MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MS-483

Lecture No. 11: Disaster Investigation

Engr. Bilal Nasar

Lecturer

Date:
 Disaster Investigation
The stream of geo-scientific research
has reached a high degree of
specialization
 It focuses on advancing
methodologies, technologies,
expertise, and capabilities to detect,
characterize, monitor, and model
natural hazards and disasters and
assess their associated risks.
Disaster investigation shows a prime
importance to overcome the for
coming disaster.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT 3
 Disasters Forecasts
There are a number techniques
available that warns from a coming
havoc such as:
• Satellites
• Increasing Levels of dams
• Hydro-Meteorological devices
• Geological Surveys
• Control Towers
• Medical Intelligence systems
• Telecom devices
Figures are taken from a satellite
in space that indicates that the
spillway is getting towards severe
condition
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 4
 Phases of disaster investigation
There are no primary key points to
investigate a disaster however the
points available from the past studies
are as follow:
• Hazard
• Vulnerability
• Exposer and impact.
The seismic risk is one of the most
investigated natural risk.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 5
 Hazard
• To characterize the seismic hazard
and risk at a given location, the
knowledge of local geology is
mandatory.
• This is even more important in those
sites, such as large cities and
megacities, that are heavily
urbanized.
• The rapid urbanization may have
happened with poor knowledge of the
subsurface and little adherence to
earthquake-proof building codes, so
as an epicentral hit has the potential
to cause 1 million fatalities.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 6
 How much do natural disasters cost per year?
The majority of cities are built on
sedimentary basins that, on the one
hand, offer flat topography for
building development and fertile
soils and groundwater resource for
subsistence
Have potential to cause
amplification and resonance of
seismic wave motion in the case of
earthquakes.
 For example in Jakarta Basin, in
Indonesia the researchers a
relatively new and simple technique
to map shallow seismic structure
using body-wave polarization.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 7
 Disaster and loss of animals
• This technique proved to be a cost-
effective alternative to the use of
borehole and active source surveys,
wherever three-component
seismometers are operated.
• This technique revealed that a
shear-wave velocity (Vs) of the top
150m/s might travel upto the
surface and may cause destruction.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 8
 Vulnerability
Areas that are marginal to large cities, or are
located in mountainous regions or locations
outside of main infrastructure and
transportation networks, may be exposed to
the risk of depopulation.
If hit by earthquakes, these minor centres
could be definitely abandoned soon after the
seismic event.
In the process of restoration and
redevelopment of minor historic centres, land
and urban planning needs to encompass
seismic vulnerability reduction policies, while
preserving the integrity and cultural identity
of the main buildings.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 9
 Seismic Reduction Strategies
The experts propose an approach to
seismic vulnerability reduction made of
three main stages:
• Knowledge of the typological,
constructive, and technological
features of the buildings.
• Analysis of the possible damage in
case of an earthquake;
• Planning of actions to reduce the
vulnerability of buildings, with a cost
modeling tool to define the trade-off
between the extension and intensity of
the vulnerability reduction works,
given the available budget.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 10
 Future Recomendations
Population and the possible fatalities
caused by an earthquake of a given
magnitude are the first element at risk
and consequence that are calculated in
a quantitative seismic risk assessment.
 However, earthquakes are natural
disasters that can also cause enormous
economic damage if they affect the
integrity and functioning of buildings,
infrastructure and utilities.
The authors determine which elements
of the system are susceptible to failure
due to an earthquake of a given
magnitude.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 11
 Effects Earthquake
The results of the scenario analysis of
earthquakes and their impacts on the
reliability of the power supply system
highlight that the energy security of the
EAEU region is affected by the existence of
interconnections that are vulnerable.
The interconnections where disruptions of
the electricity supply will have high
impacts are situated between Kazakhstan
and Kyrgyzstan, as well as between the
isolated “West” node of Kazakhstan and
Russia.
Power supply interruptions at these lines
can seriously influence the stability of the
electricity transmission system, and lead
to huge economic losses in the affected
regions.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 12
 Source

I. The sources from which this lecture is provided for sake of student’s
brain storming and comprehension.
II. Key Topics and Future Perspectives in Natural Hazards Research
III. Koskinas, A.; Tegos, A.; Tsira, P.; Dimitriadis, P.; Iliopoulou, T.;
Papanicolaou, P.; Koutsoyiannis, D.; Williamson, T. Insights into the
Oroville dam 2017 Spillway incident. Geosciences 2019, 9, 37
IV. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
V. Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital? An Assessment Based on
Existing Empirical Evidence
VI. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
VII. Natural disasters that have effected the economy of world
interestingengineering.com
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 13
 End of lecture 11
 It’s the end of your eleven lecture regarding your course Hazards and
disaster management.

 If there is any problem related to this lecture contact via email i.e.
bilal.ce@must.edu.pk. Much appreciated

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

Ph. # 03485907337 Least appreciated

 Feel free to contact so that your queries regarding this subject could be
dealt.

 Thank you.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 14
THANKS
MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MS-483

Lecture No. 12: Phases of Disaster

Engr. Bilal Nasar

Lecturer

Date:
 Disaster Management
Natural disasters are caused by natural
forces, such as earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and
extreme temperatures.
They can be classified as rapid onset
disasters such as earthquakes or
tsunamis, and those with progressive
onset, such as droughts that lead to
famine.
Disaster Management can be defined as
the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in
particular, preparedness, response and
recovery in order to lessen the impact
of disasters

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 3
 Disaster Investigation
This will impact morbidity, premature
death, and future quality of life. There
can be shortages of food, with severe
nutritional consequences
All these conditions lead to a sense of
hopelessness, vulnerability, and
inability to think that the future will
be better.
This means that people no longer
visualize their future by making plans
such as finishing school, getting
married and working. This
“foreshortened future” affects the
psychological and social behavior of
the community.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT 4
 Phases of disasters
Since interventions in emergencies
evolve as a continuum, the
identification of the following four
phases is useful to better establish
priorities and response activities, and
to systematize previous experiences:
Pre-Disaster Phase (Prevention,
Mitigation & Preparedness)
Disaster Phase (Response, relief and
recovery)
Post-Disaster Phase (Rehabilitation,
Development) and damage assessment
Disaster management policies and
institutional infrastructure from
national to local level

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 5
 Prevention (Pre disaster Phase)
This is a pre disaster phase which
includes the study of past disasters
and may take into account that how
to reduce or prevent the effect of
disasters that took place in past.
Preventive and precautionary
measures such as changing building
codes and practices, redesigning
public utilities and services,
reviewing mandatory evacuation
practices and warning policies, and
educating members of the
community may help preventing a
severe catastrophic disaster.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 6
 Mitigation
Mitigation and planning are
continuous processes, as lessons
learned from a previous disaster are
included in planning for the next one.
This phase usually occurs when
conditions are returning to their pre
disaster state.
Mitigation is the phase in which all
aspects of emergency management
are scrutinized for “lessons learned.
Mitigation may include preventive
and precautionary measures.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 7
 Preparedness
Planning comprises all the activities and
actions taken in advance of a disaster.
Planning should be based on the analysis
of a community’s or organization’s risk for
exposure to specific types of disasters.
Preparedness plans should take into
account the frequency of occurrence of
each type of disaster, the anticipated
magnitude of effect, the degree of advanced
warning or suddenness of onset and offset,
characteristics of the populations most
likely to be affected,
The amount and types of resources
available within the community or
organizational structure, and the ability to
function independently without additional
outside resources for periods of time.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 8
 Disaster Phase
Response
• Response comprises all activities
and actions taken during and
immediately after a disaster.
• This includes notification of the
organizations involved in disaster
response, setting up of initial
communication networks, initial
search and rescue, damage
assessment, evacuation, sheltering
and other multiple activities.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 9
 Vulnerability
The response phase lasts until the initial
casualties have either been rescued or
acknowledged as lost, and enough
resources have been made available to meet
immediate humanitarian needs of affected
population, assessing damages and
beginning to plan for restoration and
recovery.
In the case of conflict situation,
displacement could be protracted until
safety and security return to the place of
origin of affected people. For those affected,
response services may have to provide in
camps designed to host them for short
periods.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 10
 Relief
This may include providing relief
packages incase of food, shelters
medicine and sanitation systems by
NGOs, Govt. department and any other
human welfare organizations
• Do a rapid assessment of the
emergency situation and the affected
population.
• Provide adequate shelter and clothing.
• Set up diarrhea control program
• Provide adequate nutrition
• Provide elementary sanitation and
clean water

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 11
 Continued…
• Immunize against measles and provide
vitamin A supplements.
• Set up disease surveillance and health
information systems.
• Organize human resources
Recovery Phase
• The recovery phase is the period in
which the affected organization or
community works toward re-
establishing self sufficiency.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 12
 Continued…
• This is the period of new community
planning, rebuilding, and re-
establishment of government and
public service infrastructure.
• While in most instances of natural
disasters, normalcy returns in days to
weeks, in the case of conflict, this
could take several years before people
return to their homesteads.

DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 13
 Source

I. The sources from which this lecture is provided for sake of student’s
brain storming and comprehension.
II. Key Topics and Future Perspectives in Natural Hazards Research
III. Koskinas, A.; Tegos, A.; Tsira, P.; Dimitriadis, P.; Iliopoulou, T.;
Papanicolaou, P.; Koutsoyiannis, D.; Williamson, T. Insights into the
Oroville dam 2017 Spillway incident. Geosciences 2019, 9, 37
IV. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
V. Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital? An Assessment Based on
Existing Empirical Evidence
VI. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts
VII. Natural disasters that have effected the economy of world
interestingengineering.com
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 14
 End of lecture 12
 It’s the end of your twelevth lecture regarding your course Hazards
and disaster management.

 If there is any problem related to this lecture contact via email i.e.
bilal.ce@must.edu.pk. Much appreciated

 If someone lacks good internet connection then he can contact me via

Ph. # 03485907337 Least appreciated

 Feel free to contact so that your queries regarding this subject could be
dealt.

 Thank you.
DISASTER MANAGEMNENT 15
THANKS