URBAN PLANNING (CLE1016)

Introduction to GPS
https://www.iirs.gov.in/urbanandregionalstudies
(GPS) -What is it?

• A Satellite-based radio navigation system

owned by the United States government
and operated by the United States Air
Force.
• It is a global navigation satellite system
(GNSS) that provides geo-location and time
information to a GPS receiver anywhere
on or near the Earth where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more
GPS satellites.
•
Global Positioning System (GPS) -What is it?
• The GPS does not require the user to transmit
any data, and it operates independently of any
telephonic or internet reception, though these
technologies can enhance the usefulness of the
GPS positioning information.
• The GPS provides critical positioning capabilities
to military, civil, and commercial users around the
world.
• The mountains and buildings, obstacles block the
relatively weak GPS signals.
• The United States government created the
system, maintains it, and makes it freely
accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
 History and development
• The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations
of previous navigation systems.

• GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense and
was originally run with 24 satellites.

• It became fully operational in 1995.

• “Bradford Parkinson”, “Roger L. Easton”, and “Ivan A. Getting” are

credited with inventing it.
• Navigating by stars (requires clear nights and careful measurements)
• The GPS project was started by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973.
• The first prototype spacecraft was launched in 1978 and the full constellation of 24 satellites became
operational in 1993.
• Originally limited to use by the United States military, civilian use was allowed from the
• Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the
GPS and implement the next generation of GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next Generation Operational Control
System (OCX).[7] Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the Clinton Administration in 1998
initiated these changes, which were authorized by the U.S. Congress in 2000.
• GLONASS (Russian: ГЛОНАСС, IPA: [ɡɫɐˈnas]; Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система, Global

Navigation Satellite System) is a Russian space-based satellite navigation system operating as part of a

radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system

in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.

• Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that went live in 2016,[5] created by the European

Union through the European Space Agency (ESA), operated by the European Union Agency for the Space

Programme (EUSPA),[6] headquartered in Prague, Czech Republic,[7

• he BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) (Chinese: 北斗卫星导航系统; pinyin: Běidǒu Wèixīng

Dǎoháng Xìtǒng [pèitòu wêiɕíŋ tàuxǎŋ ɕîtʰʊ̀ ŋ]) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. I

• The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), also known as Michibiki (みちびき), is a four-satellite regional

time transfer system and a satellite-based augmentation system development by the Japanese

government to enhance the United States-operated Global Positioning System (GPS) in the Asia-Oceania
Applications of
GPS: Indian
Scenario
 How it works?
• At least 24 operational GPS satellites in
orbit
• 12 hour orbit
• 11,000 -20000 miles above earth
• Atomic clock
• Oscillations of a single atom to
determine time
• Synchronized, send signals at same
time
• Satellites send data to earth which are
picked up by a receiver
• Signals arrive at different times based
on the distance from the satellite Receiver needs to determine distance to four
• L1 (1575.42 MHz) satellites
Determines 3-dimensional position
Does not send out a signal
But how does the receiver determine its
distance from each satellite?
GPS Functioning
• The technical and operational characteristics of
the GPS are organized into three distinct
segments:
• the space segment,
• the operational control segment (OCS),
• and the user equipment segment.
• The GPS signals, which are broadcast by each
satellite and carry data to both user equipment
and the ground control facilities, link the
segments into one system. Figure
• briefly characterizes the signals and segments
of the GPS.
Space segment
•GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude of 20,200

km and with a period of 12 hours.

• Powered by solar cells.

• The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels

toward the sun and their antenna toward the earth.

• Orbital planes are centered on the Earth.

• Orbits are designed so that, at least, six satellites are always within line of

sight from any location

• on the planet.
CONTROL SEGMENT
• The CS consists of 3 entities:

• Master Control System

• Monitor Stations
• Ground Antennas

https://trakkitgps.com/how-gps-works/
 Master Control Station
✓ The GPS Master Control Station (MCS), located at Falcon Air Force Base in
Colorado Springs, Colorado;

✓ remote monitoring stations, located in Hawaii, Diego Garcia, Ascension

Island, and Kwajalein;

✓ uplink antennas, located at three of the four remote monitor stations and
at the MCS.

✓ The four remote monitor stations contribute to satellite control by tracking

each GPS satellite in orbit, monitoring its navigational signal, and relaying
this information to the MCS.

✓ The four stations can track and monitor the whereabouts of each GPS
satellite 20 to 21 hours per day. Land-based and space-based
communications connect the remote monitoring stations with the MCS.
Ground Antennas
• Ground antennas monitor and track the satellites
from horizon to horizon.

• They also transmit correction information to

individual satellites.

• Communicate with the GPS satellites for

command and control purposes.
User Segment
• GPS receivers are generally composed of

1. an antenna( tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the

satellites),
2. receiver-processors, and
3. highly-stable clock( commonly a crystal oscillator).

• They can also include a display for showing location and

speed information to the user.

• A receiver is often described by its number of channels (

this signifies how many satellites it can monitor
simultaneously).

• As of recent, receivers usually have between twelve and

twenty channels.
GPS in Urban Planning
• GPS is an essential element of the global
information infrastructure.

• The free, open, and dependable nature of GPS has

led to the development of hundreds of applications
affecting every aspect of modern life.

• GPS technology is now in everything from

everywhere (ie. cell phones and wristwatches to
bulldozers, shipping containers, and ATM’s.)
Urban computing
• A process of acquisition, integration, and analysis of big and heterogeneous

data generated by a diversity of sources in urban spaces, such as sensors,

devices, vehicles, buildings, and human, to tackle the major issues that cities

face. ( e.g. air pollution, increased energy consumption and traffic congestion).

• Urban computing connects unobtrusive and ubiquitous sensing technologies,

advanced data management and analytics models, and novel visualization

methods, to create win-win-win solutions that improve urban environment,

human life quality, and city operation systems.

• Urban computing also helps us understand the nature of urban phenomena

and even predict the future of cities. A survey paper on urban computing
• The Intelligent Environment
• Infer and forecast fine-grained air quality
• Suggest locations for monitoring stations
• Diagnose urban noises using big data
• Pollution emissions from vehicles
• Urban Economy using Big Data
• Rank real estates based on big data
• Large-scale Dynamic City Express
• Construct popular routes from check-ins
• Smart Transportation
• Finding smart driving directions
• Large-Scale dynamic taxi ridesharing
• A passenger-cabbie recommender system
• Instant travel time estimation of a path
• Traffic predictions for a bike sharing system

• Urban Energy
• City-wide gas consumption of vehicles
• Indoor air quality monitoring for buildings
• Big Data-Driven Urban Planning
• Discover functional regions in a city
• Glean underlying problems in road networks
• Location selection for ambulance stations
• Detecting urban black holes by human mobility
• Planning bike lanes based on sharing-bikes’
trajectories
• Detecting Urban Anomalies
• Detect collective anomalies based on cross-
domain datasets
• Detect and diagnose traffic anomalies
• Predict flow of crowds in every region of a city
Regional planning
• Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure,
and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town.
• Regional planning is related to urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader
scale. It also includes formulating laws that will guide the efficient planning and
management of such said regions.
• Regions require various land uses; protection of farmland, cities, industrial space,
transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, and wilderness. Regional planning is
the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth
of a region.
• Advocates for regional planning such as new urbanist Peter Calthorpe, promote the
approach because it can address region-wide environmental, social, and economic issues
which may necessarily require a regional focus.
• A ‘region’ in planning terms can be administrative or at least partially functional, and
is likely to include a network of settlements and character areas. In most European
countries, regional and national plans are ‘spatial’ directing certain levels of
development to specific cities and towns in order to support and manage the region
depending on specific needs, for example supporting or resisting polycentrism.

• Urban Planning Applications of GIS

• GIS applications covers major application fields in urban planning and development:
-Regional planning -Infrastructure management (Transportation, public utilities, and
storm water/waste) -Resource management -Environmental assessment -
Socioeconomic development -Emergency management -Education
• Urban Planning Applications of GIS Use for area monitoring, regional potential and
feasibility analyses and site selection studies.
• GIS can also be helpful for the documentation of spatial plans and in the approval
process for the development, building and installation permits.
• GIS applied to a wide range of land management and land use planning issues
including the interpretation and formulation of land use policy.
• Land-use policy can be interpreted within GIS using a modeling approach.
• Output in the form of maps showing areas in which land-use changes are more
likely to occur, and statistics, graphs and tables summarizing this information
according to a variety of specified spatial units. Such output allows land- use
implications to be discussed.
• GIS have become of increasing significance for environmental planning and
assessment in recent years. One reason for this, a great number of spatial data with
their attributes is involved in environmental planning.
• GIS can be used to develop natural and cultural resource inventory to identify
pollution sources, to assess in selection of sites for land application of sewage
waste. Suitability for several treatment techniques can be considered using soil,
topographic and land use factors, integrated with information about the
biological, chemical and physical properties of waste.

• Benefits of using GIS in local government include the following: -Increase

efficiency and save time/money. -Generate revenue and provide decision
support. -Improve accuracy. -Manage resources. -Automate tasks. -Increase
access to government. -Enhance public participation. -Promote greater
collaboration among public agencies.