified as indicated.
The member is unstable since the three rea
(a) B
A A B
B
Fig. 2–25

The member is stable since the reactions are nonconcurrent and (b) B
A A C
nonparallel.
A It is also statically determinate. Ans. The member is unstable since the threeBreactions are concurrent at B.
B
B Ans.
(a) (a) B B
(c)
A Fig. 2–25 (b) B (b)
Fig. 2–25 A
The Cbeam is unstable since the three reacti
The member is stable (b)since the reactions are nonconcurrent and The member
The member is unstable is unstable
since the three reactionssince the three
are concurrent reaction
at B.
(c) Ans.
nonparallel. It is also statically determinate. Ans.
The Themembermember is is stable
unstable since since
the the
three reactions
reactions arebeam
nonconcurrent
are concurrent
The is at andreactions are all parallel. Ans.
B.B since the three
unstable
B
nonparallel. It is also statically B determinate. A Ans. C Ans. B
A A C
(b)
(c) B
B A
The memberA is unstable since the three reactions
C are concurrent at B. The beam
B is unstable since the three reactions
(c) are all parallel. Ans.
Ans. A
A
B
B (c) B The beam is unstable since
D the three reactions ar
A C D C
The
(b) C
beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel.
B Ans. (d)
(c) A (d)
The member is unstable since the three reactions are concurrent at B.
Ans.
The beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel. Ans. Thesince
The structure is unstable structure
r = 7, n is unstable
= 3, since
so that, by r = 7,
Eq. 2–4, n
B r 6 3n, 7 6 9. Also,
D this
r 6 3n, 7 6 9. Also, this can becan
B can be seen by inspection, since AB seen by
B C A B
move horizontally without restraint. Ans.
A
B
C (d) move horizontally without restraint.
A
A
B (c) (b) The structure is unstable since r = 7, n = 3, so that, by Eq. 2–4,
r 6 3n, 7 6 9. Also, this can be seen by D inspection, since AB can
The beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel. Ans. C
The member is
D
unstable since the three reactions are concurrent
THEORY
move horizontally at B. 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V.Ans.
OF restraint.
without STRUCTURES Robles
D (d) of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School