UNIVERSITY VISION AND MISSION

VISION
B.S. Abdur Rahman Institute of Science and Technology aspires to be a leader in
Education, Training and Research in Engineering, Science, Technology and
Management and to play a vital role in the socio-Economic progress of the Country.

MISSION
• To blossom into an internationally renowned University

• To empower the youth through quality education and to provide professional

leadership

• To achieve excellence in all its endeavors to face global challenges

• To provide excellent teaching and research ambience

• To network with global institutions of excellence, Business, Industry and

Research Organizations

• To contribute to the knowledge base through scientific enquiry, Applied research

and Innovation
M.Sc.Physics

2
 VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
PHYSICS

VISION
To be a leader in providing quality higher education through well designed programs
and undertake research in Physical Sciences and related interdisciplinary areas.

MISSION
• To provide quality education in the field of Physical Sciences through well
designed programs

• To provide necessary knowledge in Physical Sciences required for all programs

in science and engineering

• To offer quality programs in advanced and applied physical sciences

• To undertake fundamental, applied and interdisciplinary research in emerging

areas
M.Sc.Physics

4
 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
AND OUTCOMES
M.Sc. (Physics)

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:

• To develop strong student competencies in Physics and its applications in a
technology-rich, interactive environment.
• To develop strong student skills in research, analysis and interpretation of
complex information.
• To prepare the students to successfully compete for employment in
Electronics, Manufacturing and Teaching and to offer a wide range of
experience in research methods, data analysis to meet the industrial needs.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
On completion of program, the graduates will
• Apply knowledge and skill in the design and development of Electronics
circuits to cater to the needs of Electronic Industry.
• Become professionally trained in the area of electronics, optical
communication, nonlinear circuits, materials characterization and lasers.
• Excel in the research related to Physics and Materials characterization.
• demonstrate highest standards of Actuarial ethical conduct and Professional
Actuarial behavior, critical, interpersonal and communication skills as well
as a commitment to life-long learning.
M.Sc.Physics

6
 REGULATIONS 2013
FOR
M.TECH. DEGREE PROGRAMMES
(WITH AMENDMENTS INCORPORATED TILL JUNE 2015)
M.Sc.Physics

8
 B.S. ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 48.
REGULATIONS -2013 FOR M.TECH / MCA / M.Sc.
DEGREE PROGRAMMES
(With amendments incorporated till June 2015)

1.0 PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE

In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires
i) "Programme" means Post Graduate Degree Programme (M.Tech./ MCA
/ M.Sc.)
ii) "Course" means a theory or practical subject that is normally studied in
a semester, like Applied Mathematics, Structural Dynamics, Computer
Aided Design, etc.
iii) "University" means B.S.Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, 600048.
iv) "Institution" unless otherwise specifically mentioned as an autonomous
or off campus institution means B.S.Abdur Rahman University.
v) "Academic Council" means the Academic Council of this University.
vi) "Dean (Academic Affairs)" means Dean (Academic Affairs) of B.S.Abdur
Rahman University.
vii) "Dean (Student Affairs)" means Dean(Student Affairs) of B.S.Abdur
Rahman University.
viii) "Controller of Examinations" means the Controller of Examinations
of B.S.Abdur Rahman University who is responsible for conduct of
examinations and declaration of results.
2.0 PROGRAMMES OFFERED, MODE OF STUDY AND ADMISSION
REQUIREMENTS
2.1 P.G. Programmes Offered
The various P.G. Programmes and their modes of study are as follows:
Degree Mode of Study
M.Tech. Full Time
M.Tech. Part Time – Day / Evening
M.C.A. Full Time
M. Sc. Full Time
M. Sc. Full Time
M.Sc.Physics

2.2 MODES OF STUDY

2.2.1 Full-time
Students admitted under "Full-Time" shall be available in the Institution during
the complete working hours for curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular
activities assigned to them.
2.2.2 A full time student, who has completed all non-project courses desiring to do
the Projectwork in part-time mode for valid reasons, shall apply to the Dean
(Academic Affairs) through the Head of the Department, if the student satisfies
the clause 2.3.4 of this Regulation. Permission may be granted based on
merits of the case. Such conversion is not permitted in the middle of a
semester.
2.2.3 Part time - Day time
In this mode of study, the students are required to attend classes for the
courses registered along with full time students.
2.2.4 Part time - Evening
In this mode of study, the students are required to attend normally classes in
the evening and on Saturdays, if necessary.
2.2.5 A part time student is not permitted to convert to full time mode of study.
2.3 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
2.3.1 Students for admission to the first semester of the Master's Degree
Programme shall be required to have passed the appropriate degree
examination of this University as specified in the Table shown for eligible
entry qualifications for admission to P.G. programmes or any other degree
examination of any University or authority accepted by this University as
equivalent thereto.
2.3.2 Eligibility conditions for admission such as class obtained, number of attempts
in the qualifying examination and physical fitness will be as prescribed by
this Institution from time to time.
2.3.3 All part-time students should satisfy other conditions regarding experience,
sponsorship etc., which may be prescribed by this Institution from time to
time.

10
M.Sc.Physics

2.3.4 A student eligible for admission to M.Tech. Part Time / Day Time programme
shall have his/her permanent place of work within a distance of 65km from
the campus of this Institution.
2.3.5 Student eligible for admission to M.C.A under lateral entry scheme shall be
required to have passed three year degree in B.Sc (Computer Science) /
B.C.A / B.Sc (Information Technology)
3.0 DURATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE P.G. PROGRAMME
3.1 The minimum and maximum period for completion of the P.G. Programmes
are given below:
Programme Min.No.of Semesters Max.No.of Semesters
M.Tech. (Full Time) 4 8
M.Tech.(Part Time) 6 12
M.C.A. (Full Time) 6 12
M.C.A. (Full Time) – (Lateral Entry) 4 8
M.Sc. (Full Time) 4 8

3.2 The PG. programmes consist of the following components as prescribed in

the respective curriculum
i. Core courses
ii. Elective courses
iii. Project work / thesis / dissertation
iv. Laboratory Courses
v. Case studies
vi. Seminars
vii. Industrial Internship
3.3 The curriculum and syllabi of all PG. programmes shall be approved by the
Academic Council of this University.
3.4 The minimum number of credits to be earned for the successful completion
of the programme shall be specified in the curriculum of the respective
specialization of the P.G. programme.
3.5 Each academic semester shall normally comprise of 80 working days.
Semester-end examinations will follow immediately after the last working
day.
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M.Sc.Physics

ELIGIBLE ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS FOR ADMISSION TO P.G. PROGRAMMES

Sl. Name of the P.G. Programmes Qualifications for
No. Department offered admission

M.Tech. (Structural Engineering)

01. Civil Engineering B.E / B.Tech. (Civil Engineering) /
M.Tech. (Construction Engineering
(Structural Engineering)
and Project Management)
B.E. / B.Tech. (Mechanical / Auto /
M.Tech. (Manufacturing Engineering)
02. Mechanical Manufacturing / Production / Industrial /
Engineering Mechatronics / Metallurgy / Aerospace
M.Tech. CAD / CAM /Aeronautical / Material Science /
Marine Engineering)
B.E./ B.Tech. degree Mech./Production/
03. Polymer Engineering M.Tech. (Polymer Technology) Polymer Science or Engg or Tech /
Rubber Tech / M.Sc (Polymer Sc./
Chemistry Appl. Chemistry)

Electrical and M.Tech. (Power Systems Engg) B.E / B.Tech (EEE / ECE / E&I / I&C /
04. Electronics
Engineering M.Tech. (Power Electronics & Drives) Electronics / Instrumentation)
B.E / B.Tech (EEE/ ECE / E&I / I&C /
M.Tech. (Communication Systems) Electronics / Instrumentation)
Electronics and
M.Tech.(VLSI and Embedded Systems)
05. Communication B.E./ B.Tech. in ECE / Electronics /
Engineering EIE / ICE / EEE
M.Tech.(Signal Processing)

ECE Department jointly M.Tech. (Optoelectronics and Laser B.E./B.Tech. (ECE / EEE / Electronics /
06. with Physics Dept EIE / ICE) M.Sc (Physics / Materials
Technology)
Science / Electronics / Photonics)

Electronics and M.Tech. (Electronics and B.E./ B.Tech. (EIE/ICE/Electronics/ECE/

07. Instrumentation Instrumentation Engineering) EEE)
Engineering
M.Tech. (Computer Science and B.E. /B.Tech. (CSE/IT/ECE/EEE/EIE/ICE/
Engineering) Electronics) MCA

M.Tech. (Software Engineering) B.E. / B.Tech. (CSE / IT) MCA

08. Computer Science M.Tech (Network Security)

and Engineering
M.Tech (Computer and Predictive
B.E. /B.Tech. (CSE/IT/ECE/EEE/EIE/ICE/
Analytics)
Electronics) MCA
M.Tech. (Computer Science and
Engineering with specialization in Big
Data Analytics)

M.Tech. (Information Technology)

Information B.E /B.Tech. (IT/CSE/ECE/EEE/EIE/ICE/
09 Technology Electronics) MCA
M.Tech. (Information Security & Digital
Forensics)

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M.Sc.Physics

ELIGIBLE ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS FOR ADMISSION TO P.G. PROGRAMMES

Sl. Name of the P.G. Programmes Qualifications for
No. Department offered admission
Bachelor Degree in any discipline with
M.C.A. Mathematics as one of the subjects
(or) Mathematics at +2 level
B.Sc Computer Science / B.Sc
M.C.A. (Full Time) – (Lateral Entry) Information Technology / B.C.A
10 Computer Applications

M.Tech. (Systems Engineering and

Operations Research) BE / B.Tech. (Any Branch) or M.Sc.,
(Maths / Physics / Statistics / CS / IT /
M.Tech. (Data & Storage Management) SE) or M.C.A.

Any Degree with Mathematics /

M.Sc. (Actuarial Science) Statistics as one of the Subjects of
Study.
11 Mathematics
M.Sc. Mathematics B.Sc. (Mathematics)

12 Physics M.Sc.(Physics)
B.Sc.(Physics / Applied Science /
Electronics / Electronics Science /
M.Sc. (Material Science) Electronics & Instrumentation)

13 Chemistry M.Sc.(Chemistry) B.Sc (Chemistry) of B.Sc. (Applied

Science)
M.Sc. Molecular Biology &
B.Sc. in any branch of Life Sciences
Biochemistry
M.Sc. Genetics B.Sc. in any branch of Life Sciences
14 Life Sciences M.Sc. Biotechnology B.Sc. in any branch of Life Sciences

M.Sc. Microbiology B.Sc. in any branch of Life Sciences

M.Sc. Bioscience B.Sc. in any branch of Life Sciences
M.Tech. Biotechnology B.Tech. (Biotechnology / Chemical
Engineering) / M.Sc. in any branch of
Life Sciences

3.6 The curriculum of PG programmes shall be so designed that the minimum

prescribed credits required for the award of the degree shall be within the
limits specified below:
Programme Minimum prescribed credit range
M.Tech. 75 to 85
M.C.A. 120 to 130
M.Sc. 75 to 85

13
M.Sc.Physics

3.7 Credits will be assigned to the courses for all P.G. programmes as given
below:
* One credit for one lecture period per week
* One credit for one tutorial period per week
* One credit each for seminar/practical session/project of two or three
periods per week
* One credit for two weeks of industrial internship.
3.8 The number of credits registered by a student in non-project semester and
project semester should be within the range specified below:
P.G. Programme Non-project Semester Project semester
M.Tech. (Full Time) 15 to 29 12 to 20
M.Tech. (Part Time) 6 to 18 12 to 16
M.C.A. (Full Time) 15 to 29 12 to 20
M.Sc. (Full Time) 15 to 25 12 to 20

3.9 The electives from the curriculum are to be chosen with the approval of the
Head of the Department.
3.10 A student may be permitted by the Head of the Department to choose electives
offered from other PG programmes either within the Department or from
other Departments up to a maximum of three courses during the period of
his/her study, provided the Heads of the Departments offering such courses
also agree.
3.11 To help the students to take up special research areas in their project work
and to enable the department to introduce courses in latest/emerging areas
in the curriculum, "Special Electives" may be offered. A student may be
permitted to register for a "Special Elective" up to a maximum of three credits
during the period of his/her study, provided the syllabus of this course is
recommended by the Head of the Department and approved by the Chairman,
Academic Council before the commencement of the semester, in which the
special elective course is offered. Subsequently, such course shall be ratified
by the Board of Studies and Academic Council.

14
M.Sc.Physics

3.12 The medium of instruction, examination, seminar and project/thesis/

dissertation reports will be English.
3.13 Industrial internship, if specified in the curriculum shall be of not less than
two weeks duration and shall be organized by the Head of the Department.
3.14 PROJECT WORK/THESIS/DISSERTATION
3.14.1 Project work / Thesis / Dissertation shall be carried out under the supervision
of a qualified teacher in the concerned Department.
3.14.2 A student may however, in certain cases, be permitted to work for the project
in an Industrial/Research Organization, on the recommendation of the Head
of the Department. In such cases, the project work shall be jointly supervised
by a faculty of the Department and an Engineer / Scientist from the
organization and the student shall be instructed to meet the faculty periodically
and to attend the review committee meetings for evaluating the progress.
3.14.3 Project work / Thesis / Dissertation (Phase - II in the case of M.Tech.) shall
be pursued for a minimum of 16 weeks during the final semester, following
the preliminary work carried out in Phase-1 during the previous semester.
3.14.4 The Project Report/Thesis / Dissertation report / Drawings prepared
according to approved guidelines and duly signed by the supervisor(s) and
the Head of the Department shall be submitted to the concerned department.
3.14.5 The deadline for submission of final Project Report / Thesis / Dissertation is
within 30 calendar days from the last working day of the semester in which
Project / Thesis / Dissertation is done.
3.14.6 If a student fails to submit the Project Report / Thesis / Dissertation on or
before the specified deadline he / she is deemed to have not completed the
Project Work / Thesis / dissertation and shall re-register the same in a
subsequent semester.
3.14.7 A student who has acquired the minimum number of total credits prescribed
in the Curriculum for the award of Masters Degree will not be permitted to
enroll for more courses to improve his/her cumulative grade point average
(CGPA).
4.0 CLASS ADVISOR AND FACULTY ADVISOR
4.1 CLASS ADVISOR

15
M.Sc.Physics

A faculty member will be nominated by the HOD as Class Advisor for the
whole class.
He/she is responsible for maintaining the academic, curricular and co-
curricular records of all students throughout their period of study.
4.2 FACULTY ADVISOR
To help the students in planning their courses of study and for general
counseling on the academic programme, the Head of the Department of the
students will attach a certain number of students to a faculty member of the
department who shall function as Faculty Advisor for the students throughout
their period of study. Such Faculty Advisor shall offer advice to the students
on academic and personal matters, and guide the students in taking up
courses for registration and enrolment every semester.
5.0 CLASS COMMITTEE
5.1 Every class of the PG Programme will have a Class Committee constituted
by the Head of the Department as follows:
i. Teachers of all courses of the programme
ii. One senior faculty preferably not offering courses for the class, as
Chairperson.
iii. Minimum two students of the class, nominated by the Head of the
Department.
iv. Class Advisor / Faculty Advisor of the class - Ex-Officio Member
v. Professor in-charge of the PG Programme - Ex-Officio Member.
5.2 The Class Committee shall be constituted by the respective Head of the
Department of the students.
5.3 The basic responsibilities of the Class Committee are to review periodically
the progress of the classes to discuss problems concerning curriculum and
syllabi and the conduct of classes. The type of assessment for the course
will be decided by the teacher in consultation with the Class Committee and
will be announced to the students at the beginning of the semester. Each
Class Committee will communicate its recommendations to the Head of the
Department and Dean (Academic Affairs). The class committee, without the
student members, will also be responsible for finalization of the semester
results and award of grades.

16
M.Sc.Physics

5.4 The Class Committee is required to meet at least thrice in a semester, first
within a week of the commencement of the semester, second, after the first
assessment and the third, after the semester-end examination to finalize
the grades.
6.0 COURSE COMMITTEE
Each common theory course offered to more than one group of students
shall have a “Course Committee” comprising all the teachers teaching the
common course with one of them nominated as Course coordinator. The
nomination of the Course coordinator shall be made by the Head of the
Department / Dean (Academic Affairs) depending upon whether all the
teachers teaching the common course belong to a single department or to
several departments. The Course Committee shall meet as often as possible
and ensure uniform evaluation of the tests and arrive at a common scheme
of evaluation for the tests. Wherever it is feasible, the Course Committee
may also prepare a common question paper for the test(s).
7.0 REGISTRATION AND ENROLMENT
7.1 For the first semester every student has to register and enroll for all the
courses.
7.2 For the subsequent semesters registration for the courses will be done by
the student during a specified week before the semester-end examination of
the previous semester. The curriculum gives details of the core and elective
courses, project and seminar to be taken in different semester with the number
of credits. The student should consult his/her Faculty Adviser for the choice
of courses. The Registration form shall be filled in and signed by the student
and the Faculty Adviser.
7.3 From the second semester onwards all students shall pay the prescribed
fees and enroll on a specified day at the beginning of a semester.
7.4 A student will become eligible for enrolment only if he/she satisfies clause 9
and in addition he/she is not debarred from enrolment by a disciplinary action
of the Institution. At the time of enrolment a student can drop a course
registered earlier and also substitute it by another course for valid reasons
with the consent of the Faculty Adviser. Late enrolment will be permitted on
payment of a prescribed fine up to two weeks from the date of commencement
of the semester.

17
M.Sc.Physics

7.5 Withdrawal from a course registered is permitted up to one week from the
date of the completion of the first assessment test.
7.6 Change of a course within a period of 15 days from the commencement of
the course, with the approval of Dean (Academic Affairs), on the
recommendation of the HOD, is permitted.
7.7 Courses withdrawn will have to be taken when they are offered next if they
belong to the list of core courses.
7.8 A student should have registered for all preceding semesters before
registering for a particular semester.
8.0 TEMPORARY BREAK OF STUDY FROM THE PROGRAMME
A student may be permitted by the Dean (Academic Affairs) to avail temporary
break of study from the programme up to a maximum of two semesters for
reasons of ill health or other valid grounds. Such student has to rejoin only in
the same semester from where he left. However the total duration for
completion of the programme shall not exceed the prescribed maximum
number of semesters (vide clause 3.1).
9.0 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS TO REGISTER FOR PROJECT / THESIS /
DISSERTATION
9.1 A student is permitted to register for project semester, if he/she has earned
the minimum number of credits specified below:
Programme Minimum No. of credits to be earned to
enroll for project semester
M.Tech. (Full time) 18 (III semester)
M.Tech. (Part time) 18 (V semester)
M.C.A. (Full time) 45 (V semester)
M.C.A. (Full time) –
(Lateral Entry) 22 (V semester)
M.Sc.(Full time) 30 (IV semester) if project is in IV semester
18 (III semester) if project is in III semester

18
M.Sc.Physics

9.2 If the student has not earned minimum number of credits specified, he/she
has to earn the required credits, at least to the extent of minimum credits
specified in clause 9.1 and then register for the project semester.
10.0 DISCIPLINE
10.1 Every student is required to observe discipline and decorous behavior both
inside and outside the campus and not to indulge in any activity, which will
tend to bring down the prestige of the Institution.
10.2 Any act of indiscipline of a student reported to the Head of the Institution will
be referred to a Discipline and Welfare Committee for taking appropriate
action.
10.3 Every student should have been certified by the HOD that his / her conduct
and discipline have been satisfactory.
11.0 ATTENDANCE
11.1 Attendance rules for all Full Time Programme and Part time - day Time
Programmes are given in the following sub-clause.
11.2 Ideally every student is expected to attend all classes and earn 100%
attendance in the contact periods of every course, subject to a maximum
relaxation of 25% for genuine reasons like on medical grounds, representing
the University in approved events etc., to become eligible to appear for the
semester-end examination in that course, failing which the student shall be
awarded "I" grade in that course. If the course is a core course, the student
should register for and repeat the course when it is offered next. If the course
is an elective, either he/she can register and repeat the same elective or can
register for a new elective.
11.3 The students who have not attended a single hour in all courses in a semester
and awarded ‘I’ grade are not permitted to write the examination and also not
permitted move to next higher semester. Such students should repeat all the
courses of the semester in the next Academic year.
12.0 SUMMER TERM COURSES
12.1 Summer term courses may be offered by a department on the
recommendation of the Departmental Consultative Committee and approved
by the Dean (Academic Affairs). No student should register for more than
three courses during a summer term.

19
M.Sc.Physics

12.2 Summer term courses will be announced by the Head of the department at
the end of the even semester before the commencement of the end semester
examinations. A student will have to register within the time stipulated in the
announcement. A student has to pay the fees as stipulated in the
announcement.

12.3 The number of contact hours and the assessment procedure for any course
during summer term will be the same as those during regular semesters.

Students with U grades will have the option either to write semester end
arrears exam or to redo the courses during summer / regular semesters, if
they wish to improve their continuous assessment marks subject to the
approval of the Head of the department.

12.4 Withdrawal from a summer term course is not permitted. No substitute

examination will be conducted for the summer term courses.

13.0 ASSESSMENTS AND EXAMINATIONS

13.1 The following rule shall apply to the full-time and part-time PG programmes
(M.Tech./ M.C.A. / M.Sc.)

For lecture-based courses, normally a minimum of two assessments will be

made during the semester. The assessments may be combination of tests
and assignments. The assessment procedure as decided in the Class
Committee will be announced to the students right from the beginning of the
semester by the course teacher.

13.2 There shall be one examination of three hours duration, at the end of the
semester, in each lecture based course.

13.3 The evaluation of the Project work will be based on the project report and a
Viva-Voce Examination by a team consisting of the supervisor concerned,
an Internal Examiner and External Examiner to be appointed by the Controller
of Examinations.

13.4 At the end of industrial internship, the student shall submit a certificate from
the organization and also a brief report. The evaluation will be made based
on this report and a Viva-Voce Examination, conducted internally by a
Departmental Committee constituted by the Head of the Department.

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M.Sc.Physics

14.0 WEIGHTAGES

14.1 The following shall be the weightages for different courses:

(i) Lecture based course
Two continuous assessments - 50%
Semester-end examination - 50%
(ii) Laboratory based courses
Laboratory work assessment - 75%
Semester-end examination - 25%
(iii) Project work
Periodic reviews - 50%
Evaluation of Project Report by External Examiner - 20%
Viva-Voce Examination - 30%
14.2 Appearing for semester end examination for each course (Theory and
Practical) is mandatory and a student should secure a minimum of 40%
marks in semester end examination for the successful completion of the
course.
14.3 The markings for all tests, tutorial, assignments (if any), laboratory work and
examinations will be on absolute basis. The final percentage of marks is
calculated in each course as per the weightages given in clause 13.1.
15.0 SUBSTITUTE EXAMINATION
15.1 A student who has missed for genuine reasons any one of the three
assessments including semester-end examination of a course may be
permitted to write a substitute examination. However, permission to take up
a substitute examination will be given under exceptional circumstances, such
as accident or admissions to a hospital due to illness, etc.
15.2 A student who misses any assessment in a course shall apply in a prescribed
form to the Dean (Academic Affairs) through the Head of the department
within a week from the date of missed assessment. However the substitute
tests and examination for a course will be conducted within two weeks after
the last day of the semester-end examinations.

21
M.Sc.Physics

16.0 COURSEWISE GRADING OF STUDENTS AND LETTER GRADES

16.1 Based on the semester performance, each student is awarded a final letter
grade at the end of the semester in each course. The letter grades and the
corresponding grade points are as follows, but grading has to be relative
grading

Letter grade Grade points

S 10
A 9
B 8
C 7
D 6
E 5
U 0
W -
I -
AB -

Flexible range grading system will be adopted

“W” denotes withdrawal from the course.

"I" denotes inadequate attendance and hence prevention from semester-

end examination

"U" denotes unsuccessful performance in a course.

“AB” denotes absent for the semester end examination

16.2 A student is considered to have completed a course successfully if he / she

secure five grade points or higher. A letter grade ‘U’ in any course implies
unsuccessful performance in that course.

16.3 A course successfully completed cannot be repeated for any reason.

22
M.Sc.Physics

17.0 AWARD OF LETTER GRADE

17.1 A final meeting of the Class Committee without the student member(s) will
be convened within ten days after the last day of the semester end
examination. The letter grades to be awarded to the students for different
courses will be finalized at the meeting.
17.2 After finalization of the grades at the class committee meeting the Chairman
will forward the results to the Controller of Examinations, with copies to Head
of the Department and Dean (Academic Affairs).
18.0 DECLARATION OF RESULTS
18.1 After finalization by the Class Committee as per clause 16.1 the Letter grades
awarded to the students in the each course shall be announced on the
departmental notice board after duly approved by the Controller of
Examinations.
18.2 In case any student feels aggrieved about the results, he/she can apply for
revaluation after paying the prescribed fee for the purpose, within one week
from the announcement of results.
A committee will be constituted by the concerned Head of the Department
comprising of the Chairperson of the concerned Class Committee
(Convener), the teacher concerned and a teacher of the department who is
knowledgeable in the concerned course. If the Committee finds that the case
is genuine, it may jointly revalue the answer script and forward the revised
marks to the Controller of Examinations with full justification for the revision,
if any.
18.3 The “U” and “AB” grade once awarded stays in the grade sheet of the students
and is not deleted when he/she completes the course successfully later.
The grade acquired by the student later will be indicated in the grade sheet of
the appropriate semester.
19.0 COURSE REPETITION AND ARREARS EXAMINATION
19.1 A student should register to re-do a core course wherein "I" or "W" grade is
awarded. If the student is awarded "I" or "W" grade in an elective course
either the same elective course may be repeated or a new elective course
may be taken.

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M.Sc.Physics

19.2 A student who is awarded “U” or “AB” grade in a course shall write the
semester-end examination as arrear examination, at the end of the next
semester, along with the regular examinations of next semester courses.
19.3 A student who is awarded “U” or “AB” grade in a course will have the option of
either to write semester end arrear examination at the end of the subsequent
semesters, or to redo the course whenever the course is offered. Marks
earned during the redo period in the continuous assessment for the course,
will be used for grading along with the marks earned in the end-semester
(re-do) examination.
19.4 If any student obtained “U” or “AB” grade, the marks earned during the redo
period for the continuous assessment for that course will be considered for
further appearance as arrears.
19.5 If a student with “U” or “AB” grade prefers to redo any particular course fails
to earn the minimum 75% attendance while doing that course, then he/she
will not be permitted to write the semester end examination and his / her
earlier ‘U’ grade and continuous assessment marks shall continue.
20.0 GRADE SHEET
20.1 The grade sheet issued at the end of the semester to each student will contain
the following:
(i) the credits for each course registered for that semester.
(ii) the performance in each course by the letter grade obtained.
(iii) the total credits earned in that semester.
(iv) the Grade Point Average (GPA) of all the courses registered for that
semester and the Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) of all the
courses taken up to that semester.
20.2 The GPA will be calculated according to the formula

∑ in=1 (C i )(GPi )
GPA = Where n = number of courses
∑ in=1 C i

where Ci is the number of credits assigned for ith course

GPi - Grade point obtained in the ith course

24
M.Sc.Physics

For the cumulative grade point average (CGPA) a similar formula is used
except that the sum is over all the courses taken in all the semesters
completed up to the point of time.
‘I’ and ‘W’ grades will be excluded for GPA calculations.
‘U’, ‘AB’ ‘I’ and ‘W’ grades will be excluded for CGPA calculations.
20.3 Classification of the award of degree will be as follows:
CGPA Classification
8.50 and above, having completed all
courses in first appearance First class with Distinction
6.50 and above, having completed within
a period of 2 semesters beyond the
programme period First Class
All others Second Class

However, to be eligible for First Class with Distinction, a student should not
have obtained U or I grade in any course during his/her study and should
have completed the PG Programme within a minimum period covered by
the minimum duration (clause 3.1) plus authorized break of study, if any (clause
8). To be eligible for First Class, a student should have passed the examination
in all courses within the specified minimum number of semesters reckoned
from his/her commencement of study plus two semesters. For this purpose,
the authorized break of study will not be counted. The students who do not
satisfy the above two conditions will be classified as second class. For the
purpose of classification, the CGPA will be rounded to two decimal places.
For the purpose of comparison of performance of students and ranking, CGPA
will be considered up to three decimal places.

21.0 ELIGIBILITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTERS DEGREE

21.1 A student shall be declared to be eligible for the award of the Masters Degree,
if he/she has:
i) successfully acquired the required credits as specified in the Curriculum
corresponding to his/her programme within the stipulated time,
ii) no disciplinary action is pending against him/her.

25
M.Sc.Physics

21.2 The award of the degree must be approved by the University.

22.0 POWER TO MODIFY

Notwithstanding all that have been stated above, the Academic Council has
the right to modify any of the above regulations from time to time.

26
M.Sc.Physics

CURRICULUM & SYLLABI FOR

M.Sc. PHYSICS
(FOUR SEMESTERS / FULL TIME)
CURRICULUM
SEMESTER I
Sl. Course Course Title L T P C
No. Code
1. PHB6101 Classical Mechanics and Relativity 4 0 0 4
2. PHB6102 Mathematical Physics 4 0 0 4
3. PHB6103 Solid state Physics 3 0 0 3
4. PHB6104 Electronics 3 0 0 3
5. PHB6105 Crystal Growth Techniques 3 0 0 3
6. PHB6106 General Physics Lab 0 0 3 2
7. PHB6107 Electronics Lab 0 0 3 2
21

SEMESTER II
Sl. Course Course Title L T P C
No. Code
1. PHB6211 Quantum mechanics 4 0 0 4
2. PHB6212 Advanced Optics & Laser Technology 3 0 0 3
3. PHB6213 Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics 4 0 0 4
4. PHB6214 Atomic Physics and Molecular Spectroscopy 4 0 0 4
5. Elective - I 3 0 0 3
6. Seminar 1
7. PHB6215 Advanced General Physics Lab 0 0 3 2
21

27
M.Sc.Physics
SEMESTER III
Sl. Course Course Title L T P C
No. Code
1. PHB7101 Digital Electronics and Microprocessors 4 0 0 4
2. PHB7102 Electromagnetic Theory & Electrodynamics 4 0 0 4
3. PHB7103 Numerical methods and programming 3 0 0 3
4. Elective - II 3 0 0 3
5. Elective - III 3 0 0 3
6. PHB7104 Advanced Electronics Lab 0 0 3 2
7. PHB7105 Project work – Phase I 2*
19
SEMESTER IV
Sl. Course Course Title L T P C
No. Code
1. PHB7211 Measurement and Instrumentation 3 0 0 3
2. PHB7212 Nuclear and Particle Physics 4 0 0 4
3. Elective – IV 3 0 0 3
4. PHB7213 Project work – Phase II 0 0 0 6*
10
2+6=8
* 2 credits of Project work - Phase I will be accounted along with Project work –
Phase II in the IV semester
TOTAL CREDITS 79

28
M.Sc.Physics
LIST OF ELECTIVE SUBJECTS
Sl. Course Course Title L T P C
No. Code
1 PHBY01 Materials Science and Characterization 3 0 0 3
2 PHBY02 Biophotonics 3 0 0 3
3 PHBY03 Thin film Science and Technology 3 0 0 3
4 PHBY04 Nonlinear Optics and Materials 3 0 0 3
5 PHBY05 Nonlinear Fibre Optics 3 0 0 3
6 PHBY06 Nanophotonics 3 0 0 3
7 PHBY07 Nanoscience and Technology 3 0 0 3
8 PHBY08 Satellite Communication and Remote sensing 3 0 0 3
9 PHBY09 Radiation Physics 3 0 0 3
10 PHBY10 Chaos and Solitons 3 0 0 3
11 PHBY11 Signal Processing and Communication 3 0 0 3
12 PHBY12 Biomedical Instrumentation 3 0 0 3
13 PH BY13 Nanoelectronics 3 0 0 3
14 PHBY14 Advanced Statistical Mechanics 4 0 0 4
15 PHBY15 Crystal Growth and Characterization 3 0 0 3
16 PHBY16 Nonlinear Optics 3 0 0 3
17 PHBY17 Imaging techniques for nanotechnology 3 0 0 3
18 PHBY18 Physicochemical methods for characterization
of nanomaterials 3 0 0 3
19 PHBY19 Research methodology 3 0 0 3
20 PHBY20 Mathematical methods for nonlinear science 3 0 0 3
21 PHBY21 Linear and nonlinear electronics 3 0 0 3
22 PHBY22 Advanced solid state theory 3 0 0 3
23 PHBY23 Condensed matter physics 3 0 0 3
24 PHBY24 Nano electronics and photonics 3 0 0 3
25 PHBY25 Crystallography and crystal growth 3 0 0 3
26 PHBY26 Characterization of materials 3 0 0 3

29
M.Sc.Physics
SEMESTER I
PHB6101 CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND RELATIVITY L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic concepts in Classical Mechanics.
• To have a comprehensive idea on the Hamiltonian formulation.
• To gain the knowledge on rigid body and relativistics mechanics.

MODULE I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND LAGRANGIAN

FORMULATIONS 12

Constraints – Generalised coordinates- Principle of Virtual work- D’Alembert’s

Principle -Lagrange’s equations of motion – conservative and Non-conservative
forces-Applications : L-C circuit – one dimensional harmonic oscillator. Central
force and motion in a plane – Equation of motion under central force and first
integrals-Differential equation for an orbit – Inverse square law of force- Kepler’s
laws of planetary motion and their deduction-Virial theorem.

MODULE II HAMILTONIAN FORMULATION 12

Hamiltonian function H-Physical significance-Hamilton’s canonical equations

of motion -Applications :simple pendulum – Motion of a particle in a central
force field- charged particle in an electromagnetic field- Hamilton’s Variational
principle- proof-Derivation of Lagrange’s equations-Principle of Least Action –
its deduction- Canonical Transformations-Generating function-Poisson’s and
Lagrange’s brackets-properties-relation between them- The Hamilton – Jacobi
equation – Kepler’s problem -solution by Hamilton – Jacobi method - Action
and angle variables.

MODULE III RIGID BODY DYNAMICS AND SMALL OSCILLATIONS 12

Independent coordinates- Euler’s angles – Components of Angular velocity in

terms of Euler’s angles –Angular momentum of a rigid body –Moments and
products of inertia- Euler’s equations of motion for a rigid body. Theory of
small oscillations-frequencies of free vibration and normal coordinates-two
coupled harmonic oscillators-vibrations of a linear triatomic molecule.

30
M.Sc.Physics
MODULE IV RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS 12

Basic postulates of special theory of relativity – variation of mass with velocity

– Relativistic energy – Mass- energy relation – Force in relativistic mechanics
– The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a particle in relativistic mechanics.
Minkowski space and Lorentz transformations – Four vectors – position,
momentum and acceleration four vector.

MODULE V NONLINEAR DYNAMICS 12

Dynamical systems – mathematical implications of non linearity – definition

and effects of non linearity – Linear Vs Non linear oscillators – classification of
equilibrium points – Logistic map- stability analysis – Period doubling – Definition
of Chaos- Initial Conditions – KdV equations -solitary waves & solitons :
Linear waves and Non Linear Waves.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. Goldstein. H, Classical Mechanics, Third edition, Narosa Publishing Home,
New Delhi, 2002.
2. Upadhyaya. J.C., Classical Mechanics, Himalaya Publishing House, 2010.
3. Marion and Thorntron, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems, Fifth
Edition, Holt Rinehart & Winston, 2012.
4. Panat. P.V, Classical Mechanics, Narosa Publishing Home, New Delhi, 2008.
5. Rana. N.C and Joag.P.S, Classical Mechanics, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing
Company Limited, New Delhi, 2004.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts on Classical Mechanics.
• the theorems relating to the nonlinear bodies.
• the various aspects of dynamics and oscillations of bodies.

31
M.Sc.Physics
PHB6102 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic concepts in Mathematical Physics.
• To have an overall idea about the use of mathematical methods in physics.

MODULE I VECTORS AND TENSORS 12

Vector analysis : Gradient –Divergence –Curl-second order derivatives –

Gauss’s theorem-Stoke’s theorem-Green’s theorem – Curvilinear coordinates-
spherical polar-cylindrical coordinates. Tensor analysis : Cartesian tensors –
law of transformation of first and second order tensors- addition, subtraction
and multiplication (inner and outer product) of tensors –rank ,covariant,
contravariant and mixed tensors- symmetric and antisymmetric tensors-
Quotient law.

MODULE II SECOND ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 12

Legendre, Bessel and Laguerre differential equations –series solutions-

generating functions-recurrence relations- Stum- Liouvillie theorem-
Orthogonality of eigen function. Hyper geometric functions – generating
functions.

MODULE III COMPLEX VARIABLES 12

Functions of complex variables – single and many valued functions- analytic

functions –Cauchy – Riemann equations –conjugate functions – complex line
integrals-Cauchy’s integral theorem-integral formula – Taylor and Laurent
expansions –zeros and singularities – residues –Cauchy’s Residue theorem
and its applications for evaluation of integrals.

MODULE IV FOURIER TRANSFORM, VECTOR SPACES AND GREEN

FUNCTIONS 12

Fourier Transform: Fourier transform – sine and cosine transform – properties

Faultung’s theorem- application in heat conduction and spectroscopy. Vector
spaces: Definition –Linear dependence-Linear independence of vectors- Linear
spaces –Basis-change of basis – Inner product space – Schmidt’s
orthogonalisation procedure – Schwartz’s inequality – Hilbert spaces-

32
M.Sc.Physics

properties. Green’s function: Definition and construction –symmetry properties-

expression for Green’s functions in terms of Eigen functions-Green’s functions
for simple and second order operator.

MODULE V GROUP THEORY 12

Basic definitions – group – subgroups-classes- Isomorphism-Homomorphism

– cosets- Normal subgroups-factor groups – point groups-space groups-The
great orthogonality theorem- representations – MODULEary representations
– character tables for C3v groups – rotation groups – 0(3), SU(2) & SU(3)
groups.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. Chattopadhyay. P.K, Mathematical Physics, 3rd Edition, New Academic
Science, 2014.
2. Arfken. G and Weber.H. J Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 4th ed.
Physicists Prism Books, Bangalore, 1995.
3. Joshi. A. W, Matrices and Tensors in Physics, 3rd edition, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi, 1995.
4. Gupta. B. D., Mathematical Physics, 4th edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt
Limited, 2007.

OUTCOME:
• At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the basic
concepts on Mathematical sciences.

33
M.Sc.Physics
PHB6103 SOLID STATE PHYSICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic concepts in Solid state Physics.
• To have comprehensive idea on properties of materials.

MODULE I LATTICE VIBRATIONS AND BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS 9

Wave motions of one dimensional atomic lattice – wave motion of linear diatomic
lattice – optical and acoustical modes – infrared absorption – inelastic
scattering of neutrons – inelastic scattering of x-rays. Bloch’s theorem – Kronig
Penney model – construction of Brillouine zone – fermi surface – De Haas
van Alphen effect.

MODULE II MAGNETIC AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES 9

Types of magnetic materials –Diamagnetism– Paramagnetism- Ferro

magnetism – Weiss theory – Exchange interaction-ferromagnetic domains-
molecular field theory of antiferromagnetism-Neel temperature-ferrites.
Polarisation-Dielectric and polarisability constants-local field-Clausius Mosotti
relation-measurement of dielectric constants.

MODULE III IMPERFECTION AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 9

Classification of imperfections – Schottky defect – Frenkel defect – screw

and edge dislocations – Burger’s vector. Optical properties of semiconductors
– influence of traps – Colour centers and coloration of crystals- Luminescence
– Emission and absorption spectra – Efficiency of phosphor – Thermo
luminescence and glow curve.

MODULE IV SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 9

Zero resistance – behaviour in magnetic field – Meissner effect – Type I and

Type II super conductors – entropy and heat capacity – thermal conductivity –
quantum tunneling - London equations – penetration depth – BCS theory - AC
and DC Josephson effect – high Tc super conductors – SQUID.

MODULE V NANOSCIENCE 9

Importance of nanomaterials – classification – nanostructures – techniques

of nanoscience characterization and fabrication of nanoscale systems and

34
M.Sc.Physics

devices – scanning probe microscopy, focussed ion beam, Electron beam

lithography – nanoholes and photons – imaging – photonic crystals – quantum
information and quantum computers.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Kittel. C, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edition, Wiley Eastern, New
Delhi, 2004.
2. Pillai. S.O, Solid State Physics, New Age International, New Delhi, 2009.
3. Blakemore. J. S, Solid State Physics, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1985.
4. Philip Hofmann, Solid State Physics, 1st edition, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 2011.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the
• basic concepts on properties of materials in solid state physics.
• phenomenon of superconductivity and its properties.
• different techniques used for synthesis and fabrication of nanomaterials.

35
M.Sc.Physics
PHB6104 ELECTRONICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the fundamentals of working of semiconductor diodes
• To know the operations of special devices
• To comprehend the characteristics of devices and its applications

MODULE I SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES 9

The continuity equation – Application of the continuity equation for an

abrupt PN junction under forward and reverse bias – Einstein equation –
Varactor diode – Schottky diode – Tunnel diode – Gunn diode – Optoelectronic
diodes – LASER diode, LED and photo diode.

MODULE II SPECIAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 9

JFET- Structure and working – I -V Characteristics under different conditions

– biasing circuits – CS amplifier design – ac analysis – MOSFET: Depletion
and Enhancement type MOSFFT – UJTcharacteristics – relaxation oscillator
– SCR characteristics – application in power control DIAC, TRIAC.

MODULE III OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 9

Operational amplifier characteristics – inverting and non-inverting amplifier –

instrumentation amplifier – voltage follower –integrating and differential circuits
–log & antilog amplifiers – opamp as comparator – Voltage to current and
current to voltage conversions-active filters : lowpass, high pass, band pass
& band rejection filters-Solving simultaneous and differential equations.

MODULE IV OP-AMP APPLICATIONS (OSCILLATORS & CONVERTORS) 9

Wien bridge, phase shift oscillators and twin-T oscillators – triangular, saw-
tooth and square wave generators-Schmitt’s trigger – sample and hold circuits
– Voltage control oscillator – phase locked loops. Basic D to A conversion:
weighted resistor DAC – Binary R-2R ladder DAC – Basic A to D conversion:
counter type ADC – successive approximation converter – dual slope ADC.

MODULE V IC FABRICATION AND IC TIMER 9

Basic monolithic ICs – epitaxial growth – masking –etching impurity diffusion-

fabricating monolithic resistors, diodes, transistors, inductors and capacitors
36
M.Sc.Physics

– circuit layout – contacts and inter connections – charge coupled device –

applications of CCDs.555 timer – description of the functional diagram – mono
stable operation – applications of mono shots – astable operation pulse
generation.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Floyd L, Electronic Devices, Pearson Education, 8th edition, New York, 2009.
2. Milman.J and Halkias.C.C, Integrated Electronics, McGraw Hill, 1972
3. Roy Choudhary. D, Linear Integrated Circuits, 3rd edition, New Academic
Science Ltd, 2010.
4. Mottershead, A., Electronic Devices and Circuits - An Introduction, Prentice
Hall of India, 2003.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the
• fundamentals of working of semiconductor and special devices
• applications of electronic devices

37
M.Sc.Physics

PHB6105 CRYSTAL GROWTH TECHNIQUES L T P C

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand and compare the various Crystal Growth techniques.
• To know the principle in the methods involved in the growth of crystal.

MODULE I CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 9

Symmetry elements, operations - translational symmetries - point groups -

space groups - equivalent positions –close packed structures - voids -
important crystal structures – Paulings rules - defects in crystals, –
polymorphism and twinning - polarizing microscope and uses.

MODULE II CRYSTAL GROWTH THEORY & TECHNIQUES 9

Introduction to crystal growth - nucleation – Gibbs-Thomson equation - kinetic

theory of nucleation – limitations of classical nucleation theory - homogeneous
and heterogeneous nucleation – different shapes of nuclei – spherical, cap,
cylindrical and orthorhombic, Bridgman technique - Czochralski methods -
Verneuil technique - zone melting – gel growth – solution growth methods –
low and high temperature solution growth methods – vapour growth.

MODULE III GROWTH FROM SOLUTIONS 9

Measurement of supersaturation – Low temperature solution growth – High

temperature solution growth – Accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT)
– Electrocrystallization – Crystal growth in gel – Growth of biological crystals
– Hydrothermal technique – Sol-gel growth – Chemical bath deposition (CBD)
– Photochemical deposition (PCD) – unidirectional growth of crystals from
solution.

MODULE IV MELT GROWTH 9

Temperature measurement and control – Starting materials and purification –

conservative and non-conservative process – Bridgman method – Czochralski
method – Verneuil method – Zone melting – Skull melting – Fluid flow analysis
in melt growth – theory and experiment.

MODULE V APPLICATIONS OF CRYSTALS 9

Optical SHG – Phase Matching – Experimental verification – Parametric

38
M.Sc.Physics

oscillation – Frequency tuning – Power output and pump saturation – Frequency

up conversion – Materials, Ferroelectric materials and its applications, Dielectric
materials – Dielectric constant, dielectric loss and its uses, Photonic crystals,
Luminescent crystals and liquid crystals.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Brice J.C., Crystal Growth Processes, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987.
2. Santhana Ragavan P. and Ramasamy P., Crystal Growth Processes and
Methods, KRU Publications, Kumbakonam, 2001.
3. Scheel, Hans J. and Fukuda, Crystal Growth Technology, Wiley publishers,
2003.
4. Hans J. Scheel and Peter Capper, Crystal Growth Technology: From
Fundamentals and Simulation to Large-scale Production, Wiley publishers,
2008.

OUTCOME:
• At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the various
techniques involved in Crystal Growth.

39
M.Sc.Physics
PHB6106 GENERAL PHYSICS LAB L T P C
0 0 3 2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Determination of wavelength using Michelson Interferometer.
2. Determination of susceptibility of liquid using Quinckie’s method.
3. Determination of type of semiconductor by Hall effect method.
4. Determination of Conductivity of a material using four probe method.
5. Determination of Velocity and Compressibility of ultrasonic waves in liquid
6. Determination of Stefan’s constant by pyrometer.
7. Determination of refractive index of a given liquid using Hollow prism method.
8. Determination of absorbance using spectrophotometer.
9. Determination of dielectric constant of material using Lecher wire.
10. Determination of index of refraction by Cauchy’s formula using optics.
11. Determination of radius of gyration using Compound pendulum.
12. Measurement of Line intensities in Iron Arc Spectrum by spectrograph.

40
M.Sc.Physics
PHB6107 ELECTRONICS LAB L T P C
0 0 3 2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Feedback Amplifier
2. Monostable, Astable and bistable Multivibrator using Op-amps.
3. Phase shift Oscillator
4. Wien bridge Oscillator
5. Characteristics of MOSFET
6. Characterisitics of UJT
7. Operational Amplifier
8. Dual Power Supply- construction
9. Half Adder, Hall- Subtractor, Full Adder and Full- Subtractor
10. 4-bit parallel Binary Adder.

41
M.Sc.Physics

SEMESTER II
PHB6211 QUANTUM MECHANICS L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
• To study the basic concepts of quantum mechanics.
• To understand the different approximation methods used in quantum
mechanics.

MODULE I QUANTUM BASICS 12

Schrodinger time independent and dependent equations- solution of free

particle (1 Dimensional)- arbitrary potential – physical Interpretation of
Ψ - Normalization – Conservation of probability – expectation values:Ehrenfest
theorem-Basic postulates -Operators : Definition and properties- Eigen values
and Eigen functions - self adjoint operators – Parity operator- uncertainty
principle. (Statement and Proof).

MODULE II EXACTLY SOLVABLE SYSTEMS 12

One dimensional linear harmonic oscillator – solutions to a square well potential

Ψ schrodinger equation- Rigid rotator :
– spherically symmetric potential and
eigen values and radial wave function – hydrogen atom: energy eigen values
and complete wave function ( 100)

MODULE III APPROXIMATION METHODS 12

Equations in various orders of perturbation theory – the non- degenerate case:

first and second order– Stark effect – Zeeman effect- Application to excited
states: Helium atom – time dependent perturbation theory– harmonic
perturbation (Fermi-Golden Rule) - Adiabatic, Sudden Approximation
perturbation.

MODULE IV EQUATION OF MOTION AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM 12

Quantum pictures : Schroedinger, Heisenberg and Interaction – Angular

momentum operator- Commutation rules – the eigen value spectum – raising
and lowering operators- C.G coefficients (no properties of C.G coefficients)-
C.G coefficients when J1=J2=1/2.

42
M.Sc.Physics
MODULE V RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS 12

K.G. equation – charge and current densities – Dirac’s equation – Dirac

matrices- properties spinors – spin of Dirac’s particle- Zitterbewegung –
Negative energy states- spin magnetic moment.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. Mathews P.M. and Venkatesan K., A Textbook of Quantum Mechanics, Tata
McGraw Hill, 1977.
2. Schiff I. Leonard, Quantum mechanics, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1968.
3. Merzbacker E., Quantum mechanics, Wiley Publishers, 4th Edition, 1991.
4. Satya Prakash, Quantum Mechanics, Sultan Chand Publishers, New Delhi,
2004.
5. John L. Powell and Bernd Crasemann, Quantum Mechanics, Narosa
Publishing House, 1988.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the
• basics of quantum mechanics.
• various physics concepts in the light of quantum mechanics.

43
M.Sc.Physics
PHB6212 ADVANCED OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To know the role of advanced optics in laser technology
• To understand the various mechanisms involving operation of laser.

MODULE I THEORY OF DIFFRACTION 9

Kirchoff's theorem - Fresnel–Kirchoff integral formula and its application to

diffraction problems - Wave propagation in free space - Fraunhofer and Fresnel
diffraction, Fraunhofer diffraction by a single slit, double slit, diffraction grating,
circular aperture - Fresnel diffraction, Fresnel zones, Fresnel integrals.

MODULE II FOURIER OPTICS 9

Concept of spatial Frequencies, Impulse response and transfer functions-

Fourier Transform properties of lens - spatial filtering - theory of imaging
(Focussed and non-focussed) - Pupil functions - Abbe’s principle.

MODULE III LASER SYSTEMS 9

Laser systems – General description-Laser structure-excitation mechanism-

Different laser systems- He-Ne laser, Argon-ion laser, Nitrogen laser, Carbon-
dioxide laser - Excimer laser - X-ray laser - Free electron laser, Nd:YAG;
Nd:Glass, Alexandrite laser - Ti-Sapphire laser – Diode pumped solid state
laser, Pulsed-CW dye laser.

MODULE IV Q-SWITCHING, MODE LOCKING AND COHERENCE OF

LASER 9

Theory of Q-switching and experimental methods - cavity dumping -Theory of

Mode locking and experimental methods - Spatial and Temporal coherence -
Methods of detection and measurement of ultrashort pulses.

MODULE V NON LINEAR OPTICS 9

Wave propagation in an anisotropic crystal – Polarization response of materials

to light – Harmonic generation – Second harmonic generation – Sum and
difference frequency generation – Phase matching – Third harmonic generation
– bistability – self focusing

Total Hours: 45
44
M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. Born and Wolf, Principles of Optics, Cambridge University press, 1999.
2. Saleh and Tiech, Fundamentals of photonics, Wiley-Interscience Publishers,
2007.
3. Guenther. R.D., Modern Optics, John Wiley Publishers, 1990.
4. William T. Silfvast, Laser Fundamentals, Cambridge University press, 1996.
5. Robert Boyd. W, Non Linear Optics, 3rd edition, Academic Press, 2008.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the
• characteristics of the laser systems.
• various types of laser systems.

45
M.Sc.Physics
PHB6213 THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the concepts of thermodynamics
• To know the fundamentals of statistical physics
• To understand the quantum laws governing particles

MODULE I REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS 12

Energy and first law of thermodynamics – entropy and second law of

thermodynamics – Nernst heat theorem and third law of thermodynamics –
consequences of Nernst heat theorem – heat capacity and specific heat –
Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations and potentials - Gibb’s - Helmholtz relations-
thermodynamic equilibria.

MODULE II STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM OF

PARTICLES 12

Statistical formulation of a state system – calculation of pressure using time

independent scenario-phase space – density distribution in phase space –
Liouville’s theorem-equation of motion and Liouville’s theorem—ensembles-
types and ensemble average- equal apriori probability – statistical equilibrium
– isolated system – system in contact with heat reservoir - calculation of mean
values in a canonical ensemble and connection with thermo dynamics.

MODULE III SIMPLE APPLICATIONS 12

Concept of partition function – their properties- ideal monatomic Gas-

calculation of thermo dynamic quantities – Gibb’s paradox- equipartition
theorem – proof – simple application - Harmonic oscillator- characteristics of
crystalline solids – specific heat by Einstein model- Debye’s modification.

MODULE IV QUANTUM STATISTICS OF IDEAL GASES 12

Identical particles- symmetry requirements – formulation of statistical problems

– quantum distribution functions from partition function: Photon, Fermi-Dirac
and Bose – Einstein statistics- chemical potential – Bose- Einstein
condensation.

46
M.Sc.Physics
MODULE V PHASE TRANSITIONS 12

General remarks on phase transitions- First and Second order – non ideal
gas –calculation of partition function for low densities – equation of state and
Virial coefficients- derivation of Vander Wall’s equation – spin – spin interaction
– one dimensional model – Weiss molecular field approximation.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. Frederick Reif, Fundamentals of statistical and thermal physics, McGraw-
Hill, 2008.
2. Agarwal B.K. and Eisner M, Statistical Mechanics, 2nd Edition, New Age
International, New Delhi, 1998.
3. Sears F.W and Salinger G.L, Thermodynamics, kinetic theory and statistical
thermodynamics, Narosa publishing House, 1998.
4. Huang. K, Statistical Mechanics, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 2nd Edition, New Delhi,
1987.
5. Bhattacharjee J.K, Statistical Mechanics: An Introductory Text, Allied
Publication, New Delhi, 1996.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the
• fundamentals of thermodynamic systems
• various statistical laws governing the particles

47
M.Sc.Physics
PHB6214 ATOMIC PHYSICS AND MOLECULAR L T P C
SPECTROSCOPY 4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
• To have a knowledge on the applications of Spectroscopy
• To understand spectroscopy on the basis of quantum mechanics

MODULE I ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 12

Central field approximation – Thomas - Fermi statistical model – Spin – orbit

interaction – Alkali atoms – Doublet separation– intensities – Complex atoms
– Coupling schemes – energy levels – Selection rules and intensities in dipole
transition-Paschen –Back effect-hydrogen ion-hydrogen molecule- covalent
bond – Heitler – London theory – atomic and molecular hybrid Orbitals – Hartee
Fock equation – method of self consistent field.

MODULE II RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 12

Semi classical treatment of emission and absorption of radiation – emission

and absorption coefficients – spontaneous and induced emission of radiation
– polarisability – Rayleigh scattering – Kramers – Heisenberg dispersion formula
– Raman effect – basic principles of Raman Scattering – vibrational and
rotational Raman spectra – Experimental techniques of Raman Spectroscopy
– molecular structure studies – Laser as a Raman source.

MODULE III INFRARED AND MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY 12

Characteristic features of pure rotation – vibration – rotation vibration – of a

diatomic molecule – theory – evaluation of molecular constants – IR spectra
of polyatomic molecules – experimental techniques of IR – Dipole moment
studies – molecular structure determination – microwave spectra of polyatomic
molecules – experimental techniques of microwave spectroscopy – inversion
spectrum of ammonia – Maser principles – Ammonia maser– applications of
Masers.

MODULE IV NMR AND ESR SPECTROSCOPY 12

NMR spectroscopy Basic principles- classical and quantum mechanical

detechniques - Bloch equations- spin- spin and spin- lattice relaxation times-
experimental technique - single coil and double coil methods- pulse method-
high resolution methods.

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M.Sc.Physics

ESR spectroscopy- basic principles- ESR spectrometer- Nuclear interaction

and hyperfine structure- Relaxation effects- ‘g’ factor- biological applications-
simple experimental set up for ESR.

MODULE V RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 12

NQR spectroscopy- basic principles- quadrupole Hamiltonian- Nuclear

quadrupole energy levels- for axial and non axial symmetry- NQR spectrometer-
chemical bonding- molecular structure and molecular symmetry studies.
Mossbauer spectroscopy-principle experimental arrangement - chemical shift-
quadrupole splitting-applications.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. Sune Svanberg, Atomic and Molecular spectroscopy, 3rd Edition, Springer
Publishers, 2012.
2. Jain V. K., Introduction to Atomic And Molecular Spectroscopy, Alpha Science
Intl Publishers, 2007.
3. Colin N. Banwell and Elaine M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular
spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill College, 1994.
4. Jeanne L. McHale, Molecular spectroscopy, Prentice Hall, 1994.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the
• basic ideas about the concepts of spectroscopy
• comparisons between different spectroscopic studies

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M.Sc.Physics
PHB6215 ADVANCED GENERAL PHYSICS LAB L T P C
0 0 3 2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Determination of young’s modulus of a material using Flexural vibration of a
bar.
2. Determination of multiple Fourier Filtering
3. Determination of Elastics Constants (Cornu’s fringes) using Elliptical and
Hyperbolic Fringes
4. Determination of Characteristics of solar cell.
5. Determination of Curie Temperature of Magnetic Materials
6. Determination of susceptibility of a liquid using Guoy method.
7. Study of Transducers.
8. Determination of resistivity of semiconductors.
9. Determination of wavelength and thickness using Biprism
10. Fibre Optics Experiment
11. Determination of Thermal and electrical conductivities of copper to determine
Lorentz number
12. Determination of Band Structure using materials modeling .
13. Determination of Density of states using materials modeling.
14. Determination of Magnetic moment using materials modeling.

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M.Sc.Physics
SEMESTER III
PHB7101 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND L T P C
MICROPROCESSORS 4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the concepts of microprocessors and microcontrollers.
• To comprehend the ideas about the digital electronics

MODULE I LOGIC GATES 12

Logic gates - block diagram - truth table- Ex OR gate - equivalent functions -

combinational logic - half adder / subtract or - full adder / subtracted -
DeMorgan's laws-Boolean algebra - Karnaugh maps - max and min terms -
encoders and decoders - multiplexers and demultiplexers.

MODULE II COUNTERS 12

Sequential logic – flip – flops – sequential circuit analysis – state diagram –

state equation – registers – counters – up – down counters – timining sequenes
– the memory MODULE – Random Access Memory (RAM) – Magnetic core
memory.

MODULE III INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR 12

Common microprocessor characteristic - pin diagram and functions for generic

microprocessor - microprocessor architecture - the intel 8085 microprocessor
- the 8085 pin diagram and functions - 8085 architecture - different addressiag
modes - 8085 instruction set - arithmetic, logical and branch instructions - the
8085 stack, I/O and control instructions.

MODULE IV 8085 MICROPROCESSOR 12

Programming the 8085 microprocessor - 8 bit addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division - looping programs - sum of data - maximum,
minimum values of the given array - ascending / descendmg - data transfer-
16 bit addition – relay generation – multiple precision arithmetic – decimal
arithmetic - subroutine programs - ASCII to decimal multiple precision addition
subroutine.

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M.Sc.Physics
MODULE V MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING 12

Timining diagram - instruction cycle, machine cycle, R/W cycle - interfacing

the microprocessor - interfacing with ROM - interfacing with RAM - I/O
interfacing basics.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. Jain R.P, Digital Electronics and Microprocessors, Fourth Edition, Tata –
McGraw Hill, 2010.
2. Anokh Singh, A.k.Chhabra, Fundamental of Digital Electronics and
Microprocessors, 2nd Edition, S. Chand Limited, 2005.
3. Anokh Singh, Chhabra A.k, Fundamental of Digital Electronics and its
application, S. Chand Limited, 2005.
4. Sumit Kumar Singh, Fundamental of Digital Electronics and Microprocessors,
Coronet Books Incorporated, 2008.
5. Jain R.P, Modern Digital Electronics, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the working of digital electronic devices.
• the concepts of working model of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHB7102 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND L T P C
ELECTRODYNAMICS 4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the concepts on electrostatics and magnetostatics.
• To have an idea on the relativistic nature of electrodynamics.

MODULE I ELECTROSTATICS 12

Gauss law – Application to cylindrical and spherical surfaces – Coulomb’s law

– electric field - Divergence of E – curl of E – scalar potential – multipole
expansion of electric fields – The Dirac Delta function – Poisson’s equation –
Laplace’s equation – Green’s theorem – uniqueness theorem – formal solution
of electrostatic field – boundary value problems using Green’s function –
electrostatic potential energy and energy density.

MODULE II MAGNETOSTATICS 12

Biot – Savart’s law – Application to straight conductor and solenoid – differential

equations of magnetostatics and Ampere’s law – The magnetic vector potential
– the multipole expansion of the vector potential – magnetic moment – magnetic
scalar potential – macroscopic magnetization – susceptibility and permeability.

MODULE III TIME VARYING FIELDS 12

Derivation of Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations-wave equation in one

dimension-displacement current-Gauge transformation-Lorentz and
Coulomb’s Gauge transformations-Poynting’s theorem.

MODULE IV ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 12

Plane wave in a non-conducting medium-boundary conditions-reflection and

transmission of electromagnetic wave at oblique incidence-total internal
reflection - Brewster’s angle-frequency dispersion – characteristics of
dielectrics – retarded potentials – Lienard – Wiechart’s potentials.

MODULE V RELATIVISTIC ELECTRODYNAMICS 12

Transformation for space and time in four vector form – invariance of

D’Alembertian operator – invariance of Maxwell’s field equations in terms of
four vector – electromagnetic field tensors – Maxwells equations in co-variance

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M.Sc.Physics

four tensors form – Lorentz transformation of electromagnetic fields – in

variance of electromagnetic field.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. Satya Prakash, Electromagnetic theory and Electrodynamics, Kedar Nath
and co., Meerut, 1994.
2. David J.Griffith, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 4th Edition, Prentice-Hall of
India, New Delhi, 2012.
3. Capri A.Z. and Panat P.V., Introduction to Electrodynamics, Narosa Publishing
House, 2010.
4. Jackson J.D., Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition John Wiley, 1998.
5. Gupta Kumar Singh, Eectrodynamics, Pragati Prakashan, Meerat, 2006.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts nucleus and its properties
• to gain the knowledge on elementary particles.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHB7103 NUMERICAL METHODS AND PROGRAMMING L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic Numerical methods and programming.
• To have an idea to apply numerical methods into research areas.

MODULE I ERRORS AND THE MEASUREMENTS 9

Errors and their computations – General formula for errors – Errors of

observation and measurement – Round of errors and Computer Arithmetic –
Empirical formula – Graphical method – method of averages – Least square
fitting – curve fitting – parabola, exponential – Algorithms and convergence.

MODULE II NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ALGEBRAIC AND

TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATIONS 9

The iteration method – the bisection method – the method of false position –
Newton – Raphson method.Simultaneous Linear algebraic equations: Direct
methods – Gauss elimination method – Gauss – Jordan method – Iterative
method – Jacobi’s method – Gauss Seidel iterative method.

MODULE III INTERPOLATION 9

Finite differences – Interpolation – Gregory – Newton forward interpolation of

Newton’s formula – Backward differences – Newton’s Backward interpolation
formula – central differences – Gauss’s forward and backward formula –
Stirling’s formula – Divided differences – Newton’s divided difference formula
– Lagrange’s interpolation formula.

MODULE IV NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION 9

Introduction – Numerical differentiation – Errors in numerical differentiation –

The cubic spline method – Maximum and Minimum values of a tabulated
function – Numerical integration – Trapezoidal rule – simpson’s rule – Extended
Simpson’s rule – Use of cubic splines – Romberg integration – Newton –
Cotes Integration formulae – Euler – Maclaurin formula – Adaptive quadrature
method – Gaussian integration.

MODULE V PROGRAMMING WITH C 9

Introduction to C programming-program control-logical compares-functions,

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M.Sc.Physics

variables and prototypes-C preprocessor- strings, arrays-pointers- standard

input & output-structures, Unions-bitwise operators.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Sastry, S.S., Introduction of Numerical Analysis, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall
of India, New Delhi, 2012.
2. Gerald C.F., Wheatley P.O., Applied Numerical Analysis, Seventh Edition,
Addison – Wesley, Singapore, 2003.
3. Kandasamy, P., Thilakavthy, K and Gunavathy K., Numerical Methods,
S.Chand and Co., New Delhi, 2006.
4. Grewal B.S., Grewal J.S., Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science,
Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1999.
5. Balagurusamy, E, Programming in Ansi C, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.

OUTCOME:
• At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the basic
concepts of numerical methods and programming

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M.Sc.Physics
PHB7104 ADVANCED ELECTRONICS LAB L T P C
0 0 3 2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Design of Voltage series and shunt feedback amplifier and determination of
Frequency response, Input and output impedance.
2. Design of current series and shunt feedback amplifier and determination of
Frequency response, Input and output impedance.
3. Design of Hartley and Colpitts Oscillator.
4. Design of Class C single tuned amplifier.
5. Design of Schmitt trigger.
6. Digital to Analog converter using op amp.
7. Active 2nd order Butterworth low pass, high pass and band pass filter.
8. PLL Characteristics and measurement of capture and locking range.
9. Instrumentation amplifier and measurement of CMRR.

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M.Sc.Physics

SEMESTER IV
PHB7211 MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To enable the students understand the importance of measurements.
• To make the students understand the principle behind instrumentation for
measurement.

MODULE I PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT 7

Measurement – result of a measurement – uncertainty and experimental error

– systematic error – random error – repeated measurements – data distribution
functions; mathematical description, derivation and properties – propagation
error – analysis of data – multiparameter experiments.

MODULE II INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM DESIGN 8

Experiment design – transducers – characteristics of transducers – selection

of transducer – modeling external circuit components – instrument probes –
power measurements – measurement methods – dc and ac bridge
measurements – LCR bridges – Q meter – Megger.

MODULE III BRIDGES, RECORDERS AND TRANSDUCERS 12

Wheatstone’s bridge – Kelvin’s bridge – double bridge – bridge controlled

circuits – digital readout bridges – AC bridges – bridges for capacitance and
inductance comparison – Wien bridge – resonance bridge – types of detectors
– strip chart recorders – X-Y recorders – digital data recording – recorder
specifications –applications – electrical, resistive transducers – strain gauges
– RTD – thermistor – LVDT – pressure inductive transducers – capacitive
transducer (pressure) – load cell (pressure cell) – piezo electric, photoelectric
and photo-voltaic transducers – photo diode and photo transistor – temperature
and frequency generating transducers – flow measurements.

MODULE IV INSTRUMENTATION ELECTRONICS 8

Op-amps – instrumentation amplifier – signal conditioning – filters - analog

signal processing – high speed A/D conversion – D/A conversion – digital

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M.Sc.Physics

logic levels –digital instrumentation – frequency measurements – FFT –

sampling time and analyzing – IEEE 488 interface bus – LabView (basics) –
nuclear instrumentation.

MODULE V ADVANCED MEASUREMENTS 10

Spectroscopic instrumentation – visible and IR spectroscopy – spectrometer

design – refraction and diffraction – lenses and refractive optics – dispersive
elements – lasers – fiber optics – X-ray fluorescence: line spectra and fine
structure – absorption and emission processes – X-ray production – X-ray
diffraction and crystallography –neutron diffraction – TEM – SEM – atomic
force and tunneling scanning microscope.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES :
1. M. Sayer and A. Mansingh, “Measurement, instrumentation and experiment
design in physics and engineering”, Prentice-Hall India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
2000.
2. H.S. Kalsi, ‘Electronic instrumentation’, (2nd Edition), Tata McGraw Hill
Publication Co.Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
3. R.F. Coughlin and F.F. Driscoll, “Operational amplifiers and linear integrated
circuits”, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2001.
4. E.O. Doebelin, “Measurement systems: Applications and design”, McGraw-
Hill, New York, 2002.Rangan Sharma and Mani, “Instrumentation devices
and systems”, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2000.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to
• acquire the knowledge about the different errors occurring during
measurement
• understand the principle behind the instrumentation for measurement.
• Identify the various transducers involved in measurement.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHB7212 NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic properties of nucleus.
• To have an idea on the nature of nuclear forces.
• To gain the knowledge on elementary particles.

MODULE I NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 12

Basic properties- magnetic moments- experimental techniques- systematics

of stable nuclei- semi empirical mass formula of Weizsacker- nuclear stability-
mass parabolas- liquid drop model- shell model.

MODULE II NUCLEAR FORCES 12

Ground state of deutron- magnetic dipole moment of deutron- charge

independence of nuclear forces- exchange forces. Scattering Processes: The
scattering problem- formulation- scattering amplitude- expression in terms of
Green’s function- Born approximation and its validity- screening coulomb
potential- effect of identity of particles- method of partial waves- phase shifts-
low energy scattering- scattering length and effective range.

MODULE III RADIOACTIVITY 12

Alpha particle emission- Geiger Nuttal law- Gamow’s theory of alpha decay-
fine structure of alpha spectra-beta decay- Neutrino hypothesis- Fermi’s theory
of beta decay- Curie plot- Energies of beta spectrum- Fermi and G.T.Slection
rules- Non- Conservation of parity in gamma decay- Gamma emission-
selections rules- transition probability- internal conversion- nuclear isomerism.

MODULE IV NUCLEAR REACTIONS 12

Energies of Nuclear reaction- level widths -cross sections- compound nucleus

model- resonance scattering- Breit- Wigner one level formula- optical model-
direct reactions- Stripping and pick- up reactions- Fission and fusion reactions-
elementary ideas of fission reaction- theory of fission- elementary ideas of
fusion- controlled thermonuclear reactions- ideas of nuclear reactors- plasma
confinement- fusion power.

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M.Sc.Physics
MODULE V ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 12

Classification of fundamental forces- isospin strangeness- GellMann

Nishijima’s formula- quark model- SU (3) symmetry- CPT invariance in different
interactions-parity non conservation-k meson- complex and time reversal
invariance- elementary ideas of gauge theory of strong and weak interactions.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. Dayal D.C., Nuclear Physics, Himalaya Publishing House, 1997.
2. Khanna M.P., Introduction to Particle Physics, Prentice Hall of India, 2004.
3. Williams W. S. C., Nuclear and Particle Physics, Oxford University Press,
1991.
4. Brian Martin, Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction, Wiley Publishers,
2011.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts nucleus and its properties
• to gain the knowledge on elementary particles.

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M.Sc.Physics
ELECTIVE COURSES
PHBY01 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To study the various aspects of material characterization.
• To understand the methods about material studies.
• To know the use of different methods and techniques for material modeling.

MODULE I METALLOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 8

Resolution, depth of focus and components of microscope, polarized light,

phase contrast, interference microscopy, hot stage and quantitative
metallographic techniques, specimen preparation techniques.

MODULE II X-RAY DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUES 10

Crystallography basics, characteristic spectrum, Bragg’s law, Diffraction

methods–Laue, rotating crystal and powder methods. Stereographic projection.
Intensity of diffracted beams –structure factor calculations and other factors.
Cameras-Laue, Debye-Scherer cameras, Seeman-Bohlin focusing cameras.

MODULE III APPLICATION OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION 9

Diffractometer – general feature and optics, proportional, scintillating and Geiger

counters. X-ray diffraction application in the determination of crystal structure,
lattice parameter, phase diagram and residual stress – quantitative phase
estimation, ASTM catalogue of Materials identification

MODULE IV ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 9

Construction and operation of Transmission electron microscope – Diffraction

effects and image formation, specimen preparation techniques. Construction,
modes of operation and application of Scanning electron microscope, EDX.
Electron probe microanalysis, basics of scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
and Atomic Force Microscope.

MODULE V ADVANCED CHEMICAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS 9

Basic principles, practice and applications of X-ray spectrometry, X-ray

photoelectron spectrometry, Auger spectroscopy, Differential thermal analysis

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M.Sc.Physics

DTA, Differential scanning calorimetry DSC and thermogravimetric analysis

TGA.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Cullity B. D., Elements of X-ray diffraction, Addison-Wesley Company Inc.,
New York, 3rd Edition, 2001.
2. Yang Leng, Materials Characterization: Introduction to Microscopic and
Spectroscopic Methods, Wiley Publishers, 2008.
3. Cherepin and Malik, Experimental Techniques in Physical Metallurgy, Asia
Publishing Co., Bombay, 1968.
4. Brandon D. G., Modern Techniques in Metallography, Von Nostrand Inc. NJ,
USA, 1986.
5. Wachtman, Characterization of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann
Publishers, 1992.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the
• various methods involved in material characterization
• importance of use of different instruments for material study.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY02 BIOPHOTONICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To know the importance of spectroscopic studies in Biophotonics
• To understand the role of Biophotonic materials in applications.

MODULE I INTERACTION OF LIGHT WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 9

Interaction of light with cells, tissues, non-linear optical processes with intense
laser beams, photo-induced effects in biological systems.

MODULE II IMAGING TECHNIQUES 9

Imaging techniques: Light microscopy, wide-field, laser scanning - confocal,

multiphoton, fluorescence lifetime imaging, FRET imaging - Frequency-Domain
lifetime imaging. Cellular Imaging - Imaging of soft and hard tissues and other
biological structures.

MODULE III SINGLE MOLECULE SPECTROSCOPY 9

Single molecule spectroscopy: UV-VIS spectroscopy of biological systems,

single molecule spectra and characteristics – IR and Raman spectroscopy
and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for single molecule applications.

MODULE IV OPTICAL FORCE SPECTROSCOPY 9

Optical Force Spectroscopy: Generation optical forces – Optical trapping and

manipulation of single molecules and cells in optical confinement - Laser
trapping and dissection for biological systems - single molecule biophysics,
DNA protein interactions.

MODULE V BIOSENSORS 9

Biosensors, Principles- DNA based biosensors – Protein based biosensors –

materials for biosensor applications- fabrication of biosensors.

Total Hours: 45

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M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. Prasad. P.N., Introduction to Biophotonics, John Wiley & Sons, 2003
2. Michael P. Sheetz, Laser Tweezers in Cell Biology (Methods in Cell Biology),
Vol.55, Academic Press Publishers, 1997.
3. Ranier .W, Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, Wiley Publishers,
2012.
4. Drexler. K.E., Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and
Computation, Wiley Publishers, 1992.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts about the Biophotonics
• the importance of use of spectroscopy in design of biophotonic devices.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY03 THIN FILM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To familiarize with preparation and properties of Thin films
• To understand the preparation and characterization of Thin films.
• To apply the knowledge of Thin film technology into applications.

MODULE I PREPARATION OF THIN FILMS 9

Kinetic aspects of gases in a vacuum chamber – classifications of vacuum

ranges – production of vacuum - pressure measurement in vacuum systems
– thin film (epitaxy) – definition – types of epitaxy. Different Growth Techniques:
Liquid phase epitaxy – vapour phase epitaxy – molecular beam epitaxy – metal
organic vapour phase epitaxy – sputtering (RF & DC) – pulsed laser deposition.
Thickness Measurement: Microbalance technique – photometry-ellipsometry
– interferometry.

MODULE II KINETICS OF THIN FILMS 9

Nucleation Kinetics: types of nucleation – kinetic theory of nucleation – energy

formation of a nucleus – critical nucleation parameters; spherical and non
spherical (cap, disc and cubic shaped) Growth Kinetics: Kinetics of binary
(GaAs, InP, etc.), ternary (Al1-xGaxAs, Ga1-xInxP, InAs1-xPx, etc.) and quaternary
(Ga 1-xIn xAs 1-yP y, etc.) semiconductors – derivation of growth rate and
composition expressions.

MODULE III CHARACTERIZATION 9

X-ray diffraction – photoluminescence – UV-Vis-IR spectrophotometer – Atomic

Force Microscope – Scanning Electron Microscope – Hall effect – Vibrational
Sample Magnetometer – Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry – X-ray
Photoemission Spectroscopy.

MODULE IV PROPERTIES OF THIN FILMS 9

Dielectric properties – experimental technique for the determination of dielectric

properties – optical properties – experimental technique for the determination
of optical constants – mechanical properties – experimental technique for the
determination of mechanical properties of thin films – magnetic and
superconducting properties.
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M.Sc.Physics
MODULE V APPLICATIONS 9

Optoelectronic devices: LED, LASER and Solar cell – Micro Electromechanical

Systems (MEMS) – Fabrication of thin film capacitor – application of
ferromagnetic thin films; data storage, Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) –
sensors – fabrication and characterization of thin film transistor and FET –
quantum dot.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Goswami. A, Thin Film Fundamentals, New Age International (P) Limited,
New Delhi, 1996.
2. Aicha Eishabini-Riad, Fred D. Barlow and ISHN, Thin film Technology
Handbook, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishers, 1997.
3. Krishna Seshan, Handbook of Thin Film Deposition, William Andrew
Publishers, 2012.
4. Donald Smith, Thin-Film Deposition: Principles and Practice, McGraw-Hill
Professional Publishers, 1995.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts about the thin film technology
• the importance of use of thin films in application and research.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY04 NONLINEAR OPTICS AND MATERIALS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To know the concepts of Nonlinear optics and materials.
• To understand the properties of Nonlinear materials.

MODULE I LASERS 9

Gas lasers – He-Ne, Az + ion lasers – Solid state lasers – Ruby – Nd: YAG, Ti
Sapphire – Organic dye laser – Rhodamine – Semiconductor lasers – Diode
laser, p-n-junction laser, GaAs laser

MODULE II INTRODUCTION TO NONLINEAR OPTICS 9

Wave propagation in an anisotropic crystal – Polarization response of materials

to light – Harmonic generation – Second harmonic generation – Sum and
difference frequency generation – Phase matching – Third harmonic generation
– bistability – self focusing.

MODULE III MULTIPHOTON PROCESSES 9

Two photon process – Theory and experiment – Three photon process

Parametric generation of light – Oscillator – Amplifier – Stimulated Raman
scattering – Intensity dependent refractive index optical Kerr effect –
photorefractive, electrooptic effects.

MODULE IV NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS 9

Basic requirements – Inorganics – Borates – Organics – Urea, Nitroaniline –

Semiorganics –Thiourea complex – X-ray diffraction FTIR, FINMR- Second
harmonic generation – Laserinduced surface damage threshold.

MODULE V FIBER OPTICS 9

Step – Graded index fibers – wave propagation – Fiber modes – Single and
multimode fibers – Numerical aperture – Dispersion – Fiber bandwidth – Fiber
loss – Attenuation coefficient – Material absorption.

Total Hours: 45

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M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. Laud.B.B., Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, 2nd Edition. New Age International
(P) Ltd., NewDelhi, 1992.
2. Robert W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, 3rd Edition., Academic Press, New York,
2008.
3. Govind P. Agarwal, Fiber-Optics Communication Systems, 4th Edition. John
Wiley & Sons Publishers, Singapore, 2012.
4. William T. Silvast, Laser Fundamentals, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2013.
5. Mills. D.L, Nonlinear Optics – Basic Concepts, Springer Publishers, Berlin,
1998.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts about the Non linear optics.
• the importance of use of non linear optics materials in applications.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY05 NONLINEAR FIBRE OPTICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To know the Nonlinear effects in fibre optics.
• To understand the applications of non linearity in fibre optics.

MODULE I FIBER NONLINEARITIES 9

Introduction - Nonlinear Refraction - Maxwell's Equations - Fiber Modes - Eigen

value Equations - Single Mode Condition - Nonlinear pulse Propagation - Higher
Order Nonlinear Effects.

MODULE II GROUP VELOCITY DISPERSION & PHASE MODULATION 9

Gaussian Pulse - Chirped Gaussian Pulse - Higher Order Dispersions -

Changes in Pulse Shape – Self Phase Modulation (SPM) induced Spectral
Broadening - Non-linear Phase Shift - Effect of Group Velocity Dispersion -
Self Steepening - Application of SPM- Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) - Coupling
between Waves of Different Frequencies - Non-linear Birefringence - Optical
Kerr Effect - Pulse Shaping.

MODULE III OPTICAL SOLITONS AND DISPERSION MANAGEMENT 9

Soliton Characteristics - Soliton Stability - Dark Solitons – Other kinds of Solitons

- Effect of Birefringence in Solitons - Solitons based Fiber Optic Communication
System (Qualitative treatment) – Demerits - Dispersion Managed Solitons
(DMS).

MODULE IV SOLITON LASERS 9

Non-linear Fiber Loop Mirrors - Soliton Lasers - Fiber Raman Lasers - Fiber
Raman Amplifiers - Fiber Raman Solitons - Erbium doped fiber amplifiers.

MODULE V APPLICATIONS OF SOLITONS 9

DMS for single channel transmission – WDM transmission - Fiber Gratings-

Fiber Couplers – Fiber Interferometers – Pulse Compression – Soliton
Switching – Soliton light wave systems.

Total Hours: 45

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M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. Govind P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press, New York, 1995.
2. Hasegawa.A and Matsumoto.M, Optical Solitons in Fibers, Springer, Berlin,
2003.
3. Govind P. Agrawal, Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press,
New York, 2001.
4. Lakshmanan. M and Rajasekar. S, Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos
and Patterns, Springer, Berlin, 2003.
5. Kivshar. Y.S and Govind Agrawal, Optical Solitons: From Fibers to Photonic
Crystals, Academic Press, New York, 2003.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts about the non linear fibre optics
• the importance and use of non linear effects in fibre optics

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY06 NANO PHOTONICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the concepts of Nano Photonics.
• To know the importance of photonics materials.
• To use the ideas of nano photonics and apply in research

MODULE I QUANTUM CONFINED MATERIALS 9

Quantum dots – optical transitions – absorption-inter-band transitions-quantum

confinement intraband transitions-fluorescence / luminescence–
photoluminescence / fluorescence optically excited emission –
electroluminescence emission.

MODULE II PLASMONICS 9

Internal reflection and evanescent waves- plasmons and surface plasmon

resonance (SPR)- Attenuated total reflection- Grating SPR coupling- Optical
waveguide SPR coupling- SPR dependencies and materials- plasmonics and
nanoparticles.

MODULE III NEW APPROACHES IN NANOPHOTONICS 9

Near-Field Optics- Aperture near-field optics- Apertureless near-field optics-

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM or SNOM)- SNOM based
detection of plasmonic energy transport- SNOM based visualization of
waveguide structures- SNOM in nanolithography- SNOM based optical data
storage and recovery.

MODULE IV ELECTRONIC & PHOTONIC MOLECULAR MATERIALS 9

Preparation –Electroluminescent Organic materials - Laser Diodes - Quantum

well lasers:- Quantum cascade lasers- Cascade surface-emitting photonic
crystal laser- Quantum dot lasers- Quantum wire lasers:- White LEDs - LEDs
based on nanowires - LEDs based on nanotubes- LEDs based on nanorods
High Efficiency Materials for OLEDs- High Efficiency Materials for OLEDs -
Quantum well infrared photo detectors.

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M.Sc.Physics
MODULE V PHOTONIC CRYSTALS 9

Important features of photonic crystals- Presence of photonic bandgap-

Anomalous Group Velocity Dispersion - Microcavity-Effects in Photonic
Crystals- Fabrication of photonic crystals- Dielectric mirrors and interference
filters- Photonic Crystal Laser- PC based LEDs- Photonic crystal fibers
(PCFs)- Photonic crystal sensing.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Masuhara. H, Kawata. S and Tokunaga. F, Nano Biophotonics, Elsevier
Science, 2007.
2. Saleh. B.E.A and Teich. A.C, Fundamentals of Photonics, John-Wiley & Sons,
New York, 2007.
3. Ohtsu.M, Kobayashi.K, Kawazoe.T and Yatsui.T, Principles of Nanophotonics
(Optics and Optoelectronics), University of Tokyo, Japan, 2003.
4. Joannopoulos.J.D, Meade. R.D and Winn. J.N, Photonic Crystals, Princeton
University Press, Princeton, 1995.
5. Ranier. W, Nano Electronics and Information Technology, Wiley, 2003.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the concepts of nano photonics and its uses
• the importance of applications of Nano photonics in design of devices

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY07 NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To give thorough knowledge of the general principles of physics, chemistry,
electronics and biology that play a role on the nanometer scale.
• To get into Insight of the materials, fabrication and other experimental
techniques that can be used on the nanoscale, as well as their limitations.
• To get in-depth knowledge of at least one specialisation area within the field
of nanoscience and nanotechnology.
• To gain Sufficient scientific background to undertake research.

MODULE I NANOMATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 9

Nanomaterials and types: nanowires, nanotubes, fullerenes, quantum dots,

nanocomposites – properties – Methods of preparation: top-down, bottom-up.

MODULE II CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS 9

Electron Microscopy Techniques – SEM, TEM, X ray methods – optical methods

Fluorescence Microscopy – Atomic Force Microscopy, STM and SPM.

MODULE III NANOMAGNETISM 9

Mesoscopic magnetism – Magnetic measurements: miniature Hall detectors,

integrated DC SQUID Microsusceptometry – magnetic recording technology,
biological magnets.

MODULE IV NANOELECTRONICS AND INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 9

Basics of nanoelectronics – Single Electron Transistor – quantum computation

– tools of micro-nanofabrication – nanolithography – quantum electronic
devices – MEMS and NEMS – dynamics of NEMS – limits of integrated
electronics.

MODULE V BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 9

Biological structures and functions – drug delivery systems – organic-inorganic

nanohybrids – inorganic carriers – nanofluidics.

Total Hours: 45

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M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. Jan Korvink and Andreas Greiner, Semiconductors for Micro and
Nanotechnology – an Introduction for Engineers, Weinheim Cambridge:
Wiley-VCH, 2001.
2. Murty B.S., Shankar P. & et al., Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Universities Press (India) Private Ltd., 2012.
3. Richard Booker and Earl Boysen, Nanotechlongy, Wiley Publishing, 2005.
4. Timp G (ed), Nanotechnology, AIP press, Springer, 1999.
5. Wilson M., Kannangara K., Smith G., Simmons M. and Raguse B.,
Nanotechnology: Basic Sciences and Energy Technologies, Overseas Press,
2005.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts about the Nano materials
• the importance of use of nano materials in design and synthesis of novel
materials.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY08 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION AND L T P C
REMOTE SENSING 3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To Study satellite orbits and launching.
• To Study earth segment and space segment components
• To Study satellite access by various users.
• To Study the principles of remote sensing and the data acquisition and analysis
of satellite data.

MODULE I SATELLITE ORBITS 8

Kepler’s Laws, Newton’s law, orbital parameters, orbital perturbations, station

keeping, geo stationary and non Geo-stationary orbits – Look Angle
Determination - Limits of visibility –eclipse-Sub satellite point –Sun transit
outage-Launching Procedures - launch vehicles and propulsion.

MODULE II SPACE SEGMENT AND SATELLITE LINK DESIGN 10

Spacecraft Technology- Structure, Primary power, Attitude and Orbit control,

Thermal control and Propulsion, communication Payload and supporting
subsystems, Telemetry, Tracking and command. Satellite uplink and downlink
Analysis and Design, link budget,E/N calculation- performance impairments-
system noise, inter modulation and interference, Propagation Characteristics
and Frequency considerations- System reliability and design lifetime.

MODULE III SATELLITE APPLICATIONS 9

INTELSAT Series, INSAT, VSAT, Mobile satellite services: GSM, GPS,

INMARSAT, LEO, MEO, Satellite Navigational System. Direct Broadcast
satellites (DBS)- Direct to home Broadcast (DTH), Digital audio broadcast
(DAB)- Worldspace services, Business TV(BTV), GRAMSAT, Specialized
services – E –mail, Video conferencing, Internet.

MODULE IV PHYSICS OF REMOTE SENSING 9

Introduction of Remote Sensing - Electro Magnetic Spectrum, Physics of

Remote Sensing- Effects of Atmosphere- Scattering – Different types –
Absorption-Atmospheric window- Energy interaction with surface features –

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M.Sc.Physics

Spectral reflectance of vegetation, soil and water –atmospheric influence on

spectral response patterns- multi concept in Remote sensing.

MODULE V THERMAL AND HYPER SPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING 9

Sensors characteristics - principle of spectroscopy - imaging spectroscopy -

field conditions, compound spectral curve, Spectral library, radiative models,
processing procedures, derivative spectrometry, thermal remote sensing –
thermal sensors, principles, thermal data processing, applications.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Dennis Roddy, Satellite Communication, McGraw Hill International, 4th Edition,
2006.
2. Wilbur L. Pritchard, Hendri G. Suyderhoud, Robert A. Nelson, Satellite
Communication Systems Engineering, Prentice Hall/Pearson, 2007.
3. N.Agarwal, Design of Geosynchronous Space Craft, Prentice Hall, 1986
4. Paul Curran P.J., Principles of Remote Sensing, ELBS, 1995.
5. Charles Elachi and Jakob J. van Zyl, Introduction To The Physics and
Techniques of Remote Sensing , Wiley Series in Remote Sensing and Image
Processing, 2006.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the working model satellite technology
• the physics of remote sensing.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY09 RADIATION PHYSICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the theory of electromagnetic radiation
• To know the difference between natural and artificial radioactivity
• To study the interaction of radiation with matter and its effects.

MODULE I ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 9

Wave model – Quantum Model– visible light and fluorescence particulate

radiation – inverse square law.

MODULE II NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY 9

Radioactivity – General properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays – Laws Of

radioactive disintegration – Radioactive decay constant – Half-life period –
average life – Isotopes, Isobars, Isomers – Isotones and Isodiapheres – Natural
radioactive series – Radioactive equilibrium –Radioactive decay - a particle
decay – ß particle decay – Theory of beta decay – Gamma emission – Electron
capture – Internal conversion – Nuclear isomerism – Artificial radioactivity -
Nuclear reactions –a, p reaction - a, n reaction- Proton bombardment –
deuteron bombardment- neutron bombardment – photo disintegration –
Activation of nuclides - Elementary ideas of fission, fusion and nuclear reactors.

MODULE III RADIATION QUANTITIES 9

Quantities to describe a radiation beam- particle flux and fluence- Photon flux
and fluence- cross section- linear and mass absorption coefficient-stopping
power and LET Activity – Curie – Becquerel. Exposure and its measurements
– Roentgen, Radiation absorbed Dose- Gray - kerma- kerma rate
constantElectronic equilibrium - relationship between kerma, exposure and
absorbed dose–Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)- radiation weighting
factors.

MODULE IV INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 9

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter: Ionization – Photon beam

exponential attenuation – Rayleigh scattering – Photoelectric effect – Compton
effect - energy absorption – Pair production – Attenuation, energy transfer and

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M.Sc.Physics

mass energy absorption coefficients – Relative importance of various types

of interactions.

MODULE V INTERACTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MATTER 9

Classical theory of inelastic collisions with atomic electrons – Energy loss per
ion pair by primary and secondary ionization – Dependence of collision energy
losses on the physical and chemical state of the absorber – Cerenkov radiation
– Electron absorption process – scattering excitation and ionization – Radiative
collision – Bremmstrahlung – Range energy relation – Continuous slowing
down approximation (CSDA) – straight ahead approximation and detour factors
– transmission and depth dependence methods for determination of particle
penetration - empirical relations between range and energy – Back scattering.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Segre E., Experimental Nuclear Physics, Vol 3, John Wiley, 1959.
2. Theraja B.L., Modern Physics, S.Chand Company, 1995.
3. Faiz M Khan , The Physics of Radiation Therapy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Publishers, 2010.
4. Oliver R., Radiation Physics in Radiology, Blackwell Scientific Publication,
1974.
5. Frank Herbert Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation
Dosimetry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 1991.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of course, students will be made to understand
• concepts of electromagnetic radiation
• theory of artificial and natural radioactivity
• interaction of radiation with matter.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY10 CHAOS AND SOLITONS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the theory of Chaos and bifurcation
• To know the concepts of Chaos characterization
• To study the coherent structures and applications

MODULE I GENERAL 9

Linear waves - Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) - Partial Differential

Equations (PDEs) - Methods to solve ODEs and PDEs - Numerical methods-
Linear and Nonlinear oscillators - Nonlinear waves - Qualitative features.

MODULE II BIFURCATIONS AND ONSET OF CHAOS 9

One dimensional flows -Two dimensional flows - Phase plane - Limit cycles
Simple bifurcations - Discrete dynamical system - Strange attractors - Routes
to chaos.

MODULE III CHAOS THEORY AND CHARACTERIZATION 9

One dimensional maps - Duffing oscillators - Lorenz equations - BVP and

DVP oscillators – Pendulum - Chaos in nonlinear circuits - Chaos in
conservative system - Characterization of chaos - Fractals.

MODULE IV COHERENT STRUCTURES 9

Linear and Nonlinear dispersive waves – Solitons - KdV equation - Basic theory
of KdV equation - Ubiquitous soliton equations - AKNS method, Backlund
Transformation, Hirota bilinearization method, Painleve analysis – Perturbation
Methods - Solitons in optical fibres.

MODULE V APPLICATIONS 9

Synchronization of chaos - Chaos based communication – Cryptography –

Image processing - Stochastic resonance - Chaos based computation - Time
series analysis - Soliton based communication systems - Soliton based
computation.

Total Hours: 45

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M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. Lakshmanan M. and Rajasekar S., Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos
and Patterns, Springer, Berlin, 2003.
2. Strogatz S., Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, Addison Wesley, 1995.
3. Lakshmanan M. and Murali K., Chaos in Nonlinear Oscillators:Controlling
and Synchronization, World Scientific, Singapore, 1996.
4. Hasegawa A. and Kodama Y., Solitons in Optical Communication, Oxford
Press, 1998.
5. Drazin G. and Johnson R.S., Solitons: An Introduction, Cambridge University
Press, 1989.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of course, students will be ble to understand the
• theory of Chaos, Bifurcation and characterization
• concepts involving coherent structures

81
M.Sc.Physics
PHBY11 SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To use signal processing to contribute towards the development of innovative
algorithms, performance analysis.
• To understand the theory and applications of digital signal processing and
modern communications technology.

MODULE I SIGNALS 9

Signals, classification of signals, basic operation on signals, elementary signals,

systems, properties of systems, linear time invariant systems and their
properties.

MODULE II FOURIER REPRESENTATION 9

Fourier representation for four class of signals, discrete – time periodic signals,
discrete time Fourier series, continuous time periodic signals and the Fourier
series, discrete time nonperiodic signals, and the discrete time Fourier
transform, continuous time nonperiodic signals and the Fourier transform.

MODULE III PROPERTIES OF FOURIER REPRESENTATION 9

Linearity and symmetry property, convolution property, differentiation and

integration, time and frequency shift property, Parseval relationship, Time
Bandwidth product, Duality.

MODULE IV SAMPLING 9

Sampling continuous time signals, sampling a sinusoid, aliasing, subsampling,

sampling theorem, ideal reconstruction and practical reconstruction: zero order
hold.

MODULE V COMMUNICATION 9

Types of modulation, full amplitude modulation, generation, frequency domain

representation of amplitude modulation, spectral overlap and demodulation.

Total Hours: 45

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M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. Haykin S. and Van Veen B., Signals and Systems, II edition, Wiley Student
Edition, 2002.
2. Lathi B.P., Signal processing and linear systems, Oxford University Press
Inc., USA, 2003.
3. Paolo Prandoni and Martin Vetterli, Signal Processing for Communications,
CRC Press, 2008.
4. Denbigh P.N., System analysis and signal processing, Addison Wesley, 1998.

OUTCOME:
• At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the concepts
of signal processing and communications.

83
M.Sc.Physics
PHBY12 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the biomedical instrumentation techniques.
• To know the importance methods, instruments available for biomedical field.
• To analyse the biomedical instrumentation systems, and the application
specific biomedical sensor and instrumentation design.

MODULE I HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 9

Cells and their structure – Nature of Cancer cells – Transport of ions through
the cell membrane – Resting and action potentials – Bio-electric potentials –
Nerve tissues and organs – Different systems of human body. Biopotential
Electrodes and Transducers Design of Medical instruments – components of
the biomedical instrument system – Electrodes – Transducers.

MODULE II BIOSIGNAL ACQUISITION 9

Physiological signal amplifiers – Isolation amplifiers – Medical preamplifier

design – Bridge amplifiers – Line driving amplifier – Current amplifier – Chopper
amplifier – Biosignal analysis – Signal recovery and data acquistion – Drift
Compensation in operational amplifier – Pattern recognition – Physiological
Assist Devices. Pacemakers – Pacemakers batteries – Artificial heart valves
– Defibrillators – nerve and muscle stimulators Heart – Lung machine – Kidney
machine.

MODULE III BIOPOTENTIAL RECORDERS 9

Characteristics of the recording system – Electrocardiography (ECG) –

Electroencephalography (EEG) – Electromyography (EMG) –
Electroethinogrphy (ERG) and Electroculography (EOG) – Recorders with
high accuracy – recorders for OFF line analysis.

MODULE IV OPERATION THEATRE EQUIPMENT 9

Surgical diathermy- shortwave diathermy – Microwave diathermy – Ultrasonic

disathermy – Therapeutic effect of heat – Range and area of irritation of different
techniques – Ventilators – Anesthesia machine – Blood flowmeter – Cardiac
Output measurements – Pulmonary function analysers – Gas analysers –
Blood gas analysers – Oxymeters – Elements of intensive care monitoring.
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M.Sc.Physics
MODULE V SPECIALISED MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS 9

Blood Cell counter – Electron microscope – Radiation detectors – Photometers

and colorimeters – digital thermometer – audiometers – X-rays tube – X-ray
machine – image intensifiers – Angiography – Application of X-ray examination.
Safety instrumentation: Radiation safety instrumentation – Physiological effects
due to 50Hz current passage – Microshock and macroshock – electrical
accident Hospitals – Devices to protect against electrical hazards – Hospitals
architecture.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Arumugam M., Biomedical Instrumentaion, Anurada Agencies Publishers,
1992.
2. Khandpur R.S., Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, Second Edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2003.
3. Shakti Chatterjee and Aubert Miller, Biomedical Instrumentation Systems,
Cengage Learning Publisher, 2010.
4. Gromwell L., Fred J. Weibell, Erich A. Pfeiffer, Biomedical Instrumentation
and Measurements, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 1980.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the
• different biomedical instruments involved in medicine field.
• various methods available in the use of new modern techniques in
biomedicine.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY13 NANOELECTRONICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To comprehend and compare the different approximation methods used in
quantum mechanics and use of mathematical methods to explore quantum
mechanics of low dimensional systems.
• To recognize the fundamentals of methods of fabrication of nano-layers, nano
materials and working of nanoelectronic devices and systems.
• To make out the principle of spintronics and the overview, generation of spin
polarization and principle of NEMS to inculcate strong laboratory skills to
take up independent projects and the state of art research work of the
Department.

MODULE I 8

Introduction to nanotechnology and nanoelectronics : Mesoscopic Physics

and Nanotechnologies - trends in Microelectronics and Optoelectronics,
characteristic lengths in mesoscopic systems - Impacts, Limitations of
conventional microelectronics. Energy considerations, density of states and
dimensionality - challenges going to sub-100 nm devices, oxide layer thickness,
tunneling, power density, non-uniform dopant concentration, threshold voltage
scaling, lithography - CMOS scaling - shrink-down approach.

MODULE II 9

Fabrication of nano-layers: Methods of fabrication of Nano materials-Physical

Vapor Deposition, Chemical Vapor Deposition, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Ion
Implantation, Formation of Silicon Dioxide - Fabrication of nanoparticle- grinding
with iron balls, laser ablation, reduction methods, sol gel, self-assembly,
precipitation of quantum dots Introduction to characterization tools of
nanomaterials- principle of operation of STM, AFM, SEM, TEM, XRD, PL & UV
Instruments.

MODULE III 11

Quantum mechanics of low dimensional systems: Low dimensional structures

and density of states - charge quantization, energy quantization - Quantum
mechanical coherence - Quantum wells, modulation doped quantum wells,

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M.Sc.Physics

multiple quantum wells, square quantum wells of finite depth, parabolic and
triangular quantum wells, Quantum wires and quantum dots -Concept of super
lattices - Kronig - Penney model of super lattice. - Basic properties of two
dimensional semiconductor nanostructures -Transport of charge in
nanostructures under electric field and magnetic field - parallel transport,
perpendicular transport - quantum Hall effect –Aharonov-Bohm effect,
Shubnikov- de Hass effect.

MODULE IV 10

Nanoelectronic devices and systems: MOSFET, MODFETS, Heterojunction

bipolar transistors, resonant tunnel effect, RTD, RTT, Hot electron transistors,
Coulomb blockade effect,Coulomb staircase, Block oscillations - Single
electron transistor - Heterostructure semiconductor laser, quantum well laser,
quantum dot LED, quantum dot laser - quantum well optical modulator,
quantum well sub band photo detectors - Carbon nanotubes based devices –
CNFET, characteristics.

MODULE V 7

Spintronics: Introduction, Overview, History & Background, Generation of spin

polarization - Theory of spin Injection, spin relaxation and spin dephasing -
Spintronic devices and applications - spin diodes, spin transistors, spin FET,
characteristics - spin filters – Nanoswitches - principle of NEMS.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. George W Hanson, Fundamentals of nanoelectronics, Pearson publications,
India, 2008.
2. M.S.Ramachandra Rao and Shubra Singh, Nano Science and
Nanotechnology: Fundamentals to Frontiers, Wiley India Pvt.Ltd. 2013.
3. T.Pradeep, Nano: The Essentials – Understanding Nano Scinece and
Nanotechnology, Tata Mc.Graw Hill.
4. W.R. Fahrner, Nanotechnology and Nanoelctronics, Springer, 2005.
5. K. Goser, P. Glosekotter, J. Dienstuhl, Nanoelectronics and nanosystems,
Springer 2004.
6. Diwanand and Bharadwaj, Nanoelectronics, Pentagon Press, New Delhi 2006.

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M.Sc.Physics

7. V Mitin,V Kochelap and M Stroscio, Introduction to Nanoelectronics,

Cambridge University Press, 2008.
8. Rainer Waser, Nanoelectronics and Information Technology: Advanced
Electronic Materials and Novel Devices, Wiley-VCH, 2003.
9. David Awschalom, Spin Electronics.
10. M Ziese and M J Thornton, Spin Electronics.
11. WR Fahrner, Nanotechnology and Nano Electronics – Materials, devices and
measurement techniques, Springer.
12. A S Edelstein and R C Cammarat, Nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties and
applications (Institute of Physics, UK Series in Micro and Nano Science and
Technology).

OUTCOMES:
On successful completion of this course, students should be able to
• derive and apply solutions from knowledge of basic solid state physics,
electronic sciences, nanotechnology and mathematics.
• identify, formulate, analyze and solve quantum mechanical problems of low
dimensions.
• design and fabricate a nanosystem or component to meet specified needs
and to design and conduct spintronics experiments.
• organize and pursue a scientific and industrial nano research project.
• prepare and present seminars to a professional standard.
• work effectively as an individual, in teams and in multidisciplinary settings
together with the capacity to undertake lifelong learning and communicate
successfully with the engineering community.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY14 ADVANCED STATISTICAL MECHANICS L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVES :
• To understand the basic concepts in Statistical Mechanics and phase
transition.
• To have a comprehensive idea on different analytical and numerical
techniques used to study phase transition in complex systems.

MODULE I STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF PHASE TRANSITION 12

Phase transitions in different systems, origin of phase transition, classification

of order transitions: first and second, phenomenological description of liquid-
gas and paramagnet-ferromagnetic transition, response functions, convexity
of free energy, fluctuation and correlation.

Statistical thermodynamic description of phase transition, critical point

exponents, exponent inequalities etc. Lattice models to describe phase
transitions: Ising Models, Pott's model, X-Y and Heisenberg models, their ground
states, etc.

MODULE II THEORY AND TECHNIQUES FOR CRITICAL PHENOMENA 12

Mean Field Theory: Mean Field Theory for Ising model,Landau theory,
Correlation functions, Classical mean field theories.

Transfer matrix: Setting up the transfer matrix, Calculation of free energy and
correlation functions, Results of Ising model in one and two dimensions.

Series Expansion: High and low temperature series, application in 1-d Ising
model, Analysis of series.

MODULE III RENORMALIZATION GROUP 10

Scale invariance and scaling hypothesis. Definition of renormalization group

transformation, parameter space, universality, scaling and critical exponents.
Application in one-dimensional Ising model and percolation.

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M.Sc.Physics
MODULE IV MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUES 16

Random number generator, Markov chain, simple sampling and importance

sampling Monte Carlo, ergodicity, detailed balance, continuous time Monte
Carlo.

Monte Carlo simulation for Ising model: Metropolis, cluster and Swendsen-
Wang algorithm, data analysis, statistical error, finite-size effect. Application
of Monte Carlo techniques in percolation, diffusion, Self-Organized Criticality,
surface growth and complex networks.

MODULE V STOCHASTIC PROCESS 10

Fluctuations and random processes. Brownian motion, diffusion, random

walks. Langevin equation, fluctuation-dissipation theorem, irreversibility. Markov
processes, master equation. Fokker -Planck equation.

Total Hours: 60
REFERENCES:
1. J. M. Yeomans, Statistical Mechanics of Phase transitions, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1992.
2. H. E. Stanley, Introduction to Phase transitions and Critical Phenomena,
Oxford University Press, New York, 1987.
3. J. J. Binney, N. J. Dowrick, A. J. Fisher and M. E. J. Newman, The theory of
Critical Phenomena, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992.
4. S. K. Ma, Modern theory of Critical Phenomena, Levant Books, Kolkata, 2007.
5. M. J. E. Newman and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical
Physics Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
6. D. Stauffer, Introduction to Percolation Theory Taylor and Francis, 1985.
7. G. Pruessner, Self- Organized Criticality: Theory, Models and Characterization
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
8. S.N. Dorogovtesev, J.F.F. Mendes, Evolution of Networks Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2003.
9. N.G. Van Kampen, Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry North-
Holland, 1985.

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M.Sc.Physics
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand
• the basic concepts on Statistical Mechanics.
• the basic concepts on phase transition and critical phenomena.
• the use of different analytical techniques to study critical phenomena.
• the Monte Carlo simulation techniques to study phase transition in wide variety
of complex systems.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY15 CRYSTAL GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand and compare the various Crystal Growth techniques.
• To know the principle in the methods involved in the growth of crystal.

MODULE I CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 9

Symmetry elements, operations- translational symmetries- point groups- space

groups- equivalent positions- Close paced structures- voids- important crystal
structures- paulings rules- defects in crystals- polymorphism and twining-
polarizing microscope and uses.

MODULE II CRYSTAL GROWTH 9

Introduction to crystal growth- nucleation- homogenous and heterogeneous

nucleation- different shapes of nuclei- spherical, cap, cylindrical and
orthorhombic- Temkins model- Physical modeling of BCF theory

MODULE III CRYSTAL GROWTH TECHNIQUES 9

Bridgman technique- Czochralski methods- Verneuil technique- zone melting-

matter transport- skull melting- gel growth- solution growth methods- low and
high temperature solution growth methods- vapour growth- epitaxial growth.

MODULE IV CRYSTAL CHARACTERIZATION 9

Single Crystal Diffraction Techniques- Powder diffraction- indexing- Lease

Square refinement- x-ray fluorescence- x-ray topography SEM & TEM studies-
Electron probe Micro Analysis- Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS)-
Electron spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA)- Electrical conductivity-
Measurement of electrical conductance- Measurement of dielectric constant-
Microhardness- Etching studies.

MODULE V STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 9

X-ray diffraction –powder method –rotating crystal method – specimen

preparation- Measurement of d-values- indexing procedure for crystals- single
crystal diffractometer- double crystal diffractometer- triple crystal diffractometer-

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M.Sc.Physics

four crystal diffractometer- determination of unit cell and space group- x-ray
topography- Neutron diffraction.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Ramasamy.P. Santhanaraghavan.P, Crystal Growth processes and methods,
KRU Publications, 2000.
2. Buckley.H.E., Crystal Growth, John Wiely and sons, New York, 1981.
3. N.B. Singh, Growth and characterization of Nonlinear Optical materials,
Pergamon Press- 1990.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to get familiarized
• with various techniques involved in Crystal Growth.
• to determine various theoretical parameters

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY16 NONLINEAR OPTICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To teach the students the principles of nonlinear optics and origin of optical
nonlinearities.
• To analyze various types of nonlinearities in optics and its applications.

MODULE I ORIGIN OF OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES 9

Effects due to quadratic and cubic polarization – Response functions –

Susceptibility tensors – Linear, second order and nth order susceptibilities –
Wave propagation in isotropic and crystalline media – The index ellipsoid.

MODULE II SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION (SHG) AND

PARAMETRIC OSCILLATION 9

Optical SHG – Phase Matching – Experimental verification – Parametric

oscillation – Frequency tuning – Power output and pump saturation – Frequency
up conversion – Materials.

MODULE III THIRD ORDER NONLINEARITIES 9

Intensity dependent refractive index – Nonlinearities due to molecular orientation

– Self-focusing of light and other self-action effects - Optical phase conjugation
– Optical bistability and switching - Pulse propagation and temporal solitons.

MODULE IV ELECTRO –OPTIC AND PHOTOREFRACTIVE EFFECTS 9

Electro-optic effects – Electro-optic modulators - Photorefractive effect - Two

beam coupling in Photorefractive materials – Four wave mixing in
Photorefractive materials.

MODULE V STIMULATED SCATTERING PROCESSES 9

Stimulated scattering processes – Stimulated Brillouin scattering – Phase

conjugation – Spontaneous Raman effect – Stimulated Raman Scattering –
Stokes – Anti-Stokes Coupling in SRS – Stimulated Rayleigh - Wing Scattering.

Total Hours: 45

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M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. Robert W. Boyd, “Non-linear Optics”, Academic Press, London, 1992. (Units
II and IV)
2. .A.Yariv, Opto Electronics, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1990. (Unit II)
3. P.N.Butcher and D.Cotter, “The Elements of Nonlinear Optics”, Cambridge
Univ. Press, New York, 1990. (Unit I & V)

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course the students will understand
• the principles of nonlinear optics, different nonlinear phenomena and its
applications.
• apply the knowledge for harmonic conversion and evaluate nonlinear
susceptibility of materials.

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PHBY17 IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR NANO L T P C

TECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:
• To acquire the knowledge about the different imaging techniques.
• By using such techniques to comprehend the properties and behaviours of
various materials.

MODULE I OPTICAL MICROSCOPY 9

Optical microscopy – Use of polarized light microscopy – Phase contrast

microcopy – Interference Microscopy – hot stage microscopy – surface
morphology – Etch pit density and hardness measurements.

MODULE II SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 9

Basic design of the scanning electron microscopy – Models of operation –

Backscattered electrons – secondary electrons – X-rays – typical forms of
contrast – Resolution and contrast – enhancement – Specimen Preparation,
Replicas Various – applications of SEM.

MODULE III TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 9

Basic principles – Modes of operation – Specimen preparation – Diffraction in

imperfect crystals – Dislocations – precipitates – Structure of Grain boundaries
and interfaces – HRTEM use in nanostructures.

MODULE IV ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 9

Basic concepts – Interaction force – AFM and the optical lever – Scale drawing
– AFM tip on nanometer scale structures - force curves, measurements and
manipulations – feed back control – different modes of operation – contact,
non contact and tapping mode – Imaging and manipulation of samples in air
or liquid environments – Imaging soft samples. Scanning Force Microscopy –
Shear Force Microscopy – Shear force Microscopy – Lateral Force Microscopy
– Magnetic Force microscopy.

MODULE V SCANINNG TUNNELING MICROSCOPY 9

Principle – Instrumentation – importance of STM for nanostructures – surface

and molecular manipulation using STM – 3D map of electronic structure.

Total Hours: 45
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REFERNCES:
1. J.Goldstein, D.E.Newbury, D.C.Joy, and C.E.Lym, “Scanning Electron
Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis”, 2003.
2. S.L.Flegler .J.W.Heckman and K.L.Klomparens, “Scanning and Transmission
Electron Microscopy: A Introduction”, WH Freeman & Co, 1993.
3. P.J.Goodhew,J.Humphreys, R.Beanland, “Electron Microscopy and Analysis”.
4. R.Haynes, D.P.Woodruff and T.A.Talchar, “Optical Microscopy of Materials”,
Cambridge University, 1986.

OUTCOME:
• At the end of the course the students will be able to apply the knowledge of
different imaging techniques for studying novel materials

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PHBY18 PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR L T P C
CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS 3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To develop experimental and analytical procedures to quantify different
physico-chemical properties of novel materials
• To evaluate the similarities and differences between the material properties
of different behaviours of prepared materials.

MODULE I X-RAY DIFFRACTION 9

X-ray powder diffraction – single crystal diffraction techniques – Determination

of accurate lattice parameters – structure analysis – profile analysis – particle
size analysis using Scherer formula.

MODULE II THERMAL ANALYSIS METHODS 9

Principle and Instrumentation of Thermogravimetry; Differential Thermal

Analysis and Differential scanning calorimetry – Importance of thermal analysis
for nanostructures.

MODULE III QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 9

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy; High Resolution Imaging Techniques –

HREM, Atom probe field ion microscopy – X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,
X-Ray Characterization of Nanomaterials – EDAX and WDA analysis – EPMA
– ZAP corrections.

MODULE IV SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES 9

Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy and differences –with Atomic

Spectroscopy – Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy and Applications – Microwave
Spectroscopy – Raman Spectroscopy and CARS Applications – Electron Spin
Resonance Spectroscopy; New Applications of NMR Spectroscopy; Dynamic
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Double Resonance Technique.

MODULE V NANOIDENTATION 9

Nanoidentation principles – elastic and plastic deformation – mechanical

properties of materials in small dimensions – models for interpretation of
nanoidentation load – displacement curves – Nanoidentation data analysis

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methods – Hardness testing of thin films and coatings –MD simulation of

nanoidentation.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. B.D.Culity, “Elements of X-ray Diffraction”, 4th Edition, Addison Wiley, 1978.
2. M.H.Loretto, “Electron Beam Analysis of Materials”, Chapman and Hall, 1984.
3. R.M.Rose, L.A.Shepard and J.Wuff, “The structure and properties of Materials”,
Wiley Eastern Ltd,
4. B.W.mott,”Micro-Indentation Hardness Testing”, Butterworths, London, 1956.

OUTCOME:
• At the end of the course the students will gain the knowledge in experimental
and analytical procedures to quantify different physico-chemical properties
of novel materials.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY19 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic concepts of different numerical methods to analyze
data.
• To have a comprehensive idea on research methods, methodology and ethics.
• To understand the different ways of communicating research findings.

MODULE I NUMERICAL INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL

DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION 12

Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulae- Lagrange’s interpolation

formula for unequal intervals- Error in polynomial interpolation and Newton’s
interpolation formula -Numerical differentiation- Maximum and minimum of a
tabulated function- Numerical Integration- Trapezoidal rule- Pomberg’s method-
Simpson’s rule- Practical applications of Simpson’s rule.

MODULE II NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY AND PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 11

Solution by Taylor’s series- Euler’s method- Runge-kutta method- Predictor-

corrector method- Milne’s method- Adam Baschforth method- Numerical
solution of partial differential equations- Finite Equations- Elliptic equations-
Laplace equation- Poisson’s equation- Parabolic equations- Hyperbolic
equations.

MODULE III EMPIRICAL LAWS AND CURVE FITTING 8

Linear law and laws reducible to linear law- Graphical method- Method of group
averages- Principle of least squares- Fitting of straight line and parabola.

MODULE IV INITIAL STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS AND RESEARCH

DESIGN 8

Purpose and problem statements- literature review- Frameworks- Research

questions and hypotheses- Research design- Quantitative designs- qualitative
designs- multi-method research- study validity and elements of good design-
sampling.

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MODULE V PREPARING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 6

The research problem- finding related literature - computer generated

references sources and the research project- model research proposal.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Shastry.S.S, Introductory methods of numerical analysis, Prentice Hall, New
Delhi, 1984
2. R.L.Dominoswki, Research Methods, Prentice Hall, 1981.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to
• use different numerical methods to analyze and fit the data.
• understand the ways to design a research problem and solve it using different
research methods.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY20 MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR NONLINEAR L T P C
SCIENCE 3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic concepts of different mathematical methods useful
for non-linear sciences.
• To have a comprehensive idea on solitons and soliton equation.
• To understand the methods to solve Nonlinear Schroedinger type equations.

MODULE I FOURIER ANALYSIS AND OPTICS 8

Fourier series – Harmonic analysis – Fourier Transform and applications –

Convolution Theorem – Sampling Theorem and applications – Fourier Optics
– Holographic filters.

MODULE II DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 7

Discrete time signals – Discrete Fourier Transform – Butterfly algorithm –

Fast Fourier Transform.

MODULE III DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 10

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) – Partial differential equations (PDEs)

– Nonlinear ordinary differential equations – Nonlinear partial differential
equations.

MODULE IV COHERENT STRUCTURES 10

Solitons – Generating soliton equations (AKNS method) – Inverse scattering

method – Backlund transformation – Hirota bilinearization method – Painleve
Analysis – Lax pair.

MODULE V SOLITON EQUATIONS 10

Korteweg de Vries (K-dV) type equations – modified K-dV equation (MK-dV) –

sine-Gordon m-Nonlinear Schroedinger type equations – Burger’s equations.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. L.A.Pipes, Applied mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, McGraw Hill
book Co., 1980.

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2. A.V.Oppenheim and R.W.Schafer, Digital Signal Processing, Printice Hall of

India, 1995.
3. M.J.Ablowitz and H.Segur, Solitons and Inverse scattering Transform,
Philadelphia, 1981.
4. J.M.T. Thomson and H.B.Stewart, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, John Wiley
and Sons, 1986.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to
• use different mathematical methods to study problems in non-linear sciences.
• understand the methods to ordinary differential equations.
• understand the methods to solve Nonlinear Schroedinger type equations.
• understand the concepts and application of solitons.

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY21 LINEAR AND NONLINEAR ELECTRONICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basic linear and nonlinear concepts in Solid state Physics
and Electronics and to have an overall idea about the use of mathematical
methods in Electrical and Electronics.
• To understand the fundamentals of working of semiconductor devices and
further to know the design aspects and operations of special devices in various
circuits.
• To comprehend and compare the different characteristics of semiconductor
devices and their various applications with a view to catering to the present
day requirements in Industries, R and D fields, Higher studies and Self-
employment.
• To know the principle in the methods involved in the design of various amplifier
and oscillator circuits using op-amps and fabrication of ICs and to inculcate
strong laboratory skills to take up independent projects and the state of art
research work.

MODULE I SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 9

Diode -characteristics- Clippers – Clampers - Peak detectors – Varactor diode

–characteristics - Transistor-characteristics – FET-characteristics- Amplifiers-
Small signal analysis of BJT amplifiers and FET amplifiers – Voltage regulators
and dual regulators.

MODULE II LINEAR OSCILLATORS 9

Linear circuit elements – Linear circuits – Sinusoidal oscillators – LCR in series

and parallel – Colpitt’s oscillators – Hortley oscillators - Phase shift oscillators
– Resonant circuit oscillators – Wien Bridge oscillators – Frequency stability
of oscillators.

MODULE III NONLINEAR OSCILLATORS 9

Nonlinear circuit elements - Chua’s diode and its characteristics – Chua’s

autonomous circuit – Driven Chua’s circuit – Murali-Lakshmanan-Chua’s(MLC)
circuit – Duffing Oscillator - VanderPol oscillator – Bonhoeffer-Vander Pol
oscillator - Duffing-VanderPol oscillator.

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MODULE IV ANALOG ELECTRONICS 9

Op-amp - input modes and parameters – Op-amps with negative feedback –

Mathematical operations – Analog simulation – OTAs – CFOAs – Isolation
amplifiers- Log and Antilog amplifiers – Comparator- Sample and Hold circuits-
Regenerative comparators - Oscillator with RC & LC feedback circuits–
Relaxation oscillators.

MODULE V DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 9

Overview of Logic functions – Programmable Logic devices – Functions of

combinational logic – Flip-flop and related devices – Counters – Shift registers
- Memory and storage - Signal generators – Wave analyzers and harmonic
distortion – Signal conditioning – Data acquisition, conversion and transmission
– Digital signal processing.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Leon O.Chua, Charles A. Desoer, Linear and Nonlinear circuits, Mcgraw-Hill
Book Company, 1987.
2. M.Lakshmanan and K.Murali, Chaos in Nonlinear Oscillators: Controlling
and Synchronization, World Scientific, Singapore, 1996.
3. Jacob Millman and Cristos C. Halkias, Integrated Electronics:Analog and
Digital circuits and systems, Tata McGraw-Hills Publishing Company
Ltd.,2004.
4. Robert F.Coughlin and Frederick F.Driscoll, Operational amplifiers and Linear
Integrated circuits, sixth edition, Prentice-Hall India Pvt.Ltd., 2002.
5. M.J.Roberts, Signals and Systems, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Company
Ltd., 2003.
6. Horowitz & Hall, Art of Electronics, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2000.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to
• derive and apply solutions from knowledge of basic solid state physics,
electronics and mathematics in the design of linear and nonlinear circuits.

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• design and fabricate various amplifier and oscillator circuits or components

to meet specified needs and to design and conduct electronics experiments.
• organize and pursue a scientific and industrial research project.
• work effectively as an individual, in teams and in multidisciplinary settings
together with the capacity to undertake lifelong learning.

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M.Sc.Physics

PHBY22 ADVANCED SOLID STATE THEORY L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:
• To acquire the knowledge of the concepts of crystal physics and band theory
• To learn the different methods used for the study of electronic band structure

MODULE I CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 9

Free electron theory – crystal lattice : Bravais lattice, Primitive unit cell,
conventional unit cell, weigner – seitz cell, Reciprocal lattice, Relation between
real lattice and Reciprocal lattice – First Brillouin zone – Reciprocal lattice of
SC, FCC, BCC bravaice lattice – Miller indices of lattice planes

MODULE II BAND THEORY 9

Periodic potential – Bloch ‘ s Theorem – k space ( Brillouin zones ) – Kronig

penny model – Density of states – Fermi surface – Energy bands in one
dimension – Reduced zone scheme – Periodic zone scheme – Symmetry :
Point group and Space group

MODULE III BAND STRUCTURE THEORY OF CRYSTAL 9

Central field approximation – Hamiltonian of the solid – Born – open heimer

approximation – Thomas Fermi model – LCAO –The Hartree approximation –
Variational principle-Example of a variational calculation- Hartree – Fock
approximation- Application of H-F approximation to the Hydrogen molecule-
The total energy according to band theory

MODULE IV BAND STRUCTURE METHODS 9

LMTO method – Tight Binding LMTO- cellular method – Augmented plane

wave method (APW ) – Full potential methods- (qualitative) Psuedo potential
method (qualitative) – A few Band structure soft ware codes (quantitative)

MODULE V ENERGY AND FORCES 9

Density functional theory (kohn-sham equation) - Exchange correlation potential

VXC schemes : Van Barth & Hedin Exchange – correlation potential- Local
density approximation- Atomic sphere approximation – Total energy – Forces
in crystal

Total Hours: 45

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REFERENCES:
1. H. L.Skriver The LMTO method, Springer Berlin 1984.
2. N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin , Solid state Physics Saunders 1976.
3. G.C.Fletcher Electron theory of solids, North Holland Pub. Co., 1980.
4. S.Raimes, “The wave mechanics of electrons in metals”, North Holland, 1967.
5. Efthimios Kaxiras, “Atomic and Electronic structure of solids”, Cambridge
Press.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able
• to describe the different crystal structures
• to draw the energy bands, Brillouin zones and Fermi surface
• to illustrate the theories of band structure calculations
• to explain the approximations involved in the band structure methods

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY23 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To acquire the knowledge of bonding in crystals
• To learn the properties of materials

MODULE I CRYSTAL BINDING 9

Force between atoms-cohesive energy – calculation of cohesive energy-

bonding in solids, ionic, covalent, metallic, molecular- hydrogen bonded
crystals- binding energy of ionic crystals-Madelung constant – Born Haber
cycle

MODULE II TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 9

Free electron theory (Sommerfeld theory) – electronic specific heat- electrical

and thermal conductivity of metals – Wiedemann Franz law - Hall effect and
experiment- Effective mass and concepts of hole- Fermi surface and Brillouin
zone – Fermi surface in metals – characteristics of Fermi surface

MODULE III DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES 9

Dipole moment-polarization and polarizability-electric field of dipole-dielectric

constant and its measurement-local electric field in an atom ( derivation)-Piezo,
pyro and ferroelectric properties of crystals- ferroelectricity-ferroelectric domain
- antiferroelectricity and ferrielectricity.

MODULE IV OPTICAL PROPERTIES 9

Index of refraction – damping constants- characteristic penetration of depth-

absorbance- reflectivity and transmittivity- point defect- colour centres-
luminescence-exciton- polaron-interband –intraband transitions-dispersion
relation.

MODULE V MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 9

Ferromagnetic order – Curie point – exchange integral – saturation

magnetization – origin of domains – magnons – dispersion relation – Band
theory – spin Polarized band structure calculation – Hund’s rule.

Total Hours: 45

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M.Sc.Physics
REFERENCES:
1. C. Kittel, “Introduction of Solid State Phyiscs”, 7th edition, Wiley Eastern, 1996
2. A.K Chandra, “Quantum chemistry”, Prentice Hall 1990
3. R.E Hummel, “Electronic properties of materials”, Narosa ,1993
4. S.Raimes, “The wave mechanics of electrons in metals”, North Holland, 1967.
5. N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin, Solid state Physics Saunders 1976.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able
• to calculate the cohesive energy related to the bonds in solids
• to explain the transport properties of solids
• to illustrate the dielectric and magnetic properties of solids
• to depict the luminescence of solids and the related optical properties

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY24 NANO ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To comprehend and compare the different approximation methods used in
quantum mechanics and use of mathematical methods to explore quantum
mechanics of low dimensional systems.
• To recognize the fundamentals of methods of fabrication of nano-layers, nano
materials and working of nanoelectronic devices and systems.
• To make out the principle of spintronics and the overview, generation of spin
polarization and principle of NEMS to inculcate strong laboratory skills to
take up independent projects and the state of art research work of the
Department.
• To understand the principle and fabrication of photonic crystals and its
applications.

MODULE I ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONIC MOLECULAR

MATERIALS 9

Preparation –Electroluminescent Organic materials-laser diodes-Quantum

Well laser:-Quantum cascade laser-cascade surface-emitting photonic crystal
laser-Quantum dot laser-Quantum wire laser:-White LEDs-LEDs based on
nanowires-LEDs based on nano tubes-LEDs based on nanorods -High
Efficiency Materials for OLEDs –Quantum well infrared photo detectors.

MODULE II THERMAL SENSORS 9

Thermal energy sensors-temperature sensors, heat sensors-Electromagnetic

sensors –electrical resistance sensors, Electrical current sensors, electrical
voltage sensors, electrical power sensors, magnetism sensors-Mechanical
sensors-Pressure sensor, gas and LIQUID FLOW SENSORS, POSITION
SENSORS-CHEMICAL SENSORS-OPTICAL AND RADIATION SENSORS.

MODULE III GAS SENSOR MATERIALS 9

Criteria for the choice of materials, Experimental aspects-materials, properties,

measurement of gas sensing property, sensitivity; Discussion of sensor for
various gases, Gas sensors based on semiconductor devices.

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MODULE IV QUANTUM CONFINED MATERIALS 9

Quantum dots –optical transitions-absorption-inter band transitions-quantum

confinement inter band transitions-fluorescence/luminescence-
photoluminescence / fluorescence optically excited emission-electro
luminescence emission.

MODULE V PHOTONIC CRYSTALS 9

Important features of photonic crystals- presence of photonic band gap-

anomalous group velocity dispersion – microcavity-effects in photonic crystals-
fabrication of photonic crystals-Dielectric mirrors and interference filters-
photonic crystal laser-PC based LEDS - photonic crystal fibers (PCFs)-
Photonic crystal sensing

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. W.Ranier, ‘Nano electronics and Information Technogy’, Wiley, 2003.
2. K.E.Drexler, ‘Nano systems’, Wiley, 1992.
3. M.C.Petty, ‘Introduction to Molecular Electronics’
4. V.M.Shalaev and S.Kawata, ‘Nanophotonics with surface plasmons’,
advances In Nano optics and nano-photonics, 2007
5. M.Ohtsu, K.Kobayashi, T.Kawazoe and T.Yatsui, ‘Principles of Nanophotonics
Optics and Optoelectronics’, University of Tokyo, Japan, 2003
6. J.D.Joannopoulos, R.D.Meade and J.N.Winn, ‘Photonic Crystals’, Princeton
university Press, Princeton, 1995
7. B.E.A.Saleh and A.C.Teich, ‘Fundamentals of Photonics’, John-Weiley &
Sons, New York, 1983.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to
• derive and apply solutions from knowledge of basic solid state physics,
electronic sciences, nanotechnology and mathematics.
• identify, formulate, analyze and solve quantum mechanical problems of low
dimensions.

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• design and fabricate a nanosystem or component to meet specified needs

and to design and conduct spintronics experiments.
• organize and pursue a scientific and industrial nano research project.
• prepare and present seminars to a professional standard.
• work effectively as an individual, in teams and in multidisciplinary settings
together with the capacity to undertake lifelong learning and communicate
successfully with the engineering community.
• gain the knowledge about photonic crystals and its applications.

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PHBY25 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND CRYSTAL GROWTH L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the theory of crystallography.
• To know the principle of various methods involved in the growth of crystal.

MODULE I CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 8

Symmetry elements, operations - translational symmetries - point groups -

space groups - equivalent positions –close packed structures - voids -
important crystal structures – Paulings rules - defects in crystals, –
polymorphism and twinning - polarizing microscope and uses.

MODULE II CHARACTERISTIC X-RAYS 8

Generation of X-rays - laboratory sources – X-ray absorption – X-ray

monochromators - X-ray detectors (principles only) - diffraction by X-rays -
Bragg’s law - reciprocal lattice concept - Laue conditions - Ewald and limiting
spheres - atomic scattering factor - anomalous scattering - neutron and
electron diffraction (qualitative only)

MODULE III SINGLE CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION 7

Laue, rotation/oscillation methods - interpretation of diffraction patterns - cell

parameter determination – indexing – systematic absences - space group
determination (qualitative only). Powder diffraction: Debye-Scherrer method –
uses.

MODULE IV CRYSTAL GROWTH THEORY 10

Introduction to crystal growth - nucleation – Gibbs-Thomson equation - kinetic

theory of nucleation – limitations of classical nucleation theory - homogeneous
and heterogeneous nucleation – different shapes of nuclei – spherical, cap,
cylindrical and orthorhombic – Temkins model – physical modeling of BCF
theory.

MODULE V CRYSTAL GROWTH TECHNIQUES 12

Bridgman technique - Czochralski methods - Verneuil technique - zone melting

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– gel growth – solution growth methods – low and high temperature solution
growth methods – vapour growth - epitaxial growth techniques.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Buckley, H.E., Crystal growth, John Wiely and sons, New York,1981.
2. Elwell,D & Scheel, H.J., Crystal growth from high temperature solution,
Academic Press, New York,1995.
3. Laudise, R.A. The growth of single crystals, Prentice Hall, Englewood,1970.
4. Ramasamy, P. & Santhanaraghavan. P. Crystal growth processes and
methods, KRU Publications, 2000.
5. Azaroff, L.V. Elements of X-ray crystallography, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1968.
6. Tareen, J.A.K & Kutty, T.R.N, A basic course in crystallography, University
Press, 2001.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will
• be familiarized with various techniques involved in Crystal Growth.
• get hands on experience on instrumentation techniques

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M.Sc.Physics
PHBY26 CHARACTERISATON OF MATERIALS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand various theories behind the instrumentation techniques.
• To know the principle of various techniques involved in the characterisation.

MODULE I THERMAL ANALYSIS 8

Introduction – thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) –instrumentation –

determination of weight loss and decomposition products – differential thermal
analysis (DTA)- cooling curves - differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) –
instrumentation – specific heat capacity measurements – determination of
thermomechanical parameters .

MODULE II MICROSCOPIC METHODS 12

Optical Microscopy: optical microscopy techniques – Bright field optical

microscopy – Dark field optical microscopy – Dispersion staining microscopy
- phase contrast microscopy -differential interference contrast microscopy -
fluorescence microscopy - confocal microscopy - scanning probe microscopy
(STM, AFM) - scanning new field optical microscopy - digital holographic
microscopy - oil immersion objectives - quantitative metallography - image
analyzer.

MODULE III ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND OPTICAL

CHARACTERISATION 8

SEM, EDAX, EPMA, TEM: working principle and Instrumentation – sample

preparation – data collection, processing and analysis- Photoluminescence –
light – matter interaction – instrumentation – electroluminescence –
instrumentation – Applications.

MODULE IV ELECTRICAL METHODS 8

Two probe and four probe methods- van der Pauw method – Hall probe and
measurement – scattering mechanism – C-V characteristics – Schottky barrier
capacitance – impurity concentration – electrochemical C-V profiling –
limitations.

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MODULE V SPECTROSCOPY 9

Principles and instrumentation for UV-Vis-IR, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman

spectroscopy, ESR, NMR, NQR, XPS, AES and SIMS-proton induced X-ray
Emission spectroscopy (PIXE) –Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) analysis-
application.

Total Hours: 45
REFERENCES:
1. Stradling,R.A; Klipstain, P.C; Growth and Characterization of semiconductors,
Adam Hilger, Bristol,1990.
2. Belk, J.A; Electron microscopy and microanalysis of crystalline materials,
Applied Science Publishers, London, 1979.
3. Lawrence E.Murr, Electron and Ion microscopy and Microanalysis principles
and Applications, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1991
4. D.Kealey & P.J.Haines, Analytical Chemistry, Viva Books Private Limited, New
Delhi 2002.

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the students will
• be familiarized with various charaterisation techniques
• get hands on experience on various instrumentation techniques

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