Teknik Pengelasan

Bagian II
Bahan dan Perilakunya
UMY dalam Pengelasan
Universitas
Muhammadiyah
Yogyakarta

www.umy.ac.id
1995
Adopted from
 Overview the Topics
(4 x pertemuan)

1. Baja utk Pengelasan & sifat-sifat HAZ lasan

2. Pemilihan & Penggunaan Konsumabel las
3. Pengelasan pada SS , Cast Steel, Al,& Ti
4. Pemeriksaan NTD

1995
 Steel (Baja)
• Baja : adalah paduan besi dengan kadar karbon
2,0 wt% atau kurang. Baja terdiri dari baja
karbon dimana karbon merupakan unsur
paduan utama dan unsur lain seperti Mn, Si, P
dan S. Sedangkan baja paduan mengandung
unsur-unsur paduan seperti Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, Cu,
Mo, Nb, V, Al, Ti dan B disamping karbon.

1995
C<0,3 %

0,3≤C ≤,0,5 %

C>0,5 %

HGCS
1995
Binary Diagram of Fe-C

1995
The Types of Crystal in Pure Irons

BCC

FCC

1995
 Phases in iron
LIQUID
1535˚C
FERRITE (delta)
1390˚C

AUSTENITE (gamma)
AUSTENITE
Face centred cubic (fcc)
910˚C

FERRITE (alpha)

FERRITE
Body centred cubic (bcc)
1995
7
magnetite ,
hematite ,
goethite ,
limonite ,
or
siderite .

1995
1995
Q.2.1-1
Q.2.1-
The following sentences mention about steels. Choose the
correct one and encircle its number.

1. Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C),

which contains 0.008% or less carbon.
carbon.
2. Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C),
which contains 0.80% or less carbon.
3. Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C),
which contains over 0.008% up to 2.0% carbon
4. Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C),
which contains 4.3% or less carbon.
5. Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C),
which contains 6.67% or less carbon.
carbon.

1995
A3
A1

1995
Q.2.1-2
Q.2.1-
Elemen berikut biasanya merupakan 5 elemen utama dari besi
karbon , kecuali ?.
?.

1. Manganese (Mn(Mn))
2. Silicon (Si)
3. Chromium (Cr)
4. Carbon (C)
5. Sulfur (S)

1995
Steel : Fe + C (<2%
(<2%))

Carbon

Low carbon steel ~0.3%

Middle carbon steel 0.3~0.5%

High carbon steel 0.5%~

Alloy components
Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, Cu, Mo, Nb, V, Al, Ti, and B

High alloy 10%~

Middle alloy 5~10%

Low alloy ~5%
Mn
Mn,, Si :for welding (de-
(de-oxidization)
Mn
Mn,, Si, Al :from refining process

Rimmed steel

Semi--killed steel
Semi

Killed steel (de
(de--oxidized with Si,Al
Si,Al))

Impurities
S, and P -> Lamellar tear, hot crack 1995
 Steelmaking

Oxygen in

Argon in
Killed Semi-killed Rimming

1995
Berdasar derajat deoksidasi pada proses pembuatan ingot atau slab, baja dibagi
mejadi :

1. Rimmed steel : deoksidasi kurang  oksigen tinggi blowholes, presipitasi FeO

P dan S kemampulasan buruk
C<0,25%, Mn<0,6%, tanpa Al dan Si
Bukan untuk aplikasi hot working
Good surface quality

2. Killed steel . : deoksidasi baik (Si,Al dll) kualitas baik dg sedikit segregasi
SS, alloy steel, baja struktur dll
0,15%<C<0,25%

3. Semi Killed : diantara keduanya

1995
PLAIN CARBON STEEL

1995
1995
1995
1995
Application of Low Alloy Steel

Welded Construction such as

bridge, ship building and
pressure vessel

1995
JIS standard and steels

Steels for
• General structure SS series (SS
(SS400
400,, SS490
SS490,, etc…
etc…)

• Weld structure (baja rolled) SM series

• Building construction SN series ( Tensile strength )

1995

Steels for
• Weld structure SM series

1995
Q.2.1-3’
Q.2.1-
Regarding the following items about the JIS standard for steels,
choose the correct one from among the words.

(1) Komposisi kimia dari SS400 harus ada

a. C
b. P and S
c. C, P, and S;
d. C, Si, Mn
Mn,, P, and S
(2) Komposisi kimia dari or SM49
SM490C harus ada
a. C
b. P and S
c. C, P, and S;
d. C, Si, Mn
Mn,, P, and S

1995

Baja
• Struktur bangunan SN series

1995
Yield ratio = σ Yield / σ Tensile

1995

Baja untuk
Konstruksi bangunan :
SN series

Yield
Largeratio Yield / σ Tensile
= σdecrease
ratio
the compliance of
structures such as
building .

1995
JIS standard and steels

Steels for
• General structure SS series (SS400, SS490, etc…
etc…)

• Weld structure SM series

• Building construction SN series ( Tensile strength )

High strength steel
Tensile strength > 490 MPa
by QT, TMCP (Thermo
(Thermo--Mechanical Control Process), etc
called as HT{
HT{Tensile strength}
• HW{
HW{Yield or proof strength}, SPV
SPV{{Yield or proof stress}

Low temperature service steel
• SLA series, Al, Ni, Austenite stainless steel (304, 304L)

High temperature service steel
• SB series : ex. for Boilers (Mo
(Mo,Cr
,Cr))

Others (weathering steel:tahan cuaca)
1995
• SMA series : Atmospheric corrosion resisting (Cu,Cr,Ni)
Example of Heat Resisting Steels
Cr-Mo Steel (Low Alloy Steel)
1995
Hot rolling

TMCP of High Strength Low Alloy Steel Production

1995
GRAIN SIZE AND STRENGTH

1995
Grain Structure in
HSLA steels

1995
CCT Diagram in HSLA steels

1995
1995
1995
Q.2.1--3 lanjutan
Q.2.1

(3) Klasifikasi baja roll untuk struktur bangunan

a. SS;
b. SM;
c. SN;
d. SB)
(4) Angka 490 dalam SN490C berarti :
a. batas yield strength terendah;
terendah;
b. batas yield strength tertinggi;
tertinggi;
c. batas tensile strength terendah;
terendah;
d. batas tensile strength tertinggi )
(5) Kelas baja yang mempunyai penyerapan energi charpy terbesar
diantara SM490A,
SM490A, SM490B, and SM490C adalah
a. SM490A;
b. SM490B;
c. SM490C jawaban Lihat tabel 2.1 dan 2.2

1995
Q.2.1-4
Q.2.1-
Berdasarkan pertanyaan di bawah ini mengenai perlakuan panas baja
karbon rendah , pilih jawaban yang benar
(1) Perlakuan pemanasan pada suhu A3 atau lebih kemudian didinginkan
lambat dinamakan di dalam furnace
(a. quenching; b. normalizing; c. annealing)
(2) Perlakuan pemanasan pada suhu berkisar 50o C di atas A3 untuk
mendapatkan struktur austenit yang seragam kemudian didinginakna di
udara diamanakan
(a. tempering; b. normalizing; c. annealing)
(3) Perlakuan pendinginan cepat dari temperatur austenit dengan
mencelupkan material ke dalam air dinamakan
(a. quenching; b. tempering; c. normalizing)
(4 Perlakuan pemanasan dan pemanahan pada suhu sekitar 600oC untuk
mengatur kualitas material dengan pendinginan cepat dinamakan
(a. tempering; b. normalizing; c. annealing)
(5) Perlakuan pemanasan dan penahanan suhu sekitar 300 300--400oC segera
setelah pengelasan untuk menghindari difusi hidrogen dinamakan pada
sambungan las dinamakan :(a:(a.. preheating; b. annealing; c. immediate
postweld heating) 1995
Heat treatments pada baja

Struktur setimbang
• γ-austenite (FCC)
• α-ferrite (BCC)
• Cementite (Fe3C)

Cooling di udara -> Pearlite

Quenching (rapid cooling)
cooling)--> Martensite
Martensite..

1995
Heat treatments pada baja

A : melunakkan baja,
baja, menghilangkan teg sisa : di furnaces

N : mendapatkan struktur austenitic yg seragam : di udara

Q : mendapatkan struktur martensite (kuat ttp too hard dan brittle)

QT : mmberikan ketangguhan pada martensite

1995
JIS standard and steels

Steels ( SS, SM, SN )

High strength steel

Low temperature service steel
• Low carbon steel ((SLA
SLA series)
• Al killed steel (Si
(Si--Mn type)
• Ni steels
• Aluminum alloys
• Austenite stainless steel (304, 304L)
• Inver (34%Ni
(34%Ni--Fe)

High temperature service steel
• SB series : ex. for Boilers (Mo)

Others
• SMA series : Atmospheric corrosion resisting

1995
1995
JIS standard and steels

Steels (Fe + C)

High strength steel

Low temperature service steel (Ni, Al)

High temperature service steel (Mo, Cr, Mn
Mn))

s d p
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIII IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB BIIB 0
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra **
f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
6 * La Ce 1995
Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
7 ** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
1995
JIS standard and steels

Steels

High strength steel

Low temperature service steel (Ni, Al)

High temperature service steel (Mo, Cr, Mn
Mn))
Types
• Carbon steel
• 0.5
0.5Mo
Mo steel, Mn
Mn--0.5
0.5Mo
Mo steel
• 1Cr-
Cr-0.5
0.5Mo
Mo steel
• 11/4Cr-
Cr- 1Mo steel
Requirements
• Strength at high temperature
• Creep deformation
• Corrosion
• High pressure H2
1995
Q.2.1-5’
Q.2.1-
Choose the most closely related one from among the words given
in Group II in relation to the type of steel in Group I and enter its
alphabetic symbol into each parenthesis.

Group [ I ]
(1) SM570Q ( )
(2) SMA490B ( )
(3) SLA325A ( )
(4) SB410 ( )
(5) SN490B ( )

Group [ II ]
a. 9%Ni; b. yield ratio; c. quenching and tempering;
d. pressure vessel for low temperature use;
e. thermo mechanical control; f. boiler; g. weather resistant

1995
Weld defects

Blowholes ( CO(steel), H2(Aluminum) )
• Gas elements is introduced from Oxide, Paint, Electrode, etc
etc…
…
X
• The gas may be removed by flux and fixed in the slag.
X
• The gas may come up to surface of molten pool.

In order to prevent the blowholes,,,,

• Clean up, Shield,,,
• Choice of electrodes, wires, flux,,,
• Giving enough time for the gas to come up to surface,,,

Weld cracks

1995
Weld defects

Blowholes (CO, H2)

Weld cracks
• Cold crack (Brittle HAZ + H2 + Stress)
Stress) (<300oC)
• Delayed cracking ( Cold crack delayed by H2 diffusion )
• Hot crack (S, P)
• Lamellar tear (S, P)
• Reheat crack (at coarse grained HAZ during PWHT)

1995
WELD DEFECT

1995
WELD DEFECT

1995
 POROSITAS LASAN

1995
Gambar 11: Sumber hidrogen pada pengelasan dengan MIG (acc. to Thier)
 Cacat Lasan (Weld Defects)

Slag
inclusion

Wormhole
porosity

Incomplete
fusion
Overlap
1995
 Retak
pembekuan
(Solidification
Cracks)

1995
 Lamelar
Tearing/stepwise
crack :retakan
berbentuk anak
tangga

1995
H2 dan Retak dingin (Cold Cracking)

1995
1995
MEKANISME DIFUSI HIDROGEN
DARI KAMPUH LASAN KE HAZ

1995
KELARUTAN
HYDROGEN
DALAM BAJA

1995
 KELARUTAN
HYDROGEN DALAM
BERBAGAI JENIS
ELEKTRODA

1995
Cold crack
• The degree of restraint of the joint
• Hydrogen (H2)
• Brittleness/Hardness

1995
Threshold of the index for cold crack sensitivity depends on
preheating temperature.

TPreHeat ( o C) = 1440 PC − 396

1995
 Preheat vs H2 or Cold Cracking

Hydrogen cracks originating in the HAZ Preheating to avoid hydrogen cracking

1995
KEMAMPULASAN BAJA
WELDABILITY OF STEELS

1995
KARBON EKIVALEN vs CRACK SENSITIVITY

1995
Q.2.2-1
Q.2.2-
For arc welding of steels, choose the most appropriate one from among
the words.
(1) Cracks that appear in and near the heat-
heat-affected zone of the base
metal in cascade in parallel with the rolled surface.
(a. pear shape crack; b. toe crack; c. lamellar tear)
(2) Cracks caused by postweld heat treatment
(a. reheat crack; b. crater crack; c. pear shape crack)
(3) A chemical element in steel that is related to hot cracks most
(a. Al; b. S; c. Cr)
(4) The effective measure to prevent cold cracks in the heat-
heat-affected zone
(a. use of low Mn steel; b. use of low P steel; c. use of low diffusible
hydrogen welding materials)
(5) A particular gas that can be the main cause of blowholes in arc
welding
(a. hydrogen; b. argon; c. helium)

1995
Q.2.2-2
Q.2.2-
Choose the appropriate one from among the words in each parenthesis.

(1) The cold crack susceptibility in weld joint of steel is determined by the
chemical compositions of steel, the quantity of [(a) oxygen; (b)
nitrogen; (c) hydrogen; (d) carbon dioxide] dissolved in the weld
metal, and the degree of restraint of the joint. Cold cracks include [(a)
crater crack; (b) underbead crack; (c) pear shape crack; (d) reheat
crack].

(2) For prevention of cold crack, [(a) preheating; (b) rapid cooling; (c)
water--cooling; (d) restraint] of the part to be welded is effective. This
water
is to reduce the [(a) softening; (b) hardening; (c) deformation; (d)
precipitation] at heat affected zone and volume of [(a) oxygen; (b)
nitrogen; (c) hydrogen; (d) carbon dioxide] dissolved into the weld.

1995
 Definition of Weldability

• The capacity of a material to be welded under the

imposed fabrication conditions into a specific,
suitably designed structure & to perform
satisfactorily in intended service.
• (ANSI / AWS A3.0)

Kemampuan material untuk dapat dilas dibawah

kondisi perakitan khusus sehingga sesuai
dengan desain struktur dan dapat menunjukan
performa yang memuaskan di lapangan.
1995
Mechanical properties (strength, toughness, etc…
etc…)

Micro--structure
Micro Cooling rate

Hardness (index)

1995
STRUKTUR MIKRO
BAJA KARBON
RENDAH

1995
STRUKTUR MIKRO
BAJA KARBON
MENENGAH

1995
Continuous cooling transformation diagram
CCT diagram

1995
Distribusi
kekerasan pada
lasan

1995
Effect of Preheating & PWHT

1995
1995
Charpy test
• Absorbed energy
• Transition temperature

1995
1995
Q.2.2-3
Q.2.2-
Regarding the following items about the weldment of 490N/mm2 class
high tensile strength steel for welded structures, choose the correct one
from among the words in each parenthesis.
(1) A particular zone that is not affected by the welding heat and its micro-
micro-
structure is not changed [(a) coarse grain zone; (b) fine grain zone; (c)
spheroidal pearlitic zone; (d) original structure of base metal]
(2) A particular zone that has becomes good in toughness by heating at
immediately above the A3 temperature. [(a) coarse grain zone; (b) fine
grain zone; (c) spheroidal pearlitic zone; (d) original structure at base
metal]
(3) A particular zone that has been melted and then solidified to become a
dendritic structure [(a) weld metal; (b) coarse grain zone; (c) spheroidal
pearlitic zone; (d) original structure at base metal]
(4) A particular zone that has been heated at 750~900º
750~900ºC and then become
often brittle because of partial high carbon martensite structure [(a) weld
metal; (b) coarse grain zone; (c) fine grain zone; (d) spheroidal
pearlitic zone]
(5) A particular zone that has been heated more than 1250 ºC and then
become remarkably hard and brittle [(a) coarse grain zone; (b) fine grain
zone; (c) spheroidal pearlitic zone; (d) original structure at base metal]
1995
Japan

Europe 1995
Q2.2-4
Q2.2-
Write the calculation formula to obtain the welding heat input H
(J/cm), provided that welding current is I (A), arc voltage is E (V),
and welding speed is v (cm/min). Then calculate the welding heat
input when I is 320 A, E is 30 V, and v is 40 cm/min.

(1) Calculation formula: H=

(2) Calculated welding heat input: ( ) J/cm

1995
Bagaimana menghitung Heat Input H (J/cm)

“ anggap proses 60 (s)

(s)”

Arus : I (A) Daya

Tegangan :E:E (V) I x E (W, J/s)
Input Energi
Energi dlm 60 (s) 60 x I x E (J)

Welding speed : v (cm/min)
Panjang selama the 60 (s) v (cm)

Energi (J
(J)) per 1 (cm) :
H (J/cm) = 60 x I x E (J) / v (cm)
1995

Heat input

Thickness Cooling rate Microstructure

Joint shape

Preheating Mechanical properties

1995
Pencegahan Retak Panas

Logam las tdk dapat mempertahankan tegangan penyusutan

dan membuat bukaan  retak . Pencegahan :
1. Komposisi kimia pd lasan
a. Mengurangi P dan S pd baja & kawat las
b. Elemen paduan : C,Ni,Si dikurangi, Mn ditambah
c. Deoksidasi, desulfurisasi & defosforisasi pd logam lasan
2. Proses pengelasan
a. Kampuh las yg baik
b. Kontrol tebal plat, groove dlltegangan sisa kecil
c. Parameter las yang sesuai (I,V,v, T & elektroda)
d. Kontrol struktur pembekuan

1995
Pencegahan Retak Dingin :

1. Pemilihan komposisi kimia pd baja : PCM tinggi

pengerasan martensit  rentan retak
2. Pengurangan jumlah hidrogen : penggunaan
elektroda dg hidrogen rendah
3. Reduksi laju pendinginan lasan  mengurangi
martensit & hidrogen mudah keluar.
a) menaikkan heat input , b) naikan temperatur
preheat , c) PWHT
4. Mengurangi tegangan sisa: mengurangi ketebalan
plat+bentuk rumit

1995