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Math 9 Q2 F
Math 9 Q2 F
Mathematics G9
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Mathematics
Grade 9
Job S. Zape, Jr.
PIVOT 4A Instructional Design & Development Lead
Jisela N. Ulpina
Content Creator & Writer
Jhonathan S. Cadavido
Internal Reviewer & Editor
Ephraim L. Gibas
IT & Logistics
What I need to know learning outcomes for the day or week, purpose of
the lesson, core content and relevant samples.
This maximizes awareness of his/her own
What is new knowledge as regards content and skills required
for the lesson.
D
Direct Variation
In your previous lesson you were able to represent relationship between
two quantities using graphs, table of values and equations.
Examples:
x 1 2 3 4 5
1. Given:
Graph: y 2 4 6 8 10
Table of values:
Equation: y = 2x
You can see from the table of values that as the
value of x increases the value of y also increases. The graph is a line that rises to
the right. This is an illustration of a direct variation. This means that y varies
directly as x. In symbol:
y
k or y = kx, where k is the constant of variation or constant of
x
proportionality. In this case the constant of variation is 2.
Examples.
1. y varies directly as the square of x. If y = 27 when x = 3, find x when y = 81.
y 27 27
Solution: Find the constant of variation: k
x2
2
3 9
3
Equation y = 3x2
Find x when y = 81
Using the equation y = 3x2 , find x
81
81 = 3x2 x2 = 27 x= 27 3 3
3
2. If p varies directly as the square of q and p = 256 when q = 8, find:
A. k B. equation c. p when q = 2 3
Solution:
p 256
A. k 4 B. p = 4q 2 C. p = 4q2 p = 4( 2 3)2 = 4(12) = 48
q2 82
Graph:
y x k Equation y x k Equation
30 5 5 6
8 10 4 36
50
18 y = 3x 20 y= x
24
72 y = 2x2 12 y= x
2. If p varies directly as the square of q and inversely as the square root of r, and
p = 20 when q = 2 and r = 64, find p when q = 8 and r = 144.
Solution:
kq 2 k (2) 2 20 64 20(8)
Equation: p = Solve for k: 20 k= 22
4
40
r 64
2
Solve for p: p = 40(8) 40(64) 640
144 12 3
Learning Task 2
A. Supply the missing value if y varies B. Supply the missing value if y varies
jointly as x and z directly to v and w and inversely to z
y x z k Equation y v w z k Equation
30 3 5 5 12 14 24
80 4 Y= 2xz 18 4 8 10
3vw
6 8 4 16 24 6 y
2z
60 10 Y =3xz 20 6 2 8vw
y
3 z
48 12 Y= xy
4 12 7 15 6
E
Learning Task 3
A. Identify if the given equation is a direct, inverse, joint or combined variation
with k as the constant of variation.
kn
1. b = kd 3. m = p
5. mn = kpq
a
2. y = klm 4. kc
b
B. Write the equation of variation and solve for the constant of variation.
1. p 1 2 3 4 5 3. p 3 6 12 24 48
q 7 28 63 112 175 q 16 8 4 2 1
2. p 3 6 12 24 48 4. p 6 12 18 24 30
q 16 8 4 2 1 q 2 4 6 8 10
D
Zero Exponent
a2 aa
Simplify the expression . Write this expression in factored form
aa
1
a2
a2
Applying the laws of exponent , quotient of a power, a22 a0 1 . Thus, for
a2
any variable/number a , where a ≠ 0, a0 = 1.
Examples:
1. 12x0 = 12(1) = 12 , only variable x is raised to zero power
2. (12x)0 = (12)0 (x)0 = 1(1) = 1 applying the law of power of a product, both 12 and
x are raised to zero power
3. (x0 + 3)(x + 3)0 = (1 + 3)( 1) = 4, the expression (x + 3) is raised to zero power
so it is equal to 1.
4. Simplify: 45a 4 b 2 , apply laws of exponent in simplifying
5a 4 b
Solution: 9a4 - 4 b2 - 1 = 9a0 b = 9b
5. Simplify: 2a0 + (2a)0 + 20a
Solution: 2(1) + 1 + 1(a) = 2 + 1 + a = 3 + a
6. Simplify: 4m(n p ) 0
4m 0
4m(1)
Solution: m
4(1)
x2
2. x 2 4 x 2 . The exponent is negative. Use factoring to simplify the expres-
x4
x 2
x x 1 1
sion . 2 . Hence the expression x -2 is equal to
x4 x x x x x x2
1
The negative sign in the exponent means the reciprocal. Thus a n a n . Simi-
larly if the expression with negative exponent is in the denominator , get its
reciprocal to express the exponent as positive. Therefore 1 n a n
a
3x3 y 6
3. Simplify:
x5 y 4
Solution: Observe the exponents of each variable. Let the variable with greater
exponent remain in its position but subtract the smaller exponent from the larger
exponent. 3x3 y 6 3 y64 3y2
5 4
53
x y x x2
A
Learning Task 2
6. 24 + 2– 2
8. 20 • 33
9. 5(-6)0
Your previous lesson is all about integral and zero exponents. This time,
your lesson is on rational exponents and radicals numbers. When simplifying
expressions with rational exponents you should remember the laws of integral
exponents, the rule is the same. However, you need to remember the rules in
adding fractions. In adding fraction, you can only add fractions if they are similar
otherwise you change dissimilar fraction to similar fraction.
Examples:
Simplify the following expressions:
1 3 1 3
1. a 2
a 2
a 2 2 , apply the product of a power law of exponent by
adding the exponents of the same base.
4
= a 2 a2 , apply the rule in adding fraction then simplify
6 x
1 6
6 x 3
6
2. 3
, apply the power of a power law of exponents by
multiplying the exponents. Use the rule in multi
plying fractions
= (6 x) 2 6 2 x 2 , apply power of a product law of exponent.
= 36x2 , simplify
1 1
4 2
4 2
3. 1 , apply the quotient of a power law of exponents.
9 9 2
2
1
2 2
= , express 4 and 9 in exponential form
3
1
2 2
2
22 2
= 2
, multiply the exponents , then simplify
3
3 2
2 1 2 1
4. 12 3 12 2 12 3
2 , apply the product of a power law of exponent
4 3 7
= 126 6 12 6 , change the fractions to similar fraction
then add.
6 1
12
1 1
= 6
12 6 12 6 12 6 1212 6 , simplify by
applying laws of exponents.
Exponential expressions with rational exponents can be expressed into radical
expressions.
The denominator of the rational exponent becomes the index of the radical
number.
3
8 This is read as “cube root of 8”
Exponential Radical
122
3
2
12 3 12
3
This is read as the
“square root of 12
raised to the 3rd power”
When changing the exponential number with rational exponent whose denomi-
nator is 2 to radical number you may or may not write the index 2.
m
The exponential number a n , when changed to radical is n
am
read as the nth root of a raised to m.
The nth root of a number is a number that is taken n times as a factor of the
radicand a.
You can express exponential expression to radical expression and vice versa.
Examples:
1
5
4
1. Change to radical expression.
1
5 = 4
5 (read as the 4th root of 5)
4
3
2. Write 4 2 in radical expression
42
3
4 3
( read as the square root of 4 cube or 4 raised to the 3rd
power)
4. Write 8 in exponential form
3
4
Laws of Radicals
Laws of radicals are similar to the laws of integral exponents.
Let a, b, m, n are integers:
n
1 n
1. n
a
n
an a , the nth root of a raised to the power of n is equal to a.
a
a b a
1 1 1
2. n n n
b n ab
n
n
ab , the nth root of a times the nth root of b is
equal to the nth root of the product of a and b.
1 1
3.
n
a
a n a n
n
a
, the nth root of a divided by the nth root of b is
1
b n b b
n
b
equal to the nth root of the quotient of a and b.
1
m
1
1 m 1
4. n m
a a n
a n a mn mn a , the root of a root is the rth of a, where r = mn
Examples
Apply the laws of radicals.
3
1.3 12 12 3 12 3 12
3 1
3
2. 5
4 5 8 5 ( 4)(8) 5
32 2 , multiply if the indices are the same, just multiply
the radicand, copy the common index, then simplify.
The fifth root of 32 is 2, meaning, when you multiply the root 2 by itself 5
times the answer is 32. The index 5 indicates the number of times the root be
multiplied by itself to get the radicand. In this case, 2 5 = 32. Hence 5 32 2
3. 18
18
9 3
, divide the radicands if the indices are the same, then
2 2 simplify by extracting the square root of 9 . The 9 3,
since 32 = 9
4. 3
64 3 8 2 , the square root of 64 is 8 because the 82 = 64 and the cube
root of 8 = 2, since 23 = 8.
2 1 2 1 43 7
5. 3
12 2 . 12 12 3 12 2 (12) 3 2
(12) 6
(12) 6 6 12 7 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 6 12 126 12
Apply the laws of rational exponents and radicals to simplify the expression.
Learning Task 1
Use the Laws of rational exponent to simplify:
a b
1
n
3 1 3
1. 4 2 3. 1 3 4. 124 5. 3 4 12
a 2 1
4 4
1 3
2. 3b 2 b 2
11x 4
2a 3 4
228
A
Learning Task 3
A. State the laws of Radical Exponents and give examples
x
3
43 3 3 16
p q
y8 8
2. 7.
2
12 14
2a 2a
1 1
5 x 2 2 2 3
3. 1
8.
a x
12 1 1
6
6
10 5
x4 2
b
4. 9. 2
1 5 1
4m y 8 12
4 3q 2 r 4
8 p 20
1
62
5. 10.
I
A radical is in its simplest form if:
1. the radicand does not contain a perfect square, cube or nth power.
Examples: 2 is in its simplest form since 2 is not a perfect square,
meaning the square root of 2 is not exact.
3
5 Is in its simplest form since 5 is not a perfect cube,
meaning, the cube root of is not exact.
2. there is no fraction in the radicand or no radical in the denominator
3 3 3 , the fractions is simplified such that
Example:
4 4 2
there is no radicand in the denominator.
3. the index of the radical id the lowest possible index.
Example: 6
8 is not yet in simplest form since the index 6 can be
expressed as the product of 3 and 2.
To simplify express it as
3
8 2 since the cube root of 8
is 2 and square root of 2 is not exact.
You have to simplify radical expressions with:
1. a perfect nth factor
2. a fraction radicand or denominator
3. reducible index.
Recall that :
m n
a. a m , is a radical expression which indicates the
a a
n n m
nth root of am .
b. n is the index which gives the order of radicals; and
c. am is the radicand, the number within radical sign.
D
The properties of radicals which can be useful in simplifying radical expressions
are as follows:
1. n
ab n
a n b , the nth root of a product is equal to the nth root of each factor.
2.
n m
p nm p , the nth root of the mth root of a number id equal to the nmth root
of the number.
p n p
3. n , the nth root of the quotient is equal to the nth root of the numera-
q n q
tor and the nth root of the denominator.
81 3 3 since 3 3
3 13
Therefore 3 3 3
3
3 27(3) 81
3
3. Simplify
5
32 x 7 y 5 z
Solution: To get the root of variables with integral exponent, the exponent must
be divisible by the index.
5
32 x 7 y 5 z 5 32 x 5 y 5 x 2 z 5 32 x 5 y 5 5 x 2 z 2 xy 5 x 2 z
Take note that when you divide the exponent of x which is 7 by the in-
dex 5 there is a remainder of 2 and the exponent of z which is 1 cannot be divided
by 5. Hence the variables tha will remain under the radical sign are x 2 and z.
4 4 5 6
4. Simplify 5 48a b c
Solution: Factor the radicand such that one factor is the 4th power of a certain
number ad the variable such the the exponent is divisible by the in-
dex 4.
54 48a 4b10 c 5 54 16a 4b8c 4 3b 2 c 54 16a 4b8c 4 4 3b 2 c 5(2ab 2 )4 3b 2 c 10ab 2 c 4 3b 2 c
The factors of 48 is 16 and 3 where 16 is a perfect 4th power of a number.
The factors of b10 are b8 where the exponent is divisible by 4 and b2 . The factors
of c5 are c4 and c. 5 is the coefficient of the radical expression. Multiply the coeffi-
cient 5 with the 4th root of 16a4 b8 c4 .
2. Simplify 4
25
Solution: 25 is not a perfect power of 4 but a perfect power of 2 . Hence you can
express 25 as 52
4
25 4
52
2 1
= 5 4 5 2 , change to exponential form and reduce the rational
exponent to lowest term
1
= 52 5 , change the exponential to radical form.
Therefore 4
25 5 , in simplest form
3
3. Simplify 64
Solution: Simplify the innermost radical
3
64 3
8 , the square root of 64 is 8, since 82 = 64.
= 2 , the cube root of 6 is 2, since 2 3 = 8
4. Simplify 6
27m 3 n 3
Solution:
6
27m 3 n 3 6 33 m 3 n 3 6 (3mn) 3 , express 27 as power of 3: 33 , then
apply the laws of exponent
3 1
6
(3mn) 3 (3mn) 6 (3mn) 2 , change radical to exponential form and re
duce the rational exponent to lowest term
1
(3mn) 2
3mn , change exponential form to radical form
Therefore the simplest form of
6
27m 3 n 3 is 3mn
8
5. Simplify 81
1
1 1 1
Solution: 8
81 818
1
814
1 2
4
81 3 , the exponent
8 4 2
3 2 6
, multiply the radical fraction by a radical which will
2 2 4
make the radicand in the denominator a perfect
square.
6
= , simplify
2
Remember that a radical fraction is in its simplest form if there is no radical
number in the denominator.
3
48
2. Simplify 3
6
48 3
Solution: 3 82 , apply the quotient law of radicals then find the quotient
6
of the radicand. The quotient 8 is a perfect cube. Thus,
the cube root of 8 is 2.
32
3. Simplify: 3
54
3
32 3
84
Solution: 3 Simplify the radicand by finding a factor which is a
54 27 2 perfect cube.
23 4
= 3 extract the cube root of the factors that are perfect
3 2
cube.
2 3
= 2 simplify by dividing the radicands
3
Solution: Find smallest possible number where you can extract the 4th root.
Since the radicand in the denominator is 2, you need to find a num
ber when multiplied by 2 will give you a number where you can find
the 4th root. In this case the, radicand in the denominator must be
16. Thus multiply both radicand by 8.
64 3 8 64 24 64 24
4 34 24 , simplify by extracting the 4th root
4
2 8 16 2
of 16. then divide 6 by 2.
3 2 3 2
5 2 5 2
3
4. Rationalize the expression
2 3
Solution: Find the conjugate of the denominator then multiply the numerator
and the denominator by the conjugate.
12
2. 3
64 4. 81
A
Learning Task 2
A. Find the product of the radical expression and its conjugate.
Radical Expression Conjugate Product
1. 3 5
2. 3 2
3. 6 3
5 2
3. 4
8 8. 7 3
14 5
4. 7 9.
4 5
3
9 2
5. 10.
3
6 2 1
Radical terms are similar if it has the same radicand and index.
Examples: 5 ,3 5 , 5 . These three radical numbers are similar
since the radicand are the same which is 5 and the index is 2
or all square root.
Radicals are unlike or dissimilar if the radicand are not the same and/or
the index are also different.
Examples: 5 , 3 5 Though the radicals have the same radicand but the
index are different.
5 , 6 The index are the same but the radicand are different.
D
Addition and Subtraction of Radicals
In adding or subtracting radicals, you can only add or subtract similar radi-
cals. To add or subtract similar radicals, add or subtract only the coefficients of
the radical number and copy the common radicals.
Examples:
1. 4 2 2 2 2 ( 4 1 2) 2 3 2 . Add and/or subtract the numerical
coefficients. If there is no number before the radical number it is
understood that the coefficient is 1.
2. 5 4 2 4 (5 2) 4 3 4 3( 2) 6. Subtract the numerical coeffi
cients. Since the radicand is a perfect square, then get the
square root. Multiply the root to the coefficient.
3. 3 3 5 3 2 5 (3 5) 3 2 5 8 3 2 5 . Only add the coeffi
cients of terms that are similar.
4. 2 50 8 3 2 . In this case we can simplify first the radicand. Since
the lowest radicand is 2 find two factors of the other radicand
in such a way that one factor is 2 and the other is a perfect
square.
2 25 2 4 2 3 2 . The factors of 50 are 25 and 2, where25 is a perfect
square and the factors of 8 are 4 and 2, where 4 is also a perfect square.
10 2 2 2 3 2 (10 2 3) 2 9 2 , simplify.
5. Simplify:
Multiplication of Radicals
= -24
= 4y 2 xy 3 x 2 4 y (3 x ) 2 xy ( 2)
Simplify = 24xy xy
= 4(3) - 9(2) = 12 - 18 = - 6
4 10
= 25 , simplify
2
10 =
5
3. Find the quotient 6 3
3 6
62 (3 2) 2
= 6 6 , simplify
3 3
3 22 2
= 6 6 3 4 6 12 , find the quotient then simplify
3
4. Divide 8 by 3 3
Solution: To rationalize the denominator, multiply the numerator and
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
8 3 3 8(3 3 )
3 3 3 3 (3 3)(3 3 )
8(3 3 ) 8(3 3 ) 4
= (3 3 )
93 6 3
Multiply sum and difference of binomial radicals them simplify.
2.
3
3 , 3 24 7. 28 , 63
3. 45 , 125 8. 4
32 , 4 162
3
4. 5
3 , 5 96 9. 40 , 3 135
5. 27 , 75 10. 8 , 200
A
Learning Task 2.
A. 1. What is/are the rule(s) in adding or subtracting radicals?
2. What is/are the rule(s) in multiplying radicals?
3. How do you divide or rationalize radicals?
4. How do you rationalize if the denominator is a binomial radicals.
B. Perform the indicated operations. Express your answer in simplest radical
form.
9
1. 11.
25
2.
2
3. 12.
4 8
4.
33 2
5. 13. 3
3
6.
5
7. 14. 5 2
8.
9. 15. 3 4 5x 2
4
3x 3
10.
In this lesson you have to solve radical equations. Hence you have to as-
sume that if two numbers are equal, then the square, cube or n th power are also
n
equal. If x = y, then xn = yn or if n x y then n x y n and x = y n .
D
Solving Radical Equations
In solving radical equations, you have to follow the following steps:
1. Write the equation such that the radical containing the unknown is on
one side of the equation.
2. Combine similar terms.
3. Raise both sides of the equation to a power same as the index of the
radical. The equation should be free of radical to complete the solution.
4. Check if the value or values obtained will make the original equation
true.
Examples:
1. Solve for the value of x in x 7
Solution:
x
2
72 Since the index is 2, raise both sides of the equation to power of 2.
x = 49
Check:
x 7
49 7
7 = 7 , the square root of 49 is 7.
3
x6 3
33 , cube both sides of the equation since the index of the
radical is 3
x - 6 = 27
x = 27 + 6, by APE combine similar terms
= 33
Check: Substitute the value of x to the original equation
3
33 6 3
3
27 3
3 = 3 , the cube root of 27 is 3
3. Solve : 4 x2 x
Solution:
x2 2
x 4
2
, square both sides of the equation since the index
of the radical is 2.
x - 2 = x2 - 8x + 16, square of a binomial
x 2 9 x 18 0 , combine similar terms
x 6( x 3) 0 , solve quadratic equation by factoring.
x - 6 = 0 or x - 3 = 0 , by zero product property
x = 6 or x=3
Check:
For x = 6 For x = 3
4 x2 x 4 x2 x
4 62 6 4 32 3
4 4 6 4 13
426 4 1 3
6= 6 5 ≠ 3
Only 6 makes the equation true. Hence, 6 is the solution of the equation. 3 is
an extraneous root of the quadratic equation.
x 9 6 , is the equation
x9
2
6 , square both sides of the equation since the index is 2
2
x + 9 = 36 ,simplify
x = 36 - 9, by APE
x = 27
Check:
x9 6
27 9 6, replace x by its value
36 6
6= 6
Common problem involving radical is the solution of right triangle applying
the Pythagorean Theorem. This theorem is about the relationships among the
sides of a right triangle. The theorem states the “sum of the squares of the
lengths of the two legs is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse.
Thus, if a and b are the legs and c is the hypotenuse of the right triangle, then
c 2 a 2 b 2 or c a2 b2
Examples:
1. A man walks 8 meters to the east ,then turn south and walk 6 meters. How
far is he from his starting point?
Solution: Visualize the problem and sketch the figure.
Let A be the starting point , B the ending point and C the turning
point.
The distance of the man from the starting point is
the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
c a2 b2
c 6 2 82
c 36 64
c 100
c = 10
The distance of the man from his starting point is 10 meter.
l 2 h2 d 2
d 2 l 2 h2 by APE
d l 2 h2
d 122 62
d 144 36
d 108
d 36 3 6 3
The distance of the distance of the foot of the ladder from the foot of the
building is 6 3 ft.
3. The area of a square lot is 162 m2 . How long is the side of the square?
Solution:
A = s2 , the area of a square
162 = s2 , substitute the given are to the formula.
s= 162 , solving for s.
s= 81 2 , simplify the radicand by finding a factor that is a perfect
square
s9 2 m, the side of the square
4. The diagonal of the rectangle is 5 x . If the width of the rectangle is x and
the length is twice the width, what is the dimension of the rectangle.
Solution: Using the Pythagorean theorem
c2 a 2 b2
The width is 5 units, length
5 x
5 x
2 x x
2 2 2
is 2(5) = 10 units and the
25 x 4 x 2 x 2 diagonal is 5 5 units.
25 x 5 x 2
25 x 5x2
By MPE,
5x 5x
x= 5
2. 3
3x 6 12. x 2 144 0
3. 4 x 6 13. x x 2 3 3x
4. 7 x 12 14. 2 3x 1 4 x
5. 4
3x 5 8 15. 2 x 1 x 5 0
6. 3x 2 5
7. 5
x 5 7
8. 3
x 33 7
9. 84 x 7
10-. 33 x 12
A
Learning Task 2: Solve the following problems.
1. Twice the square root of a number is 12. Find the number.
2. The square root of a number increased by 9 is 27. find the number.
3. The square root of the sum of twice a number and 3 is 6. Find the number.
4. The perimeter of the square is 25 and the side is x 3 . Find the number.
5. The circumference of the circle( C = 2πr) is 24 cm and the radius is
x2
Find x and its radius.
6. Find the side of the square if the area is 64m 2 .
7. The shorter l6g of a right triangle is one half of the longer leg and the hypote
nuse is 3 cm. How long is each leg of the triangle?
8. Five times the square root of a number is five. Find the number?
9. The cube root of a number decreased by 3 is zero. Find the number.
10. The square root of the cube root of a number is 2. find the number.
Learning Task 1
- I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task
helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
- I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging but it still
helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
- I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need
additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform this task.
Note: If the lesson is designed for two or more weeks as shown in the eartag, just copy your
personal evaluation indicated in the first Level of Performance in the second column up to
the succeeding columns, i.e. if the lesson is designed for weeks 4-6, just copy your personal
evaluation indicated in the LP column for week 4, week 5 and week 6.