TEST 1

PART B
Part 1: Choose the answer A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the following sentences. Write 
your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
1 Homework is an_________ part of school life in most countries in the world. 
A. ingrained B. accomplished C. organized D. established
2 . The point _________ is how to help students develop their critical thinking. 
A. at heart B. at length C. at issue D. at best
3. Some TV channels are ________their programmes in an attempt to increase their audience ratings. A.
dumbing down B. turning down C. boiling down D. playing down
4. The coach hoped that the team's unexpected victory was not just a________ in the pan. A.fire
B. Flame C. Fan D. flash
5. Just before the elections, the outgoing mayor produced plans for a new bridge which had been 
_________dust for several years. 
A. gathering B. Collecting C. accruing D. piling
6. Unfortunately, there are no __________rules related to English spelling. 
A. one and only B. hard and fast C. high and dry D. fair and square
7. Ancient healing recipes have been researched as a means of identifying potential curing__________
of  flowers and plants. 
A. properties B. abilities C. capacities D. opportunities
8. You could see that she was hurt - she wears her heart __________! 
A. on her head B. on her pocket C. on her sleeve D. on her face
9. We must have got our wires _______. I thought we were to meet at the hotel. 
A. twisted B. coiled C. tangled D. crossed
10. Dance can take many forms: whether it comes as a (n) _________release of energy and emotion, or 
within a skilful display of choreography after much rehearsal. 
A. assertive B. impulsive C. Attentive D. expressive
11. The status of_________ species and habitats chosen for action under the Government’s Biodiversity 
Action Plan is increasing. 
A.flagpole B. flagstaff C. flagship D. flagstone
12. The consequences of mass overconsumption should __________ fear into the hearts of everyone.
A. engage B. strike C. instill D. cause
13. The authorities have announced zero _________for smoking in public buildings.
A. acceptance B. negligence C. ignorance D. tolerance
14. I expected to negotiate with the sales manager, but the chairman turned up - now he's a (n) _______of
a  different color. 
A. eagle B. horse C. Hawk D. Wolf
15. The offer sounds good, but keep your _________open until you're sure it's the best
choice.
A. options B. decisions C. selections D. conclusions
16.An 18-year-old girl, of no fixed.........was charged with robbery in connection with incident
A.abode B.accommodation D.dwellings D.lodgings
17.Most academic articles bounce around from topic to topic, really without.............,but are informative.
A.common or garden B.hell or high water C.let or hindrance D .rhyme or reason
18. After I was nearly expelled in my first year of college, I decided to stop fooling around, put my
_______ to the wheel, and get as much out of my degree as I could.
A. leg B. shoulders C. arms D. shoulder
19: People are always critical. One needs to ______ to cope with criticism.
A. get under their skin B. have a thick skin
C. have a thin skin D. make their skin crawl
20. I like my new job; the only fly in the ________ is the fact that I have to work every other weekend.
A. fat B. porridge C. soup D. ointment
Part 2: The passage below contains 10 mistakes. Underline the mistakes and write the corrections in
the corresponding numbered boxes. (10 pts) (United States History -Preparing for the advanced
placement examination)
Line
Adolescence always has been and always will be (0). the  a very difficult
time in life. You are lost where between childhood and adulthood, but still, this
is the time in life when you have to break freely from the conformity of your
peers to find yourself. Some people argue that it’s more difficult to be young
today than it used to be. Is this true, and in that case, why?
In modern society teenagers pressure to mature much more quickly than one or
two hundred years ago. Today, minors on a very early stage have to make
decisions regard education, often bearing upon their future careers. In the past,
children were expected to follow in the footsteps of their parents, that is to say,
the son was supposed to take in the profession of his father, while the daughter
was expected to stay at home to take care of domestic duties such as cooking
and cleaning.
Furthermore, today it’s much more difficult to find your place in society. As
cities grow, crime increases, and the anonymity people experiment grows as
well. It becomes more difficult to find and cultivate your own ideals and value.
On the other hand, the adolescent of today have great opportunities than
ever before. In the past, if your father was a blacksmith or a farmer, in
ten years, so you would be. Today, teenagers have the possibility to
fulfil in all their dreams and ambitions.

Line Mistake Correction

Part 3: The Concept of Evolution

Charles Darwin did not invent the concept of evolution. When he was a student in Edinburgh in the late
1820's, evolution was already the (1) ... ? of the town. But evolution was rejected by the establishment.
Those who (2) ... ? to evolutionary thinking were called Lamarckists, after the French scientist Jean-
Baptiste Lamarck, who was the first to propose that species are not static, but change over time and
give (3) ... ? to new species. Lamarck had offered this (4) ... ? in a book published in 1809. He did not,
however, propose a correct mechanism for (5) ... ? species change into each other. The mechanism was
discovered first by Charles Darwin and independently by Alfred Russel Wallace. From reading the
economist Thomas Malthus, Darwin was aware of the consequences of (6) ... ? growing populations.
Once resources become limiting only a (7) ... ? of individuals can survive. Darwin was also
an (8) ... ? observer of animal breeders. He analysed their methods and studied their results. Slowly he
understood that nature like a gigantic breeder.

1. A) talk B) story C) gossip D) tale

2. A) combined B) cohered C) adhered D) abode
3. A) occasion B) evidence C) raise D) rise
4. A) perspective B) perception C) prospect D) incentive
5. A) all B) how C) now D) once
6. A) expressly B) exponentially C) exquisitely D) exclusively
7. A) friction B) division C) section D) fraction
8. A) agile B) arduous C) ardent D) amorous

Part 4: Read the text below and think of one word which best fits each space. Use only ONE WORD for
each space. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (10 pts)
Until the nineteenth century, the ownership of land was the only certain basis of power in England. It is
true that both power and money (1) ________ be acquired by (2) ________ means: by trade, by
commerce, by fighting, by useful services to the government or by personal service to the king and queen.
But wealth unsupported by power was (3) ________ to be plundered, power based only on personal
abilities was at the mercy of time and future, and the power to be (4) ________ through trade or
commerce was limited. Before the nineteenth century (5) ________ wealth of England lay in the
countryside as opposed to the towns; landowners (6) ________ than merchants were the dominating (7)
________ and ran the country so that their own interests were the last to suffer. Even (8)________ the
economic balance began to change, they were so thoroughly in (9) ________of administration and
legislation, that their political and social supremacy continued. As a rule, from the Middle Ages until the
nineteenth century, anyone who had made money by whatever means, and was ambitious for
(10)________ and his family, automatically invested in a country estate.

Question 5. (10 pts)

Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting communally are
not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter especially it is important for birds to
keep warm at night and conserve precious food reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost.
Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the ground and
ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering is magnified by several birds huddling
together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds and anis do. Body contact reduces the
surface area exposed to the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together
were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third of their heat.
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information centers”. During the day,
parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area. When they return in the evening
some will have fed well, but others may have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that
when the birds set out again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to
follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate different feeding
behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits. The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in
a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area.
The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so
one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a few birds awake at any
given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that
mass roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in trees
can be attacked by birds of prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to
catch small birds perching at the margins of the roost.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. How birds find and store food.
B. How birds maintain body heat in the winter.
C. Why birds need to establish territory.
D. Why some species of birds nest together.
2. The word “conserve” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. retain B. watch C. locate D. share
3. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by ________.
A. building nests in trees
B. huddling together on the ground with other birds
C. digging tunnels into the snow
D. burrowing into dense patches of vegetation
4. The word “magnified” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. combined B. caused C. modified D. intensified
5. The author mentions kinglets in the passage as an example of birds that ________.
A. protect themselves by nesting in holes B. usually feed and nest in pairs
C. nest together for warmth D. nest with other species of birds
6. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is TRUE?
A. The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.
B. The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.
C. The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.
D. The common kestrel nests in trees; the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.
7. The word “forage” in the passage  is closest in meaning to __________.
A. fly B. assemble C. feed D. rest
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds that huddle
together while sleeping?
A. Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.
B. Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole floc
C. Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are looking for food.
D. Several members of the flock care for the young.
9. what is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in the passage?
A. Diseases easily spread among the birds.
B. Food supplies are quickly depleted.
C. Some birds in the group will attack the others
D. Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds are.
10. The word “they” in the third paragraph refers to ________.
A. a few birds B. mass roosts C. predators D. trees
Question 6. 10 pts)
Task 1. The text has seven paragraphs, A-G
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 below.
List of Headings
Different accounts of the same journey
Bingham gains support
A common belief
The aim of the trip
A dramatic description
A new route
Bingham publishes his theory
Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm

Paragraphs Your answers:

Paragraph A iv
1. Paragraph B ………….
2. Paragraph C ………….
 3. Paragraph D ………….
4. Paragraph E ………….
5. Paragraph F ………….
Paragraph G iii

The Lost City

An explorer’s encounter with the ruined city of Machu Picchu, the most famous icon of the Inca
civilisation
A
When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911, he was ready for
what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of
Cusco, the old capital of the Inca empire in the Andes mountains of Peru. His goal was to locate the
remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation. Cusco lies on a high plateau at an
elevation of more than 3,000 metres, and Bingham’s plan was to descend from this plateau along the
valley of the Urubamba river, which takes a circuitous route down to the Amazon and passes through an
area of dramatic canyons and mountain ranges.
B
When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage over
travellers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable
rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle. Almost all previous travellers had left the river at
Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across mountains to rejoin the river lower down, thereby cutting a
substantial corner, but also therefore never passing through the area around Machu Picchu.
C
On 24 July they were a few days into their descent of the valley. The day began slowly, with Bingham
trying to arrange sufficient mules for the next stage of the trek. His companions showed no interest in
accompanying him up the nearby hill to see some ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told
them about the night before. The morning was dull and damp, and Bingham also seems to have been less
than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill. In his book Lost City of the Incas, he relates that he made
the ascent without having the least expectation that he would find anything at the top.
D
Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in his book. First, as he climbs up the hill, he describes
the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes, “capable of making considerable springs when in pursuit of
their prey”; not that he sees any. Then there’s a sense of mounting discovery as he comes across great
sweeps of terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by monumental staircases and, finally, the grand
ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu. “It seemed like an unbelievable dream … the sight held me
spellbound …” he wrote.
E
We should remember, however, that Lost City of the Incas is a work of hindsight, not written until 1948,
many years after his journey. His journal entries of the time reveal a much more gradual appreciation of
his achievement. He spent the afternoon at the ruins noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings,
then descended and rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to have said little about his discovery. At
this stage, Bingham didn’t realise the extent or the importance of the site, nor did he realise what use he
could make of the discovery.
F
However, soon after returning it occurred to him that he could make a name for himself from this
discovery. When he came to write the National Geographic magazine article that broke the story to the
world in April 1913, he knew he had to produce a big idea. He wondered whether it could have been the
birthplace of the very first Inca, Manco the Great, and whether it could also have been what chroniclers
described as “the last city of the Incas”. This term refers to Cilcabamba, the settlement where the Incas
had fled from Spanish invaders in the 1530s. Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for
nearly 40 years. Sadly, his vision of the site as both the beginning and end of the Inca civilisation, while a
magnificent one, is inaccurate. We now know that Vilcabamba actually lies 65 kilometres away in the
depths of the jungle.
G
One question that has perplexed visitors, historians and archaeologists alike ever since Bingham, is why
the site seems to have been abandoned before the Spanish Conquest. There are no references to it by any
of the Spanish chroniclers – and if they had known of its existence so close to Cusco they would certainly
have come in search of gold. An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years is that
Machu Picchu was a moya, a country estate built by an Inca emperor to escape the cold winters of Cusco,
where the elite could enjoy monumental architectrue and spectacular views. Furthermore, the particular
architecture of Machu Picchu suggests that it was constructed at the time of the greatest of all the Incas,
the emperor Pachacuti (c.1438-71). By custom, Pachacuti’s descendants built other similar estates for
their own use, and so Machu Picchu would have been abandoned after his death, some 50 years before the
Spanish Conquest.
Task 2. Write : True False Not Given
6. Bingham went to South America in search of an Inca city.
7. Bingham chose a particular route down the Urubamba valley because it was the most common route
used by travellers.
8. Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in order to find evidence to support his theory.
Task 3. Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
9. The track that took Bingham down the Urubamba valley had been created for the transportation of
__________.
10. Bingham found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu from a __________ in the Urubamba valley.
Part 7.You are going to read four different opinions from leading scientists about the future of fuel.
A. Howard Bloom, Author
Even though most people are convinced that peak oil has already passed, to me, peak oil is just a
hypothesis. There is a theory that carbon molecules can be found in interstellar gas clouds, comets and in
space ice, and if this is the case, our planet could ooze oil forever. And even if we stay earthbound, those
who say we have raped the planet of all its resources are wrong. There's a huge stock of raw materials we
haven't yet learned to use. There are bacteria two miles beneath our feet which can turn solid granite into
food. If bacteria can do it, surely we creatures with brains can do it better. As far as the near future of
energy is concerned, I believe the most promising alternative fuels are biofuels, such as ethanol. It's an
alcohol made from waste products such as the bark of trees, woodchips, and other 'waste materials'. And
that's not the only waste that can create energy. My friend in the biomass industry is perfecting an energy-
generation plant which can run on human waste. We produce that in vast quantities, and it's already
gathered in centralised locations.
B. Michael Lardelli, Lecturer in Genetics at the University of Adelaide
Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow and we need it to
mine minerals, extract oil or cut wood and then to process these into finished goods. So the most
fundamental definition of money is as a mechanism to allow the exchange and allocation of di fferent
forms of energy. Recently, people have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005 it was
possible to expand our energy use to meet this demand. However, since 2005 oil supply has been in
decline, and at the same time, and as a direct result of this, the world's economy has been unable to
expand, leading to global recession. With the world's energy and the profitability of energy production in
decline at the same time, the net energy available to support activities other than energy procurement will
decrease. We could increase energy production by diverting a large proportion of our remaining oil
energy into building nuclear power stations and investing in renewable forms of energy. However, this is
very unlikely to happen in democratic nations, because it would require huge, voluntary reductions in
living standards. Consequently, the world economy will continue to contract as oil production declines.
With energy in decline, it will be impossible for everyone in the world to become wealthier. One person's
increased wealth can only come at the expense of another person's worsened poverty.
C. Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell
People are understandably worried about a future of growing energy shortages, rising prices and
international conflict for supplies. These fears are not without foundation. With continued economic
growth, the world's energy needs could increase by 50% in the next 25 years. However, I do not believe
that the world is running out of energy. Fossil fuels will be able to meet growing demand for a long time
in the future. Taking unconventional resources into account, we are not even close to peak oil. The
priority for oil companies is to improve efficiency, by increasing the amount of oil recovered from
reservoirs. At present, just over a third is recovered. We can also improve the technology to control
reservoir processes and improve oil flow. However, these projects are costly, complex and technically
demanding, and they depend on experienced people, so it is essential to encourage young people to take
up a technical career in the energy industry. Meanwhile, alternative forms of energy need to be made
economically viable. International energy companies have the capability, the experience and the
commercial drive to work towards solving the energy problem so they will play a key role. But it is not as
simple as merely making scientific advances and developing new tools; the challenge is to deliver the
technology to people worldwide. Companies will need to share knowledge and use their ideas effectively.
D. Craig Severance, blogger
What will it take to end our oil addiction? It's time we moved on to something else. Not only are world oil
supplies running out, but what oil is still left is proving very dirty to obtain. The Deepwater Horizon oil
spill occurred precisely because the easy-to-obtain oil is already tapped. If we don't kick oil now, we will
see more disasters as oil companies move to the Arctic offshore and clear more forests. The cheap
petroleum is gone; from now on, we will pay steadily more and more for our oil — not just in dollars, but
in the biological systems that sustain life on this planet. The only solution is to get on with what we will
have to do anyway - end our dependence on it! There are many instances in which oil need not be used at
all. Heat and electricity can be produced in a multitude of other ways, such as solar power or natural gas.
The biggest challenge is the oil that is used in transportation. That doesn't mean the transportation of
goods worldwide, it's the day-to-day moving around of people. It means we have to change what we
drive. The good news is that it's possible. There are a wide range of fuel efficient cars on offer, and the
number of all-electric plug-in cars is set to increase. For long distance travel and freight, the solution to
this is to look to rail. An electrified railway would not be reliant upon oil, but could be powered by solar,
geothermal, hydro, and wind sources. There is a long way to go, but actions we take now to kick our oil
addiction can help us adapt to a world of shrinking oil supplies.
Which writer:
96. believes oil will be available for many more years
97. believes that from now on, less oil is available
98. believes there are ways to obtain energy that we have not yet discovered
99. sees a great potential in natural fuels
100. believes the fuel crisis will cause the poor to become poorer
101. sees energy and the economy as intrinsically linked
102. believes we should reduce our dependence on oil immediately
103. believes that people need to be attracted to working in the energy industry
104. believes that it is unlikely that governments will invest a lot of money into alternative energy
105. believes that future oil recovery will lead to more environmental disasters
Part 8:
1. We would always take great care when flying at night. (WITS)
We used to ………………………………………………………
2. She was concentrating so hard on her work that she didn’t notice when I came in. (WRAPPED)
She was so …………………………………………………….
3. If you don’t like the idea then just say no. I believe you should always speak frankly. (SPADE)
If you don’t like......................................…………………………… …
4. I knew nothing about the rebellion that they were planning. (dark)
________________________________________________________________

5. The desserts in this restaurant are the very best I have ever eaten and no mistake. (second)
________________________________________________________________
6. The disrespect John showed for the professor aggravated me so I had to take a walk to calm down.
(HACKLES)

……………………………………………………………………………………

7. He was finally able to adjust himself to the new working condition. (SWING)

……………………………………………………………………………………

8. After the game, the children headed straight toward John, who was severing cold drinks. (BEELINE)

……………………………………………………………………………………

9. The first part of his plan was to ingratiate himself with the members of the committee. (FAVOUR)

……………………………………………………………………………………

10.I made an embarrassing mistake by asking John how his dog was when it’s been dead for three
months. (CLANGER)

……………………………………………………………………………………
KEY

PART B
Part 1
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.B
11.C 12B 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.D 18. D 19.B 20.D
1. Homework is an_________ part of school life in most countries in the world.
A. ingrained B. accomplished C. organized D. established
Established = được chấp nhận, được tôn trọng
2. The point _________ is how to help students develop their critical thinking.
A. at heart B. at length C. at issue D. at best
at issue =the thing that is at issue is the most important aspect of a subject
3. Some TV channels are ________their programmes in an attempt to increase their audience ratings.
A. dumbing down B. turning down C. boiling down D. playing down
dumbing-down=the act of making something simpler and easier for people to understand, especially in
order to make it more popular
4. The coach hoped that the team's unexpected victory was not just a________ in the pan. A.fire
B. Flame C. Fan D. flash
Flsh in the pan = thành công nhất thời
5. Just before the elections, the outgoing mayor produced plans for a new bridge which had been
_________dust for several years.
A. gathering B. Collecting C. accruing D. piling
gather dust=to not be used for a long time
6. Unfortunately, there are no __________rules related to English spelling.
A. one and only B. hard and fast C. high and dry D. fair and square
Hard and fast" -> nghĩa là tuân thủ nghiêm ngặt (quy tắc, quy định v.v...).
7. Ancient healing recipes have been researched as a means of identifying potential curing__________ of
flowers and plants.
A. properties B. abilities C. capacities D. opportunities
Property = a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be used in a particular
way
8. You could see that she was hurt - she wears her heart __________!
A. on her head B. on her pocket C. on her sleeve D. on her face
wear your heart on your sleeve=to make your feelings and emotions obvious rather than hiding them
9. We must have got our wires _______. I thought we were to meet at the hotel.
A. twisted B. coiled C. tangled D. crossed
Get one’s wires crossed = hiểu nhầm nhau
10. Dance can take many forms: whether it comes as a (n) _________release of energy and emotion, or
within a skilful display of choreography after much rehearsal.
A. assertive B. impulsive C. Attentive D. expressive
Impulsive=showing behaviour in which you do things suddenly without any planning and without
considering the effects they may have:
11. The status of_________ species and habitats chosen for action under the Government’s Biodiversity
Action Plan is increasing.
A.flagpole B. flagstaff C. flagship D. flagstone
Flagship=the best or most important product, idea, building, etc. that an organization owns or produces
12. The consequences of mass overconsumption should __________ fear into the hearts of everyone.
A. engage B. strike C. instill D. cause
strike fear/terror into sb=to make someone extremely frightened
13. The authorities have announced zero _________for smoking in public buildings.
A. acceptance B. negligence C. ignorance D. tolerance
zero tolerance=the act of punishing all criminal or unacceptable behaviour severely, even if it is not very
serious
14. I expected to negotiate with the sales manager, but the chairman turned up - now he's a (n)
________of a different color.
A. eagle B. horse C. Hawk D. Wolf
a horse of another color = something that is completely different from another thing
15.. The offer sounds good, but keep your _________open until you're sure it's the best choice.
A. options B. decisions C. selections D. conclusions
leave/keep one's options open: to wait before making a final decision about something to allow for the
possibility of having a different choice
16.An 18-year-old girl, of no fixed.........was charged with robbery in connection with incident
A.abode B.accommodation D.dwellings D.lodgings
No fixed abode= vô gia cư,không nhà cửa
17.Most academic articles bounce around from topic to topic, really without.............,but are informative.
A.common or garden B.hell or high water C.let or hindrance D .rhyme or reason
be no/without rhyme or reason=to be without any obvious reasonable explanation
18: After I was nearly expelled in my first year of college, I decided to stop fooling around, put my
_______ to the wheel, and get as much out of my degree as I could.
A. leg B. shoulders C. arms D. shoulder
Put one’s shoulder to the wheel (coll): ai đó bắt tay vào làm việc gì bằng tất cả sự quyết tâm và năng
lượng của mình
19. People are always critical. One needs to ______ to cope with criticism.
A. get under their skin B. have a thick skin
C. have a thin skin D. make their skin crawl
A. get under one’s skin (coll): khiến cho ai đó phát điên hoặc bị quấy rầy B. have (a) thick skin (coll):
không bận tâm đến liệu có ai đó đang chỉ trích, bình phẩm mình hay không
C. have (a) thin skin (coll): dễ nhạy cảm, dễ bị ảnh hưởng bởi những lời chỉ trích, bình phẩm
D. make one’s skin crawl (coll): ai đó nghĩ rằng một ai khác thật khó chịu và đáng sợ
20: I like my new job; the only fly in the ________ is the fact that I have to work every other weekend.
A. fat B. porridge C. soup D. ointment
Fly in the ointment (coll): con sâu làm rầu nồi canh (một người hay vật gì sẽ phá hoại cuộc vui, một tình
huống có thể sẽ đã rất thích thú, tuyệt vời,...)

Part 2:

Line Mistake  Correction

1 0. the  a
2 1. where → somewhere
3 2. freely → free
6 3. pressure → are pressured
8 4. regard → regarding
10 5. take in → take up
14 6. experiment → experience
16 7. value → values
17 8. great → greater
19 9. so you would → so would you
19 10. fulfil in all → fulfil(l) all

Part 3:
The Concept of Evolution
Charles Darwin did not invent the concept of evolution. When he was a student in Edinburgh in the late
1820's, evolution was already the (1) ... ? of the town. But evolution was rejected by the establishment.
Those who (2) ... ? to evolutionary thinking were called Lamarckists, after the French scientist Jean-
Baptiste Lamarck, who was the first to propose that species are not static, but change over time and give
(3) ... ? to new species. Lamarck had offered this (4) ... ? in a book published in 1809. He did not,
however, propose a correct mechanism for (5) ... ? species change into each other. The mechanism was
discovered first by Charles Darwin and independently by Alfred Russel Wallace. From reading the
economist Thomas Malthus, Darwin was aware of the consequences of (6) ... ? growing populations.
Once resources become limiting only a (7) ... ? of individuals can survive. Darwin was also an (8) ... ?
observer of animal breeders. He analysed their methods and studied their results. Slowly he understood
that nature like a gigantic breeder.
1. A) talk B) story C) gossip D) tale
BE THE TALK OF THE TOWN=To be what everyone is talking about:
2. A) combined B) cohered C) adhered D) abode
Adhere to = To follow a particular set of beliefs or a fixed way of doing something:
3. A) occasion B) evidence C) raise D) rise
Give rise to = To cause something to happen or exist
4. A) perspective B) perception C) prospect D) incentive
Perspective = A particular attitude towards something; a way of thinking about something:
5. A) all B) how C) now D) once
How= Used to ask or talk about the way in which something happens or is done
6. A) expressly B) exponentially C) exquisitely D) exclusively
Exponentially= In a way that becomes faster and faster
7. A) friction B) division C) section D) fraction
A fraction of = A small part or amount of something
8. A) agile B) arduous C) ardent D) amorous
ARDENT OBSERVER=Showing strong positive feelings about an activity and determination to succeed
at it

Part 4:
gained/ acquired/had

class/group charge/control

Question 5.
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. C
6. A 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. B
Part 5. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. (10 pts)
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. How birds find and store food.
B. How birds maintain body heat in the winter.
C. Why birds need to establish territory.
D. Why some species of birds nest together.
1.Đoạn văn chủ yếu thảo luận là gì?
A. Cách chim tìm và dự trữ thức ăn.
B. Cách chim duy trì thân nhiệt trong mùa đông.
C. Tại sao các loài chim cần thiết lập lãnh thổ.
D. Tại sao một số loài chim lại làm tổ với nhau.
Clue: Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting communally
are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits = Các loài chim kiếm ăn theo đàn thường nghỉ
ngơi với nhau thành từng đàn. Không phải lúc nào cũng rõ ràng lý do để ngủ theo đàn, nhưng có một số
lợi ích có thể xảy ra
... The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information centers”
2. The word “conserve” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. retain B. watch C. locate D. share
Conserve = retain = bảo tồn, dự trữ
3. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by ________.
A. building nests in trees
B. huddling together on the ground with other birds
C. digging tunnels into the snow
D. burrowing into dense patches of vegetation
3. Gà gô giữ ấm vào mùa đông bằng ________.
A. xây tổ trên cây
B. túm tụm lại trên mặt đất với các loài chim khác
C. đào đường hầm trong tuyết
D. đào hang thành những thảm thực vật dày đặc
Clue: horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks
4. The word “magnified” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. combined B. caused C. modified D. intensified
Magnify = phóng đại ,làm to lên
5. The author mentions kinglets in the passage as an example of birds that ________.
A. protect themselves by nesting in holes
B. usually feed and nest in pairs
C. nest together for warmth
D. nest with other species of birds
5. Tác giả đề cập đến kinglet trong đoạn văn như một ví dụ về loài chim ________.
A. tự bảo vệ mình bằng cách làm tổ trong các lỗ
B. thường kiếm ăn và làm tổ theo cặp
C. làm tổ cùng nhau để sưởi ấm
D. làm tổ với các loài chim khác
Clue: Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm.
Two kinglets huddling together were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together
saved a third of their heat.= Tiếp xúc cơ thể làm giảm diện tích bề mặt tiếp xúc với không khí lạnh, vì vậy
các con chim giữ ấm cho nhau. Hai con kinglet tụ tập với nhau được cho là giảm được một phần tư nhiệt
lượng thất thoát và ba con cùng nhau giảm được một phần ba nhiệt lượng của chúng.
6. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is TRUE?
A. The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.
B. The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.
C. The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.
D. The common kestrel nests in trees; the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.
6. . Phát biểu nào sau đây về các mối ghép ít hơn và phổ biến là ĐÚNG?
A. Những con chim cắt nhỏ hơn kiếm ăn một cách hòa đồng nhưng những con chim cắt thông thường thì
không.
B. kestrel nhỏ hơn và kestrel thông thường có chế độ ăn giống nhau.
C. Những con kestrel thông thường làm tổ trong những đàn lớn hơn những con kestrel ít hơn.
D. Các loài kestrel thường làm tổ trên cây; những con kestrel nhỏ hơn làm tổ trên mặt đất.
Clue: The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very
similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area. The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but
the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find
insect swarms.= Loài chim cắt thông thường săn các động vật có xương sống trong một bãi săn nhỏ và
quen thuộc, trong khi loài chim cắt nhỏ hơn rất giống nhau lại ăn côn trùng trên một khu vực rộng lớn.
Những con chim cắt phổ biến thường tụ tập và săn mồi một mình, nhưng 1 ít những con chim cắt tụ tập
và săn theo đàn, có thể vì vậy một con chim có thể học từ những con khác cách tìm bầy côn trùng.
7. The word “forage” in the passage  is closest in meaning to __________.
A. fly B. assemble C. feed D. rest
Forage = feed= cho ăn
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds that huddle
together while sleeping?
A. Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.
B. Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock
C. Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are looking for food.
D. Several members of the flock care for the young.
8. Điều nào sau đây KHÔNG được đề cập trong đoạn văn như một lợi thế bắt nguồn từ những con chim
túm tụm lại với nhau khi ngủ?
A. Một số thành viên trong bầy cảnh báo những người khác về những nguy hiểm sắp xảy ra.
B. Ở cùng nhau cung cấp nhiệt lượng lớn hơn cho cả đàn
C. Một số con trong đàn có chức năng như trung tâm thông tin cho những con khác đang tìm kiếm thức
ăn.
D. Một số thành viên trong bầy chăm sóc con non
Clue: Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a few birds awake
at any given moment to give the alarm.-> A
Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm.-> B
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information centers-> C
9. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in the passage?
A. Diseases easily spread among the birds.
B. Food supplies are quickly depleted.
C. Some birds in the group will attack the others
D. Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds are
. 9. Điều nào sau đây là một nhược điểm của tụ tập cộng đồng được đề cập trong đoạn văn?
A. Dịch bệnh dễ lây lan giữa các loài chim.
B. Nguồn cung cấp lương thực nhanh chóng bị cạn kiệt.
C. Một số loài chim trong nhóm sẽ tấn công những con khác
D. Các nhóm có sức hấp dẫn đối với động vật ăn thịt hơn các cá thể chim.
Clue: But this increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators
and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of
prey.= Nhưng sự bảo vệ tăng cường này một phần bị phản tác dụng bởi thực tế là những con thú rừng
hàng loạt thu hút những kẻ săn mồi và đặc biệt dễ bị tổn thương nếu chúng ở trên mặt đất. Ngay cả những
loài trên cây cũng có thể bị tấn công bởi chim săn mồi
10. The word “they” in the third paragraph refers to ________.
A. a few birds B. mass roosts C. predators D. trees
Question 6
1. vi 2. viii 3. v 4. i 5. vii
6. True 7. False 8. Not Given 9. rubber 10. Farmer
Part 6. Read the passage including seven paragraphs and do the following tasks. (10 pts)
Task 1. The text has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 below.
List of Headings
Different accounts of the same journey
Bingham gains support
A common belief
The aim of the trip
A dramatic description
A new route
Bingham publishes his theory
Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm

The Lost City

An explorer’s encounter with the ruined city of Machu Picchu, the most famous icon of the Inca
civilisation
A
When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911, he was ready for
what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of
Cusco, the old capital of the Inca empire in the Andes mountains of Peru. His goal was to locate the
remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation. Cusco lies on a high plateau at an
elevation of more than 3,000 metres, and Bingham’s plan was to descend from this plateau along the
valley of the Urubamba river, which takes a circuitous route down to the Amazon and passes through an
area of dramatic canyons and mountain ranges.

B vi.A new route

When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an advantage over
travellers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable
rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle. Almost all previous travellers had left the river at
Ollantaytambo and taken a high pass across mountains to rejoin the river lower down, thereby cutting a
substantial corner, but also therefore never passing through the area around Machu Picchu.
 Đoạn B nói về lợi thế của Bingham và nhóm của ông so với các nhà du lịch khác – “a
track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from
the jungle”. “A track” có nghĩa là “a path, route or rough road” và “recently” có nghĩa là ““not long ago,
during the period of time that has just passed”. Vì vậy, chúng ta có thể coi lợi ích này là một con đường
mới. Đáp án là vi – “A new route”
C viii Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm
On 24 July they were a few days into their descent of the valley. The day began slowly, with Bingham
trying to arrange sufficient mules for the next stage of the trek. His companions showed no interest in
accompanying him up the nearby hill to see some ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told
them about the night before. The morning was dull and damp, and Bingham also seems to have been less
than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill. In his book Lost City of the Incas, he relates that he made
the ascent without having the least expectation that he would find anything at the top.
=> Đoạn này miêu ta một số việc tiêu cực trong cuộc hành trình. Nhóm của Bingham “showed no
interest” trong việc tiếp tục cuộc hành trình này và Bingham đã phàn nàn trong cuốn sách của ông “he
made the ascent without having the least expectation that he would find anything at the top.” Chúng ta có
thể thấy rằng Bingham và các những người đồng hành của ông không trông mong gì và “less than keen
on” với việc leo lên quả đồi để tìm kiếm sự phá hủy mà người nông dân bản địa nhắc tới. Vì vậy, đáp án
là viii – “Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm”.
Less than keen on = lack of enthusiasm
Dv A dramatic description
Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in his book. First, as he climbs up the hill, he describes
the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes, “capable of making considerable springs when in pursuit of
their prey”; not that he sees any. Then there’s a sense of mounting discovery as he comes across great
sweeps of terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by monumental staircases and, finally, the grand
ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu. “It seemed like an unbelievable dream … the sight held me
spellbound …” he wrote.
=> Trong đoạn này, tác giả đã nhắc đến những gì Bingham mô tả trong cuốn sách của ông, từ “the ever-
present possibility of deadly snakes” cho đến “the grand ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu”. Đoạn
này không nói đến bất kỳ điều gì liên quan đến “different accounts” (tiêu đề i), “support” (tiêu đề ii),
“belief” (tiêu đề iii) hay “Bingham’s theory” (tiêu đề vii).Tiêu đề còn lại là tiêu đề v – a dramatic
description and this heading is really relevant to this paragraph’s content.
Ei Different accounts of the same journey
We should remember, however, that Lost City of the Incas is a work of hindsight, not written until 1948,
many years after his journey. His journal entries of the time reveal a much more gradual appreciation of
his achievement. He spent the afternoon at the ruins noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings,
then descended and rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to have said little about his discovery. At
this stage, Bingham didn’t realise the extent or the importance of the site, nor did he realise what use he
could make of the discovery.
=> Đoạn này chỉ ra rằng nhật ký của Bingham tiết lộ “a much more gradual appreciation of his
achievement compared with his book. He spent the afternoon at the ruins noting down the
dimensions of some of the buildings, then descended and rejoined his companions, to whom he
seems to have said little about his discovery. At this stage, didn’t realise the extent or the
importance of the site, nor did he realise what use he could make of the discovery”. Tuy nhiên,
trong cuốn sách của mình, Bingham khiến cho việc phát hiện “The Lost City of the Incas” xuất
hiện một cách đầy kịch tính hơn những gì nó có ở thời điểm đó. Tiêu đề thích hợp nhất cho đoạn
này là “Different accounts of the same journey”
F vii Bingham publishes his theory
However, soon after returning it occurred to him that he could make a name for himself from this
discovery. When he came to write the National Geographic magazine article that broke the story to the
world in April 1913, he knew he had to produce a big idea. He wondered whether it could have been the
birthplace of the very first Inca, Manco the Great, and whether it could also have been what chroniclers
described as “the last city of the Incas”. This term refers to Cilcabamba, the settlement where the Incas
had fled from Spanish invaders in the 1530s. Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for
nearly 40 years. Sadly, his vision of the site as both the beginning and end of the Inca civilisation, while a
magnificent one, is inaccurate. We now know that Vilcabamba actually lies 65 kilometres away in the
depths of the jungle.
=> Chỉ còn lại 3 tiêu đề. Chúng ta chỉ cần tập chung vào từ khóa “support”, “belief” và “theory”để
tìm ra đáp án cho 2 câu hỏi còn lại. Trong đoạn F, tác giả nhắc đến lý thuyết của Bingham.Tuy
nhiên, đây chỉ là niềm tin của riêng Bingham và nó không đúng. Tiêu đề iii không phải là đáp án vì
nói đến ý tưởng của Bingham, “he knew he had to produce a big idea”. Trong hoàn cảnh này,
chúng ta có thể coi “his idea” là “his theory”, điều mà ông đã giải thích trong một bài báo đã được
công bố trên một tạp chí. Đáp án là vii – Bingham publishes his theory.
G
One question that has perplexed visitors, historians and archaeologists alike ever since Bingham, is why
the site seems to have been abandoned before the Spanish Conquest. There are no references to it by any
of the Spanish chroniclers – and if they had known of its existence so close to Cusco they would certainly
have come in search of gold. An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few years is that
Machu Picchu was a moya, a country estate built by an Inca emperor to escape the cold winters of Cusco,
where the elite could enjoy monumental architectrue and spectacular views. Furthermore, the particular
architecture of Machu Picchu suggests that it was constructed at the time of the greatest of all the Incas,
the emperor Pachacuti (c.1438-71). By custom, Pachacuti’s descendants built other similar estates for
their own use, and so Machu Picchu would have been abandoned after his death, some 50 years before the
Spanish Conquest.

Task 2. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write
True if the statement agrees with the information
False if the statement contradicts the information
Not Given if there is no information on this

6. Bingham went to South America in search of an Inca city.

=> Key words: South America, search, Inca city.
Ở đoạn đầu tiên. “Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911” và ““His goal was to locate the
remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilization”. “Locate” có nghĩa tương đương
với “search”. Vì vậy, đáp án là True
Locate = search
7. Bingham chose a particular route down the Urubamba valley because it was the most common route
used by travellers.
=> Key words: a particular route, down the Urubamba valley, most common.
Khi làm câu 15, chúng ta đã biết rằng Bingham đã sử dụng một con đường mới. Trong phần 2 của đoạn
A, tác giả nhắc đến con đường xuống thung lũng Urubamba. Tuy nhiên, từ đoạn B, chúng ta biết rằng
Bingham không đi theo con đường đó, ông tìm ra một con đường mới – “they had an advantage over
travellers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable
rubber to be brought up by mules”. Đáp án là False
8. Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in order to find evidence to support his theory.
=> Key words: return, evidence, support his theory.

Đoạn F nói về lập luận của Bingham. Trong phần 2 của đoạn này, tác giả chỉ ra rằng lập luận của ông là
sai, nhưng tác giả không nhắc đến những gì Bingham làm sau đó. Đáp án là Not given.
Task 3. Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
9. The track that took Bingham down the Urubamba valley had been created for the transportation of
__________.
=> Key words: track, Bingham, Urubamba valley, created, transportation
Con đường này được nhắc đến trong nhiều câu hỏi khác nên chúng ta dễ dàng tìm ra vị trí của nó ở đoạn
A và B. Trong đoạn B, “a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be
brought up by mules from the jungle”. Đáp án là rubber
10. Bingham found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu from a __________ in the Urubamba valley.

Part 7
Part 7.
You are going to read four different opinions from leading scientists about the future of fuel. For
questions 96-105, choose from the writers A-D. The writers may be chosen more than once.
A. Howard Bloom, Author
Even though most people are convinced that peak oil has already passed, to me, peak oil is just a
hypothesis. There is a theory that carbon molecules can be found in interstellar gas clouds, comets and in
space ice, and if this is the case, our planet could ooze oil forever=Có giả thuyết cho rằng các phân tử
cacbon có thể được tìm thấy trong các đám mây khí giữa các vì sao, sao chổi và trong băng không gian,
và nếu đúng như vậy, hành tinh của chúng ta có thể rỉ dầu mãi mãi.-> 4. And even if we stay earthbound,
those who say we have raped the planet of all its resources are wrong. There's a huge stock of raw
materials we haven't yet learned to use=.Có một kho nguyên liệu thô khổng lồ mà chúng tôi chưa học
cách sử dụng.->Q3 There are bacteria two miles beneath our feet which can turn solid granite into food. If
bacteria can do it, surely we creatures with brains can do it better. As far as the near future of energy is
concerned, I believe the most promising alternative fuels are biofuels, such as ethanol. It's an alcohol
made from waste products such as the bark of trees, woodchips, and other 'waste materials'. And that's not
the only waste that can create energy. My friend in the biomass industry is perfecting an energy-
generation plant which can run on human waste. We produce that in vast quantities, and it's already
gathered in centralised locations.
B. Michael Lardelli, Lecturer in Genetics at the University of Adelaide
Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow and we need it to
mine minerals, extract oil or cut wood and then to process these into finished goods. So the most
fundamental definition of money is as a mechanism to allow the exchange and allocation of di fferent
forms of energy. Recently, people have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005 it was
possible to expand our energy use to meet this demand. However, since 2005 oil supply has been in
decline=Tuy nhiên, kể từ năm 2005, nguồn cung dầu đã giảm,-> Q2, and at the same time, and as a direct
result of this, the world's economy has been unable to expand, leading to global recession. -> Q6With the
world's energy and the profitability of energy production in decline at the same time, the net energy
available to support activities other than energy procurement will decrease. We could increase energy
production by diverting a large proportion of our remaining oil energy into building nuclear power
stations and investing in renewable forms of energy. However, this is very unlikely to happen in
democratic nations, because it would require huge, voluntary reductions in living standards.= Tuy nhiên,
điều này rất khó xảy ra ở các quốc gia dân chủ, bởi vì nó sẽ đòi hỏi mức sống tự nguyện, giảm đáng kể.->
Q9 Consequently, the world economy will continue to contract as oil production declines.->Q6 With
energy in decline, it will be impossible for everyone in the world to become wealthier. One person's
increased wealth can only come at the expense of another person's worsened poverty.= Sự giàu có gia
tăng của một người chỉ có thể đến với cái giá là sự nghèo đói ngày càng trầm trọng của người khác.-> Q5
C. Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell
People are understandably worried about a future of growing energy shortages, rising prices and
international conflict for supplies. These fears are not without foundation. With continued economic
growth, the world's energy needs could increase by 50% in the next 25 years. However, I do not believe
that the world is running out of energy. Fossil fuels will be able to meet growing demand for a long time
in the future.= Tuy nhiên, tôi không tin rằng thế giới đang cạn kiệt năng lượng. Nhiên liệu hóa thạch sẽ có
thể đáp ứng nhu cầu ngày càng tăng trong thời gian dài trong tương lai.-> Q1 Taking unconventional
resources into account, we are not even close to peak oil. The priority for oil companies is to improve
efficiency, by increasing the amount of oil recovered from reservoirs. At present, just over a third is
recovered. We can also improve the technology to control reservoir processes and improve oil flow.
However, these projects are costly, complex and technically demanding, and they depend on experienced
people, so it is essential to encourage young people to take up a technical career in the energy industry=vì
vậy việc khuyến khích thanh niên tham gia sự nghiệp kỹ thuật trong ngành năng lượng là điều cần thiết-
>Q8. Meanwhile, alternative forms of energy need to be made economically viable. International energy
companies have the capability, the experience and the commercial drive to work towards solving the
energy problem so they will play a key role. But it is not as simple as merely making scientific advances
and developing new tools; the challenge is to deliver the technology to people worldwide. Companies will
need to share knowledge and use their ideas effectively.= Nhưng nó không đơn giản chỉ là tạo ra những
tiến bộ khoa học và phát triển các công cụ mới; thách thức là cung cấp công nghệ cho mọi người trên toàn
thế giới. Các công ty sẽ cần phải chia sẻ kiến thức và sử dụng ý tưởng của họ một cách sinh thá=> Q10
D. Craig Severance, blogger
What will it take to end our oil addiction? It's time we moved on to something else. Not only are world oil
supplies running out, but what oil is still left is proving very dirty to obtain. The Deepwater Horizon oil
spill occurred precisely because the easy-to-obtain oil is already tapped. If we don't kick oil now, we will
see more disasters as oil companies move to the Arctic offshore and clear more forests. The cheap
petroleum is gone; from now on, we will pay steadily more and more for our oil — not just in dollars, but
in the biological systems that sustain life on this planet. The only solution is to get on with what we will
have to do anyway - end our dependence on it!= Giải pháp duy nhất là tiếp tục với những gì chúng ta sẽ
phải làm - hãy chấm dứt sự phụ thuộc vào nó!-> Q7 There are many instances in which oil need not be
used at all. Heat and electricity can be produced in a multitude of other ways, such as solar power or
natural gas. The biggest challenge is the oil that is used in transportation. That doesn't mean the
transportation of goods worldwide, it's the day-to-day moving around of people. It means we have to
change what we drive. The good news is that it's possible. There are a wide range of fuel efficient cars on
offer, and the number of all-electric plug-in cars is set to increase. For long distance travel and freight, the
solution to this is to look to rail. An electrified railway would not be reliant upon oil, but could be
powered by solar, geothermal, hydro, and wind sources. There is a long way to go, but actions we take
now to kick our oil addiction can help us adapt to a world of shrinking oil supplies.

1. We used to keep/ have our wits about us when flying at night.

keep/ have our wits about: to be ready to think quickly in a situation and react to things that you are not
expecting
2. She was so wrapped up in her work that she didn’t notice when I came in.
Be wrapped up in somebody/something" = bọc trong, quấn trong -> bận tâm, mải mê, thiết tha với/ bị
cuốn vào, bao trùm trong (màn bí mật...). "Wrap-up" nghĩa là kết thúc, hoành thành.
3. If you don’t like the idea then just say no. I believe you should always call a spade a spade.
call a spade a spade.: to say the truth about something, even if it is not polite or pleasant
4.I was kept in dark about the rebellion that they were planning.
Be kept in the dark : bị giấu không cho biết điều gì

5. The desserts in this restaurant are second to none and no mistake.

second to none: as good as or better than all others

6. The disrespect John showed for the professor made my hackles rise so I had to take a walk to calm
down.

made my hackles rise= annoy someone

7. He finally got in(to) the swing of the new working condition.

got in(to) the swing of: start to understand, enjoy, and be active in something:

8. After the game, the children made a beeline for John, who was severing cold drinks.

made a beeline for: bạn đi thẳng đến người hay vật đó.

9. The first part of his plan was to curry favour with the members of the committee.

curry favour with: they do things in order to try to gain their support or co-operation.

10. I dropped a clanger by asking John how his dog was when it’s been dead for three months.

dropped a clanger: unknowingly to say or do something extremely tactless