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 CONTENT

CHAPTER: 1 - CASE-STUDY 4

CHAPTER: 2 - ETHICS & HUMAN INTERFACE 14

CHAPTER: 3 - ATTITUDE 26

CHAPTER: 4 - APTITUDE AND FOUNDATIONAL VALUE FOR CIVIL SERVICE 30

CHAPTER: 5 - EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE 34

CHAPTER: 6 - CONTRIBUTIONS OF MORAL THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHERS FROM

INDIA AND THE WORLD 42

CHAPTER: 7 - CIVIL SERVICE VALUES AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 50

CHAPTER: 8 - PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE 66

CHAPTER: 9 - CONFLICT OF INTEREST & CONFLICT IN ADMINISTRATION 81

CHAPTER: 11 - INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND ETHICS 97

CHAPTER: 12 - ETHICAL ISSUES 104

CHAPTER: 13 – QUOTATIONS & SAYINGS 115

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 CHAPTER: 1 - CASE-STUDY
What is Case Study?
A case study is an account of an activity, event or
problem that contains a real or hypothetical
situation and includes the complexities one would
encounter in the workplace. Case studies are used to
help you see how the complexities of real life
influence decisions.
According to Kardos and Smith (1979) a good
case has the following features
 It is taken from real life (true identities may
be concealed).
 It consists of many parts and each part
usually ends with problems and points for
discussion. There may. Not be a clear cut-
off point to the situation.
 It includes sufficient information for the
reader to treat problems and issues.
 It is believable for the reader (the case
contains the setting, personalities, sequence
of events, problems and Conflicts).
Types of Case Studies
1. Illustrative case studies are descriptive in
nature and de- Signed to shed light on a
particular situation, set of circumstances,
and the social relations and processes that
are embedded in them. These case studies
are mainly based on one or two specific
events or instances exposing a person to a
certain situation. They are useful in bringing
to light something about which most people
are not aware of.
2. Exploratory case studies are such case
studies which focus on preliminary
investigation or actions before implementing
Large-scale actions or investigations on the
matter. This type of case studies are
typically used when one wants to identify
some smaller methods of study for a large or
complex study. They are useful for
clarifying the process. Exploratory case
studies are also often known as ‘pilot
studies’.
3. Cumulative case studies are the successive
case studies to make use of earlier studies or
similar situations. They are useful to make
generalization from studies that have
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something in common. In such case studies
the questioned case pulls together
collections of already completed case
studies on a particular topic.
4. Critical instance case studies are the cases
based on situational conditions for an
individual. These cases are unique and
situational and the individual have to solve
such dilemmas on the basis of his self-
learning because of limited precedence.
A BRIEF ON CASE-STUDY FORMAT
 Learning through case-study model is
basically to understand the "dynamicity" of
the concepts and appreciate its practical part
Case studies are in-depth investigations of a
single person, group, event or community.
Typically, data are gathered from a variety
of sources and by using several different
methods (e.g. observations & interviews).
 The case study is not itself a research
method, but researchers select methods of
data collection and analysis that will
generate material suitable for case studies.
This makes it clear that the case study is a
method that is used by a psychologist,
therapist or psychiatrist, i.e. someone with a
professional qualification.
Strengths of Case Studies
1. Provides detailed (rich qualitative)
information.
2. Provides insight for further research.
3. Permitting investigation of otherwise
impractical (or unethical) situations.
Limitations of Case Studies
1. Can't generalize the results to the wider
population.
2. Researchers' own subjective feeling may
influence the case study (researcher bias).
3. Difficult to replicate.
4. Time-consuming.
PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR SOLVING
CASE STUDIES
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 COMMON STAGES FOR SOLVING CASE private organizations/ individuals
STUDIES with certain (user) rights, for
example, land use rights, fishing
rights.
o Informal: This is an influence,
based on other factors than rules or
rights laid down in law. For
example, in the case of an interest
group or non-governmental
organization, if they are able to
mobilize media, use resources, or
lobby to put pressure on the political
system,

CIVIL SERVANTS
STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN CASE  The civil servants are the element of
STUDY permanent bureaucracy of Indian
government (accountable to the President of
 Stakeholder identification process usually
India). Often working in the public sector,
takes place through several stages. In the
an employee of the civil service is basically
process, one has to consider the technical,
employed by the government to impartially
political, and ethical rationality. The process
implement their policies and laws. As a
has to address some important questions
result, civil service employees often work in
about legitimacy, representation, and
areas that highly affect people's everyday
credibility. Stakeholders are included when
life. As the civil servants are the main
their involvement can influence the process.
elements for the policy execution they must
Clearly, the choices of whom to include,
be ethical and moral persons and
how, when, and why are dependent on their
compassionate with the public.
effectiveness and value.
 The civil servant is the main stakeholder in
 Who is a stakeholder and under what
the case studies and he is responsible for
situations their role is needed? Stakeholders
several other stakeholders.
are identified based on many factors which
include:
o The interest and influence in the
system or a resource and the related
issues
o Knowledge about the system or
resource
o Networks the stakeholder is involved
within the case study area
 The amount of power in any form that a
stakeholder can globalize can be included as
formal and informal influence.
o Formal: This is an influence based
on rules or rights, as laid down in
legislation applicable to a particular
region. For example, government
agencies are empowered with law
and rights to enforce the law; and

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 CHAPTER: 2 - ETHICS & HUMAN INTERFACE
Ethics
 Ethics may be defined as the systematic
study of human actions from the point of
view of their rightfulness or wrongfulness,
as means for the attainment of the
ultimate happiness. It is the reflective
study of what is good or bad in that part
of human conduct tor which human has
some personal responsibility.
Scope of Ethics
 Ethics deals with voluntary actions. We
can distinguish between human actions
and actions of human: human actions
are those actions that are done by
human consciously, deliberately and in
view of an end. Actions of human may
not be wilfully, voluntarily,
consciously and deliberately done but
all the same human (e.g., sleeping,
walking, etc). It is the intention which
makes the difference between human
action and action of human. In ethics,
we deal only with human actions.
What Ethics is Not?
 Ethics is not morality,
 Ethics is not religion.
 Ethics is not following the law
 Ethics is not following culturally
accepted Norms.
Why should we adopt a moral point of view?
 Human being by nature tends to
good. The ethical principles and
moral practices helps a person to
perfect himself/herself.
 There is a subjective as well as an
objective part to every human action.
 For the functioning of any society, we
need certain rules and regulations.
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 Morality aims to provide us with a
common point of view about what all
of us ought to do.
Branches of Ethics
1. Descriptive Ethics:- Descriptive ethics is
the study of people's beliefs about morality .
It involves empirical investigation. It gives
us a general pattern ora way of life of people
in different types of communities.
Descriptive ethics studies the history and
evolution of ethics. It gives a record of
certain taboos, customs or conventions. For
example, it states the history of various
institutions like family or marriage,
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral
consciousness is an example of Descriptive
Ethics.
2. Normative Ethics:- Normative ethics
involves arriving at moral standards that
regulate right and wrong conduct. In a sense,
it is a search for an ideal litmus test of
proper behaviour. It examines standards for
the rightness and wrongness of actions.
Normative ethics suggests punishment when
a person deviates from the path of ideals.
Aristotle's virtue ethics, are the theories in
Normative Ethics .
3. Meta Ethics;- Meta ethics is defined as the
study of the origin and meaning of ethical
concepts, In Meta ethics, two issues are
prominent:
a. Metaphysical issues concerning
whether morality exists
independently of humans, and
b. Psychological issues concerning
the underlying mental basis of our
moral judgments and conduct.
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 CHAPTER: 3 - ATTITUDE
 Attitude refers to a psychological tendency
that is expressed by evaluating a particular
object with some degree of favour or
disfavour. Attitudes are the feelings and
beliefs that determine the behaviour of the
persons.
 The attitudes may be positive or negative.
The positive attitudes yield favourable
behaviour and the negative attitudes yield
unfavourable behaviour.
Components of Attitude-
1. Cognitive Component:- The cognitive
component of attitudes refers to the
beliefs, thoughts, and attributes we
associate with an object.
2. Affective Component:- The affective
component of attitudes refers to feelings
or emotions (e.g., fear, sympathy, hate,
like, pleasure) linked to an attitude object.
3. Behavioral Component: - The
behavioural component of attitudes refers
to a tendency or a predisposition to act in
a certain manner.
Categories of Attitudes- Explicit and Implicit:
Attitudes are divided into two categories as given
below
1. Explicit Attitudes: - They are
characterized as the attitudes which are
the result of conscious cognition, which
means person is aware of his or her
attitude.
2. Implicit Attitudes: - Implicit attitudes
are derived from past memories, which
are rooted in unconscious cognition.
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Formation of Attitude: A number of theories have
been used to identify what lead to formation and
maintenance of attitudes-
 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning:-
Classical Conditioning is a process of
behaviour modification by which a
subject comes to respond in a desired
manner to a previously neutral stimulus
that has been repeatedly presented along
with an unconditioned stimulus that
elicits the desired response, A stimulus is
a factor that causes a response in an
organism. Classical conditioning could
play a role in establishing some of the
emotional components of attitudes and
prejudice further, through classical
conditioning, people may come to have
powerful reactions to social objects even
in the absence of first-hand experience.
 Instrumental Conditioning:- According
to this, behaviours that are followed by
positive outcomes tend to be
strengthened, while those that are
followed by negative outcomes are
suppressed. The degree to which attitudes
are verbally or nonverbally reinforced by
others will affect the acquiring and
maintenance of attitudes, For example,
early in your life, if your parents and
teachers praised you for doing well in
studies, you may have doubled your
efforts and developed a positive attitude
towards studies.
 Observational Learning: - The
phenomenon by which a person acquires
new forms of behavior or thought simply
by observing the rewards and
punishments that others get is called
observational learning.
 Genetic Factors:- Genetic factors also
play a role in shaping attitudes of an
individual, However, they play stronger
role in shaping some attitudes then other.
Structure of Attitude and the Dynamic
Properties of Attitude: These dynamic properties
of attitudes are as follows-
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 CHAPTER: 4 - APTITUDE AND FOUNDATIONAL VALUE FOR CIVIL SERVICE
Foundational Values
Why are values important?
 To generate public trust and confidence
 To ensure impartiality, honesty and devotion
among civil service.
Values for civil service
 Are hallmarks of efficient civil service?
These values should include:
o Adherence to the highest standards
of probity, integrity and conduct
o Impartiality and non- partisanship
o Objectivity
o Commitment to the citizen’s concern
and public good
o Empathy for the vulnerable and
weaker sections of the society.
 As per second ARC,
o Integrity
o Dedication to public service
o Impartiality
o Political neutrality
o Anonymity
 Public servants perform a variety of duties
including maintaining confidentiality, acting
in public interest, providing quality advice,
avoiding conflicts of interest, ensuring
accountability to a range of factors etc.
Uncertainty of values can lead to decision
making dilemmas. Values most commonly
associated with civil service are:
o Honesty and integrity
o Impartiality
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o Respect for the law
o Respect for the persons
o Diligence
o Economy and effectiveness
o Responsiveness
o Accountability
Values and Public Values
 Value- worth of something; personal
judgements based on knowledge and
emotional reaction.
 Public value- appraisal of what is created
and sustained by government on behalf of
public.
 Public values provide normative consensus
about the rights, benefits and prerogatives to
which the citizens should be entitled; the
obligations of citizens to society, state and
one another and principles on which
governments and policies should be based.
 Public values pluralism
 Several values which are equally valid and
correct can simultaneously exist in the
society.
Values training
 Induction courses with role play and case
studies
 Value seminars and workshops
 Value conflicts management methods
Aptitude
 Competency to do a certain kind of work
 Attitude and Aptitude: manner,
disposition, feeling, position etc with
regard to a certain thing. Aptitude is a
capability or talent innate or acquired for
performing some particular task.
 Attributes of a good administrator
o Willingness to assume
responsibility
o Ability to deal with problems
o A strong bent towards action
o Good listener
o Effective with people
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 CHAPTER: 5 - EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
 Emotions: - Emotion is an affective state of
consciousness in which joy, sorrow, fear,
hate, or the like, is experienced, as
distinguished from cognitive and volitional
states of consciousness.
 Intelligence: - Intelligence is a set of
cognitive abilities which allow us to acquire
knowledge, to learn and to solve problems.

Emotional Intelligence

 Emotional intelligence is the ability to

Emotional Intelligence in Leadership
perceive emotions, to assess and
generate emotions so as to assist thought,
to understand emotions and emotional
knowledge, and to reflectively regulate
emotions so as to promote emotional and
intellectual growth (Mayer and Salovey,
19971,
 In simple words, emotional intelligence
refers to attributes such as understanding
one's feeling, empathy for others, and the
Regulation of emotions to enhance one's
life,

How Emotional intelligence became a Key 1. Self-awareness

Leadership Skill
 The term was coined in 1990 in a research
paper by w psychology professors, John D.
Mayer of UNH and Peter Salovey of Yale.
From a scientific (rather than a popular)
standpoint emotional intelligence is the
ability to accurately perceive your own and
others' emotions; to understand the signals
that emotions send about relationships; and
to manage your own and others' emotions
doesn't necessarily include the qualities (like
optimism, initiative and self-confidence)
that some popular definitions ascribe to It.
 According to Daniel Goleman (in 1998
research paper) an American psychologist
who helped to popularize emotional
intelligence, there are five key elements to
it:
 If you're self-aware, you always
know how you feel, and you know
how your emotions and your actions
can affect the people around you.
Being self-aware when you're in a
leadership position also means
having a clear picture of your
strengths and weaknesses, and it
means behaving with humility.
 What can you do to improve your
self-awareness?
i. Analyse your thoughts
ii. Slow down
2. Self-regulation
 Leaders who regulate themselves
effectively rarely verbally attack
others, make rushed or emotional
decisions, stereotype people, or
compromise their values. Self-
regulation is all about staying in
control. This element of emotional
intelligence, according to Goleman,
also covers a leader's flexibility and

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 organizational success and excellence than
pure intellect and/or technical expertise
alone.
Helping Others Develop Emotional Quotient
(EQ)
 If you are one of the unlucky people who
must deal with a clueless colleague or a
brutish boss, you’re not alone. Sadly, far too
many people at work lack basic emotional
intelligence. They simply don’t seem to
have the self-awareness and the social skills
that are necessary to work in our
complicated multicultural and fast-moving
companies. These people make life hell for
the rest of us.
 What can you do to turn these folks around
and make work a healthier, happier, more
productive place to be? Whose job is it,
anyway, to fix these people?
 If one of these socially awkward or
downright nasty people works directly for
you, it is indeed your job to do something.
They ruin work teams and destroy
productivity, not to mention morale. They’re
little time bombs that go off when you least
expect it sucking up your time and draining
everyone’s energy. They need to change, or
they need to leave.
What does work is-
 Helping people find a deep and very
personal vision of their own future and
 Then helping them see how their current
ways of operating might need a bit of work
if that future is to be realized.
 These are the first two steps in Richard
Boyatzis’ Intentional Change theory.
 Here’s how people really can begin and
sustain change on complex abilities linked
to emotional intelligence:
o Find the dream
o Find out what’s really going on
o Perform Gap Analysis
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How to Get Employee Work
 What keeps you up at night as a manager?
Are you worried about hitting your
Numbers? How to boost the results of lower
performers.
 It is often believed that the most effective
way to respond these concerns is to directly
tell our employees what to do. Directing a
team is certainly one way to achieve your
goals. But while it’s tried, it’s also tired.
Several trends suggest that it’s no longer
enough to lead by authority. There’s an
ever-increasing trust gap between leaders
and employees (we are twice as likely to
trust someone “just like us” than we are as a
CEO), endless distractions make it harder to
separate the signal from the noise, and more
than 67% of employees aren’t engaged at
work. All of this has left people thirsting for
inspiration, which means managers have to
rethink how they communicate with their
 No one wants another checklist task that
they have to complete we want to be called
to something greater. So instead of
informing and directing your direct reports,
aspire to inspire. When you focus on
persuading them, you’ll be able to turn even
a corporate initiative or new product launch
into a cause that becomes their Own. They’ll
want to step up and own their results.
 The challenge is how to shift someone’s
response from “| have to want to.” After
pulling together the tips the researchers
shared the same with thousands of leaders
from Fortune 500 companies, non-profits,
and start-ups, and they developed what they
call the Communicator’s Roadmap.
 The vertical axis measures emotional
connection. This is your Barometer of trust,
40
 and And it’s comprised of the rapport you
build with other Your likability, warmth,
reliability, and empathy. You can others,
Strengthen this Connection by showing
warmth and care. Personal stories especially
those that reveal vulnerability, can also help
Stories, other relate to you.
 On the horizontal axis, we have content. A
self-centred message, on the left side of the
spectrum, is not necessarily selfish, but it's
all about you your expertise, your wisdom,
your opinions, and your agenda. The right
side is all about how the message relates to
the other person. These are not mere facts,
figures, or frameworks; they are human-
scale, concrete, and actionable. If your
message is not relevant to someone, it won't
be persuasive.
in the areas associated with "gut" responses,
empathy, and emotional intelligence (that is,
the insula, the anterior cingulate cortex, and
the superior temporal sulcus). In other
words, the conscious executive function was
downplayed- while regions associated with
unconscious emotion processing operated
more freely.
 Of course, IQ-based reasoning is valuable in
both strategic and tactical thinking but it's
clear that managers integrate their brain
cesses as they become better strategists.
When companies or rather the working
place realize that, they may approach
strategy and execution more holistically.

When El trumps 1G
 Many companies and B schools still treat
strategy and execution as separate beasts,
despite increasing evidence that the divide
does much more damage than good. A large
part of the problem may be that people view
strategic reasoning as a high-level executive
function of the brain and tactical thought as
a discrete, lower level activity. But the two
kinds of thinking are linked in an important
way:

 The area of the brain people tend to

associate with strategic thought is the
prefrontal cortex, known for its role in
executive Function. It allows humans to
engage in anticipation, pattern recognition,
probability assessment, risk appraisal, and
abstract thinking. However, when it was
examined the best strategic performers in
the sample, it was found significantly less
neural activity in the prefrontal cortex than

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 CHAPTER: 6 - CONTRIBUTIONS OF MORAL THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHERS FROM
INDIA AND THE WORLD
Philosophy
 Also called Darshan in India
 Art of life which tries to understand the
meaning and value of life.
 Tries to find ultimate truth.
 Derived from Greek word ‘Philosophia’
meaning striving after wisdom.
Modern Moral Philosophy:
 Based on claims-based or ‘rights-based’
ethics
 Argues that people have claims to certain
freedom and rights like freedom of speech,
association and religion.
 Eg: Universal declaration of human rights.
 Eg: Welfareism- people have a claim to a
welfare state which can provide them with
security, basic health services, education,
jobs etc.
Levels of Moral Reasoning-Kohlberg
 Level 1: Preconventional Morality:
People under external controls obey rules to
avoid punishment or to get rewards, or act
out of self-interest. Eg: a child doesn’t copy
to avoid punishment.
 Level 2: Morality of conventional role
conformity: People are concerned with
being good, pleasing others and maintaining
social order.eg: A secondary school goer
doesn’t copy because he knows his teacher
and friends despise it and do not approve it
at all.
 Level 3-Morality of autonomous moral
principles: People realize the conflicts
between moral standards and make their
own judgements based on the principles of
rights, fairness and justice. Eg: a young boy
doesn’t copy in competitive examination
because he realises that copying defeats the
purpose of exam.
Normative Ethics Theories
 Virtue Ethics: - focuses on character of
agent. Four cardinal virtues-
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Prudence/Wisdom, Justice,
Fortitude/Courage, Temperance.
 Consequentialism: (Utilitarianism)- Based
on morality on the consequences of human
actions. Three subdivisions of
consequentialism- ethical egoism, ethical
altruism, utilitarianism.
 Deontological or non-consequentialism
ethics: looks at rightness or wrongness of
actions.
i. Ethical egoism: An action is
morally right if the consequences
of that action are more
favourable than unfavourable
only to the agent performing the
action.
ii. Ethical Altruism: An action is
morally right if the consequences
of that action are more
favourable than unfavourable to
everyone other than the agent
performing the action.
iii. Utilitarianism: An action is
morally right if the consequences
of that action are more
favourable than unfavourable to
everyone. “The greatest
happiness of the greatest
number”.
 Jeremy Bentham’s Gross or Quantitative
utilitarianism: An action is right if it
produces pleasure. An action is wrong if it
produces pain.
 Deontological or Non-consequentialism
Ethics: Deontology is concerned with the
actions themselves and not with the
consequences. It looks at the rightness or
wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed
to the rightness or wrongness of the
consequences of those actions.
 Mills refined or Qualitative
utilitarianism: Actions are right if they
produce happiness, actions are wrong if they
produce unhappiness. The moral end ought
to be the greatest happiness of the greatest
number.
42
 The Authenticity-Paradox
 Authenticity has become the gold standard
for leadership. But a simplistic
understanding of what it means can hinder
your growth and limit your impact.
Punishment and its Ethical Justification:-
 "Punishment the just retribution for
deliberate breach of moral law ". Wrongness
of the act is brought home to the criminal by
punishing him. If a good act deserves to be
praised or rewarded, then a bad act should
be punished. This is the ethical justification
of punishment.
 Theories of Punishment: There are three
main theories of punishment:
o Deterrent (or Preventive)
theory: believes that punishment
is given, so that potential criminal
learn a lesson and not commit the
same crime again.
o Retributive theory, believes that
punishment is given, because it is
deserved and for no other reason.
o Reformative (or Educative)
theory, suggests that punishment is
given to reform the criminal.
Global Justice
 Global justice is an issue in political
philosophy arising from the concern that the
world at large is unjust. A theory of global
justice aims to give us an account of what
justice on a global scale consists of and this
often includes discussion of the following
components:
o Identifying what should count as
important problems of global justice;
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o Positing solutions to each identified
problem;
o Identifying who might have
responsibilities in addressing the
identified problem;
o Arguing for positions about what
particular agents (or collections of
agents) ought to do in connection
with solving each problem, and
o Providing a normative view which
grounds the aforementioned
 When is a problem a Global Justice
Problem?
o A problem is often considered to
constitute a global justice problem
when one (or more) of the following
conditions obtain:
o Actions stemming from an agent,
institution, practice, activity (and so
on) that can be traced to one (or
more) states negatively affects
residents in another state.
o Institutions, practices, policies,
activities (and so on) in one (or
more) states could bring about a
benefit or reduction harm to those
resident in another state.
o There are normative considerations
that require agent’s one state to take
certain actions with respect to age
entities in another. Such actions
might be mediated through
institutions, policies, or norms.
o We cannot solve a problem that
affects residents or or more states
without co-operation from other
states.
Laws, Rules and Ethics
 Laws refer to a set of codified norms which
are enforced by the state to achieve the
common good in society or the country.
They help in maintaining order, establishing
standards, protecting liberties, and resolving
disputes.
 According to Contractarian theory, it
involves an exchange of services between
citizens and state. Citizens surrender some
of their personal power and liberty and in
return the state provides security and the
guarantee that civil liberty will be protected.
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 CHAPTER: 7 - CIVIL SERVICE VALUES AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Public Administration
 Public administration is the executive branch of
government. It essentially deals with the
machinery and procedures of government as
these are used in the effective performance of
government activities.
 There could be no uniform approach of teaching
ethics in schools of public administration.

Ethics and Accountability in Governance

 Public administration is an activity which
encompasses each and every aspect of
human life. The explosion and spread of
information and communication technology,
the wide acceptance of democratic form of
government and changing social norms
enable the people to demand higher
standards of ethics, transparency and
accountability in the public sector. Ethical
public service is considered as a prerequisite
of well-functioning democracy. Ethical,
transparent and accountable public sector is
also a precondition of good governance that
ensures sustainable development and
responsive public policy. It also helps to
improve the performance of public sector by
preventing systemic corruption.
Ethics in Public Administration: The American
Society of Public Administration (ASPA) haslaid
down the code of Ethics for Public Administrators
 The public servants should put the public
interest above the self-interest and
subordinate institutional loyalties to the
public good.
 The public servants are committed to
perform their duties honestly and should
not compromise them for advancement,
honor, or personal gain. They should
conduct official acts without favoritism and
ensure that others receive credit for their
work and contribution.
Characteristics of Public Administration
 It is part of executive branch of government.
 It is related with the activities of the state.
 It carries out the public policies.
 Public Administration is politically neutral.
 It realizes the aspirations of the people as
formulated and expressed in the laws.
Ethics in Public Administration: Status: People
is not convinced that there has been improvement in
bureaucratic behaviour.
Ethics in Public Administration: Problems
 Whose philosophy to use- Aristotle and St.
Thomas or Plato and German
 Idealists?
 According to Rohr, the best approach is to
use Supreme Court opinions on salient
regime values encouraging public servants
to consider how these values best influence
their decision making.
 Determinants of ethics in public
administration
o Political Construct
o Legal Framework
o The administrators and public
employees who are responsible for
the provision of public services.
o The citizens and users of public
services that are part of the civil
society.
Ethical Issues in Civil Service
 Corrupts: derived from Latin word
Corrupts = to break or destroy.
 Ethics: derived from Greek term ethicos
meaning ‘arising from habit’.

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 necessary to understand the division Conditions for ethical dilemma to be present
and limitation of government power,
the recognition and protection of ● Conflicts of interest among competing sets
certain individual right the protection of principles.
of property and the notion of ● Must make a decision about which course of
representative or democratic action is best.
government. ● There must be different courses of actions to
 Elements of Constitutional Morality choose from.
o Freedom and Self-restraint ● No matter what course of action is taken,
o Recognition of Plurality some ethical principle is compromised.
o Suspicion of any Claims to
Represent the Will of the People
Dilemma
● Dilemma is a problem offering two
possibilities, neither of which is practically
acceptable.
● An ethical dilemma or ethical paradox is a
decision-making problem between two
possible moral imperatives, neither of which
Type of Ethical Dilemmas
is acceptable or preferable.
● Personal Cost Ethical Dilemmas: This
dilemma arises from situations in which
compliance with ethical conduct results in a
significant personal cost (e.g. jeopardizing
held position, missing opportunity for
financial or material benefit, injuring valued
relationship etc.)
● Right versus Right Ethical Dilemmas:
Being open and accountable to citizens vs.
adhering to the oath of
secrecy/confidentially etc.
● Conjoint Ethical Dilemmas:-When a
careful decision-maker is exposed to an
Ethical dilemma Value conflict amalgamation of the above-indicated ethical
dilemmas in searching for the “right-thing-
Decision making is Decision making is
to-do”.
involved. not involved. It is a
part of ethical
Dilemmas involving Fairness
dilemma.
 What matters potentially influence your
Occurs due to Occur due to
ability to work in the public interest and
conflicting course of disagreement with the
represent all constituents equally and fairly?
action. others’ values. E.g.
o Are you favouring family, friends, or
religious or cultural
neighbours over another petitioner?
differences etc.
o Are you favouring a campaign
It is external. An Could be internal contributor over another constituent?
administrator is bound only. An administrator o Are you disfavouring a constituent
to take an action is not bound to take an who supported an opponent?
based on merits of the action
case or value
preferences.
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 conscience, even with full honesty
should not always be trusted. –
Thomas Hobbes.
ACCOUNTABILITY
 Accountability means answerability of
officials for their decisions and actions to
the public, courts, superior authorities etc.
 It can be self-imposed i.e. self-
accountability; or externally controlled i.e.
external accountability.
 There is a redress or compensation when
duties and commitments are not met.
perceives that the organization is
demonstrating a decrease in quality.
o Greater the availability of exit, the
less likely voice will be used.
o Exit reduces if loyalty increases; or
the options in alternative job market
are not appealing.
o Examples: Response to repression:
emigrate or protest. Employees can
choose to quit their unpleasant job,
or express their concern to improve
the situation.
o Failure to understand these
competing pressures can lead to
organization decline and possible
failure.

 Dimensions of Accountability: Adam

Wolf has listed down five dimensions of
accountability:-
o Legal dimension
o Fiscal dimension: Judicious use of
public funds.
 Types of Accountability. o Policy and performance
o Micro Accountability dimensions: meeting the goals,
 It emphasizes on increasing promises and expectations.
‘exit’ and ‘voice’. It is o Democratic dimensions: informing
exercised by self-actions. and consulting legislatures and
 Exit: when dissatisfied with a citizens.
service. [self-quit] o Ethical dimensions: behaving as per
 Voice: participation of the the code of ethics or general moral
public may influence the standards.
quality.
 Government Accountability
o Macro Accountability:
o Elected and unelected, both have an
 It is exercised by external
obligation to explain their decision
actions. It has two
and actions to the citizens.
dimensions.
o Achieved through the use of a
 Financial accountability: by
variety of mechanisms: political,
external audit systems,
legal and administrative.
review mechanisms.
 Responsibility vs Accountability
 Efficiency: reducing wasteful
o Responsibility: towards the duty.
expenditure by reviewing the
o Accountability: towards someone.
resource use in public
o Responsibility can be shared while
investment programs.
accountability cannot.
 Exit, Voice and Loyalty theory
 Government and Governance
o It is proposed by Albert O.
o Government is the system or group
Hirschman.
of people governing an organized
o There are two possible responses
community, often a state. In the case
‘exit’ or, ‘voice’, when someone
of its broad associative definition,
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 government normally consists of
legislature, executive, and judiciary.
o Governance is commonly defined as
the exercise of power or authority by
political leaders for the well-being of
their country’s citizens or subjects. It
is the complex process whereby
some sectors of the society wield
power, and enact and promulgate
public policies which directly affect
human and institutional interactions,
and economic and social
development.
 Good Governance
o Good Governance is an approach to
government that is committed to
creating a system founded in justice
and peace that protects individual’s
human rights and civil liberties.
o According to the United Nations,
Good Governance is measured by
the eight factors of Participation,
Rule of Law, Transparency,
Responsiveness, Consensus
Oriented, Equity and Inclusiveness,
Effectiveness and Efficiency, and
Accountability.
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 Ethical Governance
o Ethical Governance is a concept
related to good governance. It
requires that public officials adhere
to the principle of serving others by
setting a high standard of moral
conduct and by considering their
jobs as vacation.
 Parameters of Good Governance
o Voice and accountability;
o Absence of political instability and
violence;
o Government effectiveness;
o Reasonableness of the regulatory
burden;
o The rule of law; and
o The absence of graft.
Ethical Competence
 Ethical competence is the quest for
knowledge and action that defines right and
wrong behavior. Ethical competence is a key
distinguisher between simply having skills
and having a true sense of professionalism.
 Developing Ethical Competence
o Developing 'ethical competence'
among officials aims in part promote
rational commitment to appropriate
civic norms and standards, through
the use of reflective learning.
Positive supports for the ethical
competence carried out by public
officials be communicated to the
client and wider public.
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 the administration, and they shall  Proactive/Preventive Vigilance
better understand the position of the o Its aim is to eliminate or to reduce
government. the scope for corruption in the long
 Risk review run. It includes identifying suspected
o Certain elements of public service and corrupt elements and devising
are at more risk and more sensitive mechanisms to weed them out.
to value conflicts.
o Identifying such possible areas of Corporate Governance
ethical conflicts and developing
 Defined as a set of systems, processes and
specialist codes of conduct is
principles which ensure that a company is
important.
governed in the best interest of all
o OECD identifies some possible areas
stakeholders.
e.g. tax, customs and justice
administration.
 Control
o Clear policies, procedures and
controls.
o Separation of duties and oversight.
o Effective monitoring, audit and
reporting.
o Clear mechanism for reporting
wrongdoing.
o Effective and transparent action.

 Civil Society Engagements

o Civil society refers to formal as well
as informal entities including the
private sector, media, NGO,
professional associations and
informal groups of people from the
different walks of life.
o Creating awareness about sensitive
issues is must to secure their
participation by giving them a
‘voice’.
o In India, there have been many
outstanding cases of civil society
engagement; for example the Lokpal
bill, movement for RTI etc.
 Integrity Pacts
o As per II ARC, it is an agreement
between the procuring public agency  Objectives:
and the bidder for a public contract. o To create social responsibility
o Bidders shall not be pay any illegal o To create a transparent working
gratification, a level playing field system
and fair play shall be ensured in the o To create a management accountable
procurement process. for corporate functioning.
o To protect and promote the interest
of shareholders

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 o To develop an efficient organization
culture
o To aid in achieving social and
economic goals
o To improve social cohesion.
o To minimise wastages, corruption,
red-tapaism etc.
 Main Constituents of Good Corporate
Governance:
o The Board: Role and powers of
Board, Board Independence, Board
Skills, Board Appointments, Board
Induction and Training, Board
Meetings.
o Challenges:
o The management: Code of Conduct,
Strategy Setting, Business and
Community Obligations, Financial
and Operational Reporting, Audit
Committee, Risk Management.
 Controls mechanisms on corporate
governance:
o Internal: Monitoring by the board of
directors, internal audits, Separation
of power, Performance-based
remuneration, Monitoring by large
shareholders and by banks etc.
o External: Competition, performance
statement, government regulations,
labour market, media pressure,
takeovers etc.
Tools of Corporate Governance
Corporate Governance in Public Enterprises
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Corporate Governance in Public Enterprises:
● Public sector played a dominant role in the
Indian economy, which would be continued
in upcoming times.
● However, protectionism is used by the
government as regulatory and supervisory
powers to safeguard from volatility of
market and competition, which ultimately
distorts competition. It prevailed in the pre-
1991 era.
● The challenge is to make sure that
government does not distort competition by
using protectionist measures.
● The debate of corporate governance in
public enterprises is, however, of somewhat
recent origin.
● Corporate governance of public enterprises
is a major challenge.
● Complex: It involves larger complexity
because it raises significant questions about
government monopoly, ownership
concentration, regulatory capture, and
redistribution.
● Weak owners: In a private company,
owners play a key role. By contrast, in
public enterprises, the state exercises its
ownership role through weak institutions.
● Open system: Low levels of transparency
and disclosure.
● Unprofessional board of directors.
● Efficient use of resources
● Value addition to product
● Maximizing customer satisfaction
● Creation of Wealth for the business
● Developing a value oriented organization
● Develop ethical working standards
● Management of Risk
 The debate on corporate governance in the
public sector somewhat recent origin but
much of what governments do delivering
public services Involves running major
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 aimed at low-income the people who did not
have access to formal banking.
Unsurprisingly these low Income investors
were hit hardest by the scam. When the
Ponzi scheme collapsed, it caused severe
financial loss to its 1.7 million investors, but
the poorer population of west Bengal bore
the worst brunt. Many were bankrupted, and
a great number resorted to suicide.
independence and legitimacy is
suspected by the host countries.
o INGOs are mandated to work in
cooperation with local NGOs; but
many of them accept funds from
developed countries.
PRINICIPLE OF PUBLIC LIFE

ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL

FUNDING
 International society has the common
responsibility for equity based development.
E.g. UN-SDG, tribal development projects,
Sahel region development etc.
 Hence, international funding mechanism is
developed with the objective of low cost
funding.
 It involves following ethical issues:
o Conditionality: The lending country
specifies or stipulates policy actions
in exchange of money.
o Issues involved: Infringement of
sovereignty. Local societal
diversities and local ownership are Ethical Issues in Healthcare industry
ignored.
 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)  The issue of ethics and economic efficiency
in the provisioning and delivery of services
o CSR is the commitment by business
is complex in a developing country like
community to behave ethically and
India, where health indicators are poor.
contribute to economic development.
 The term bio-medical ethics includes the
o However, CSR is seen as a hidden
issues reproductive biology, such as stem
tax. cell research and human cloning and the
o In India, it is a legal sanction under ethical dimensions arising out of these
section 135 of Companies Act, 2013. changes. The term bio-pharmaceutical ethics
 Medical funding refers to the associated with the discovery
o Ethical disputes arising due to and development of the products. The term
possible exploitation during clinical health care ethics is increasingly being used
trials. as an umbrella term to encompass ethical
o Participants must be respected and aspects previously included in medical, bio-
informed consent must be taken for a medical, bio-pharmaceutical and also
clinical trial. organizational- and business ethics of
different stakeholders involved in the
provisioning and delivery of health care
 International NGOs (INGOs)
services. Health care is a key aspect any
o Role played by International NGOs
developing nation and the need for quality,
is ethically disputed. Their accessible and affordable health care is a
necessity.

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 Chapter: 8 - PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE
Probity
 Probity is the evidence of ethical behaviour
in a particular process. The term probity
means integrity, uprightness and honesty.
For Government employees and agencies,
maintaining probity involves more than
simply avoiding corrupt or dishonest
conduct. It involves applying public sector
values such as impartiality, accountability
and transparency.
 Probity in Governance
o "Apart from the traditional civil
service values of efficiency,
integrity, accountability and
patriotism, it is necessary for civil
servants to inculcate and adopt
ethical and moral values including
probity in public life, respect for
human rights and compassion for the
downtrodden and commitment to
their welfare". (Second ARC)
o Probity in governance is an essential
and vital requirement for an efficient
and effective system of governance
and for socio¬ economic
development. An important requisite
for ensuring probity in governance is
absence of corruption.
Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity
 The Philosophical basis is guided by the
ethical principles derived from great
thinkers and books like;
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o Indian philosophy: Ramayana,
Mahabharata, Bhagvad Gita,
Arthashastra, Rajtarangani.
o Chinese philosophers La Tse,
Confucius and Mencius.
o Western philosophers and thinkers,
virtue, deontological, and utilitarian
ethics.
 “No responsibility of government is more
fundamental than the responsibility of
maintaining the higher standards of
ethical behavior.” - John F. Kennedy
 Objective of Probity in Governance
o To ensure accountability.
o To maintain integrity.
o To ensure compliance with
processes.
o To preserve public confidence.
o To avoid the potential for
misconduct, fraud etc.
 Means to bring Probity in Governance
o Accountability through RTI Act.
o Transparency through e-governance.
o Strengthening Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs) as platform for
citizen participation.
o Strong grievance redressal and
ombudsman systems.
o Public participation in service
delivery.
o Privatizing certain segments.
o Values based training to public
officials.
o Effective implementation of citizen
charters.
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 state of nature (where lawlessness reigns) or
by remaining alone.

o Transparency in government
functioning will make public
servants take decisions more
rationally and objectively, forsaking
their particularistic bias in favour of
any person or caste.
o Transparency in government
functioning will hold public servants
 Individuals have consented, either explicitly accountable for their mishandling of
or tacitly, to surrender some of the freedoms public time and money*
to the legal authority in exchange of o Transparency will help expose
protection of the remaining rights. counter -productive and inhibiting
 These rights and responsibilities are neither rules and procedures that make
natural nor fixed. These could be altered if a administration more slow,
society so desires by the virtue of law or o Transparency will develop a cordial
constitution. relationship between the public
 However, exercising additional rights will servants and their clients.
always entail bearing additional  Following are the institutional means to
responsibilities. achieve transparency:-
 Social contract has two features; o Parliamentary control: Question
o The value of hour, debates etc.
liberty: will, and o Legislative framework: RTI act,
not the force, is time bound service delivery.
the basis of o Ombudsman system.
government, and o Independent Judiciary.
o The value of o E-Governance.
justice: Right, o Free Press.
and not the
might, is the Right to Information
basis of all
● The Indian Parliament enacted the
political society.
Right to Information Act in 2005. It is
a path breaking legislation
Transparency
empowering people and promoting
transparency.
 Transparency upholds openness in decision ● Under the RTI Act, 2005, Public
making and the freedom of information to Authorities are required to make
the member of public and media. disclosures on various aspects of their
 Its dimensions include:- structure and functioning.
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 o The first request for information goes
to Central/State Assistant Public
Information Officer and
Central/State Public Information
Officer, designated by the Public
Authorities.
o These Officers are required to
provide information to an RTI
applicant within 30 days of the
request.
o Appeals from their decisions go to an
Appellate Authority.
● Information Commissions:
Code of Ethics
o Appeals against the order of
the Appellate Authority go to
the State Information
Commission or the Central
Information Commission.
o These Information
Commissions consists of a
Chief Information
Commissioner, and up to 10
Information Commissioners.
● Other Issues
o Information commissioners do not
have adequate authorities to enforce
the RTI Act.
o In case of award of compensation to
activist by public authority as
ordered by commision.
o Poor record-keeping practices
o Lack of adequate infrastructure and
staff for running information
commissions
o Difficulties in filing applications by
post.
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o Varying and often higher rates of
application fee.
● Conclusion
o The Right to Information Act
was made to achieve social
justice, transparency and to
make accountable government
but this act has not achieved its
full objectives due to some
impediments created due to
systematic failures.
o This law provides us a
priceless opportunity to
redesign the processes of
governance, particularly at the
grass roots level where the
citizens’ interface is
maximum.
 Code of Ethics is a written set of guidelines
issued by an organisation to its officials to
guide their conduct in accordance with its
primary values and ethical standards. It
ensures that individuals belonging to an
organization have a consistent approach.
 It includes values and principles like
o Integrity
o Impartiality
o Accountability
o Devotion to duty
o Exemplary behavior
o Commitment to public service etc.
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 ● In India, the Central Government has issued
conduct rules for government employees
known as Central Civil Services [Conduct}
Rules 1964.
 Code of Ethics vs Code of Conduct
o Similarity: Both attempt to
encourage specific behavior by
employees.
o In both cases, the organization’s
desire is to obtain a narrow range of
acceptable behaviors from
employees.
Code of ethics Code of conduct
It is a set of guidelines. It is a set of rules.
It is developed more in It enlists acceptable and
the form of statement of unacceptable behaviour
values and beliefs. in a precise manner.
Enables employees to Provides a fairly clear
acquire most appropriate set of expectations.
course of action.
It covers broad guiding It generally requires
principles. little judgment: obey or
incur a penalty.
It is subjective. It is objective.
CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND
QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY
 Concept of Public Service
o Public services are the services
which are provided to the people by
a government or her agencies by the
virtue of a social agreement.
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o Usually this agreement is enforced
through democratic elections and
directive principles of state policies.
o It is essentially non-profit in
character and is offered to all,
irrespective of income.
o Mostly public service delivery
includes public goods. Public goods
are the goods which are non-rival &
non-excludable in consumption.
o Mostly they are services which may
be under-provided by the market.
 Public service includes both functions and
functionaries.
o Functions: the governments
commonly provide public utility
services. E.g. basic amenities, law
and order, infrastructure etc.
o Functionaries: All the public
functionaries, including executive,
army, and the judiciary.
 Quality of Service Delivery
o Challenges
 Primary focus on
convenience of service
providers rather than the
service receivers.
 Complex regulations,
absence of performance
standards, corruption and
incompetence.
 Experience of service
delivery is unresponsive at
the grassroots i.e. the
Panchayat level.
 Improving Service Delivery
o Public service delivery is mostly
non-satisfactory. To address the
problem, reform initiative has
become sine qua non (essential
condition).
o Sometimes, privatisation of public
service delivery is seen as a vital
solution. It has two objectives: (a) to
widen the reach of service delivery,
and (b) to encourages competition.
o Privatisation challenges the existence
of under-performing public agencies.
Hence it may result in revival of
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work culture in public agencies. E.g.
BSNL. Ignorance may lead to
survival threat.
o However, in long run, private service
providers may also acquire the
negative characteristics of public
agencies.
 Corporate social responsibility (CSR,
Section 135, companies Act, 2013) is an
attempt to privatize the public service
delivery.
 Other methods to improve service
delivery:
o To firmly establish rule of law.
o Enabling citizens to have agency i.e.
to have alternate choices. It gives
them option to exit.
o Alternatives mechanisms like
outsourcing and public private
people partnership etc.
o To develop appropriate benchmarks
and performance indicators.
o To promote decentralization and
strengthening local bodies.
Empowering them with devolution
of 3F- functions, finances and
functionaries.
o Deliver based on clarity of vision,
service standards, delegation of
authority etc.
o Easily accessible interfaces e.g.
single window system, automated
service delivery outlets.
o To establish independent regulatory
mechanisms and third party
appraisals.
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o E-Government: Application of
I&CT by government agencies to
improve the efficiency, transparency
and accountability.
o E-Governance: It is the ICT enabled
route to achieving good governance.
o Social audits: It is a process in
which the details of the resources,
financial
and non-
financial,
are shared
with the
people,
often through a public platform.
o It gained significance after the 73rd
Amendment.
o The purpose is not to find the fault,
but to assess the performance in
terms of social, environmental and
community goals of the organization.
 Right to Service
o It is a mechanism to ensure time-
bound service delivery, prompt
grievances redress system and to
make public officials punishable
for delays.
o With this legislation, service
becomes a right instead of being an
act of benevolence.
 Determined based on following two
concepts:
o Non-rival good: more than one
person can consume the same unit of
good at the same time.
o Non-excludable good: individuals
cannot be effectively excluded from
use. There are generally four types
of goods
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 o Private goods: rival in consumption
& excludable.
o Public goods: non-rival in
consumption & non-excludable.
o Artificially scarce goods: non-rival
in consumption & excludable.
o Common resources: rival in
consumption & non-excludable.
CITIZENS CHARTER
● Citizens' Charter is an undertaking a public
service organization gives to the citizens, to
provide a high level of service while
meeting the standards contained in the
declaration. It contains specific provisions
and set out specific obligations for the
public services, the time within which the
department would be obliged to provide a
service or to respond to a query or
complaint.
● Principle of Citizens charter
 Wide publicity on the standards of
performance of public agencies
 Choice of and consultation with the
citizens
 Simplified procedures for receipt of
complaints and their quick redressal,
and
 Provision of performance scrutiny
with citizens' involvement.
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Work Culture
● It is a set of practices, values and shared
beliefs within an organisation.
● It is a product of organisational history,
traditions, values, and vision.
● Desirable work culture includes shared
institutional values, priorities, rewards and
other practices fostering inclusion.
● Characteristics of a healthy work culture
o Each employee is treated alike.
o Respects to fellow worker.
o Conflicts are resolved after
considering the underlying causes.
o Employees are judged only by their
work and nothing else.
o Performers are encouraged.
Underperformers are not criticized
but pulled up.
o Include employees in decision
making.
o There is a two way communication.
Employees’ feedback, negative or
positive, is well considered.
o Workshops, seminars etc. are
frequently conducted to upgrade the
existing skills.
● Work Ethics
o Work ethics is the commitment to
the fulfilment of one’s official
responsibilities with a spirit of
dedication. Efficiency, productivity
and punctuality are the hallmark of
administrative behaviours.
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 CHAPTER: 9 - CONFLICT OF INTEREST & CONFLICT IN ADMINISTRATION
● Conflict of interest is an important concern
which sometimes becomes the root cause
many of the ethical dilemmas for as far as
public life and government service is
concerned Though, Conflict of Interest has
been discussed in other Units of this book
but this Chapter is exclusively devoted for
this aspect.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN
GOVERNMENT
● What are Conflicts of Interest?
o An individual play multiple roles in
his life, they inherently possess
many different interests and
loyalties. At any given time, these
interests may compete each other.
Such conflicts are a part of life and
are unavoidable. Public officials, as
stewards of the public trust, are
required to put the public’s interest
before their own. Impropriety occurs
when an officeholder, faced with
conflicting interests, puts his or her
personal or financial interest ahead
of the public interest. In the simplest
terms, the official reaps a monetary
or other reward from a decision
made in his or her public capacity.
● What do Conflicts of Interest have to do
with Ethics?
o Public service is always about
protecting the common good, which
may be defined as the common
conditions that are important to the
welfare of everyone-police, fire,
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parks, libraries, and other services. A
public servant must always put the
common good ahead of any
personal, financial, or political
benefit they might receive from a
decision about such matters as where
to situate a park or who should
collect the garbage.
o Also, conflicts of interest interfere
with the basic ethical principle of
fairness-treat everyone the same. A
public official should not take unfair
advantage of his or her position by
voting on a matter that could benefit
them at the expense of others.
o Finally, conflicts of interest
undermine trust. They make the lose
faith in the integrity of governmental
decision-making processes.
● Guidance
o Conflicts of interest can occur in
teaching, in research, in clinical
practice and while in Public office.
They may be obvious and for that
reason comparatively easy to
identify and avoid) or extremely
subtle. No code of ethics or brief
“Issues in Ethics” statement can be
framed that will specifically identify
all of the forms such conflicts can
take.
o This Issues in Ethics statement
attempts to do two things in a fairly
general way: (1) give some guidance
in identifying conflicts of interest
and (2) suggest what should be done
when a conflict is identified.
● Identifying Conflicts of Interest
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 CHAPTER: 10 - PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS

Professional Code of Conduct o Components of Code of Professional

Ethics
o A code of conduct is set of written
o Respect for other - Treat people as
guidelines about how an employee within an
you want to be treated.
organization should behave in the workplace
o Integrity and honesty - Tell the truth
and how the employee should treat others
and avoid any wrongdoing to the
within the company. The benefits of a code
best of your ability.
of conduct includes –
o Justice - Make sure you’re objective
o Creating an agreed way of behaving
and fair and don’t disadvantage
and operating for the entire
others
company;
o Lawfulness - Know and follow the
o Improved company performance
when linked to the company’s
business and strategic objectives;
o Good company culture - employees
know what is expected of them in
terms of behaviour
o Good communication with
employees having a framework to
look up when faced with difficult
decisions
o Having a set of. Values having a
sense of what the company values
are and what the company stands for.
Professional Code of Ethics law- always.
o Competence and Accountability -
o A Code of ethics is a guide of principles
Work hard and be responsible for
designed to ne professionals conduct
your work.
business honestly and with integrity. A code
o Teamwork - Collaborate and ask for
of ethics document may outline the mission
help.
and values of the business or organization
o How to Develop a Professional Code of
how professionals are supposed to approach
Ethics
ach problems, the ethical principles based on
o Here are the steps to create
the organization’s core values, and the
professional code of ethics for a
standards to which the professional is held.
company:
o A code of ethics also referred to as an
o Set up Priorities
“ethical code,” May encompass areas such
o Ask Employees for Input
as business ethics, a code of professional
o Put Someone in Charge
practice and an employee code of conduct.
o Have Someone to turn to for Help
o A professional code of ethics is designed to
o Importance of Employee Code of
ensure employees are behaving in a manner
Conduct
that is socially acceptable and respectful of
o The main purpose of a code of
one another. It establishes the rules for
conduct is to set and maintain a
behaviours and sends a message to every
standard for acceptable behaviours.
employee that universal compliance is
It is a reminder to the employees of
expected.
what is expected from them. It
further highlights that their actions

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 conduct on the part of members of
the profession.
o Unethical Acts by Medical
Professionals
 Running medical shop in
private.
 Rebates and commission by
suggesting costly medicines
or treatment.
 Increase in Corporatization or
profit motive mindset of
Medical Professionals.
● Code Code of Professional Ethics for
Financial Advisors
o Ethics is one of the great
differentiators between independent
advisors “Unlike the medical
profession, financial advisors do not
have the equivalent of a Hippocratic
Oath that defines how they should
approach client management.”
o Financial advisers are legally bound
to a code of ethics known a
Fiduciary Duty. This code requires
them to act in the best interest of
their clients. The Code of Ethics
comprises general statements
expressing in general terms the
ethical and professional ideas
expected for all financial advisers.
 Compliance
 General Principles
 Placing the Client’s Interest
First
 Integrity
 Objectivity
 Courtesy
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 Diligence
● Code of Professional Ethics for Engineers
o Engineering is an important and
learned profession. As members of
this profession, engineers are
expected to exhibit the highest
standards of honesty and integrity.
Engineering has a direct and vital
impact on the quality of life for all
people. Accordingly, the services
provided by engineers require
honesty, impartiality, fairness, and
equity, and must be dedicated to the
protection of the public health,
safety, and welfare.
o Engineers must perform under a
standard of professional behaviour
that requires adherence to the highest
principles of ethical conduct.
o Engineering ethics can be considered
in three frames of reference-
individual, professional, and social.
Engineering ethics can be further
divided into “micro-ethics”,
concerned with individuals and the
internal relations of the engineering
profession and “macro- with the
collective, social responsibility of the
engineering profession and societal
decisions about technology.
● The engineering societies such as AAES,
ABET, NSPE, IEEE, AICTE have framed
these codes of ethics which are helpful to
engineers to strengthen the moral issues on
their work.
o Serving and Protecting the Public
o Inspiration
o Shared Standards
o Support for Responsible
Professionals
o Education and Mutual
Understanding
o Deterrence and Discipline
o Contributing to the Profession’s
Image
● Code of Professional Ethics for Teachers
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 CHAPTER: 11 - INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND ETHICS
ETHICS IN INTERNATIONAL employment practices? If companies
AFFAIRS/RELATIONS in developed countries shift facilities
to developing nations that lack strict
● For this section, we define the term “ethics”
environmental and health regulations
as the department Study concerned with the
or if those companies choose to fill
principles of human duty. Ethics, as the term
management and other top-level
is used in the international sphere, will be
positions in a host nation with people
defined as the study of the nature of duties
from the home country, whose
across community boundaries is the study of
standards should prevail?
how members of ‘bounded’ communities,
o How can companies answer the
mostly nation-states, ought to treat outsiders
toughest question in global business
and strangers and specifically whether it is
ethics: What happens when a host
right to make such distinctions”.
country’s ethical standards seem
● International Ethics
lower than the home country’s?
o International ethics refers to the good
● Cultural Relativism
that International interactions,
o Cultural Relativism is the principle
exchanges, relations can bring to our
that an individual human’s beliefs
planet
and activities should be understood
earth
by others, in terms of that
and to
individual’s own culture.
all life
● International Ethics under various
forms
Approaches
and
o The impact of various approaches of
which can be harmed by unfriendly,
international affairs over
hostile, uncooperative behaviours.
international ethics may be explained
Aware that the harms that one
under following headings-
Country can do to another and to the
 Realism
international space and relations,
 Idealism
international ethics offers insights
 Constructivism
into how nations and other entities
 Cosmopolitanism
treat other nations and its people.
 Equality of Life
o International ethics may be fruitfully
● Realism and International Ethics
defined as that which enables one to
 In the international realm,
participate more actively in shaping
realism holds that the only
and building good international
thing that matters is power-
community.
what power a country has.
● Global Dimension of Ethics
Nothing else matters
o We leave home and cross our
morality, ethics, law, and
nation’s boundaries, moral clarity
political systems, legal
often blurs. Without a backdrop of
systems, cultural systems -are
shared attitudes, and without familiar
all irrelevant. Realism
laws and judicial procedures that
conceives the international
define standards of ethical conduct,
sphere as a space where
certainty is elusive. Should a
anarchy prevails and there
company invest in a foreign country
are no rules.
where civil and political rights are
● Idealism and-International Ethics
violated? should a company go along
with a host country’s discriminatory

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 CHAPTER: 12 - ETHICAL ISSUES
Society and Social Issues
● Lynching and Intolerant Society
o Lynching means punishing (or may
be killing) someone for alleged
offence without any legal trial or due
procedure. In India, lynching
generally arises due to tensions
between two cultural groups. But, in
recent years, cow protection and beef
ban has become a major issue for
mob lynching (especially after 2015
mob lynching of Dadri, UP).
o Ethical Issues Involved in
Lynching
 Creates Intolerance in the
Society
 Violation of Lay
 Right to Life
 Trust Deficit
● Sexual Harassment at Workplace
o In India, Sexual Harassment of
Women at Workplace (Prevention,
Prohibition and Redressal) Act was
passed in 2013. The Act has adopted
the definition of ‘sexual harassment’
from Vishakha case, a Judgment and
the term ‘sexual harassment’
includes
 Any unwelcome acts or
behaviour (whether directly
or by implication) such as
physical contact and
advances,
 Demand or request for sexual
favours,
 Making sexually coloured
remarks,
 Showing pornography, or
 Any other unwelcome
physical, verbal or non-
verbal conduct of sexual
nature.
o Ethical Issues Involved in Sexual
Harassment
 Discouragement of Women
Participation
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 Degraded Ethical Working
Environment
 Very Low Impact of Legal
Action
● Marginalized Sections
o Ethical Issues Involved with the
Old Age People: Increased life
expectancy, Rapid Urbanization and
lifestyle changes have led to an
emergence of varied problems for
the elderly in India. It must be
remembered that comprehensive care
to the elderly is possible only with
the involvement and collaboration of
family, community and the
Government. India should get
prepared to meet the growing
challenge of caring for its elderly
population.
 Insufficient Focus on Elderly
Care
 Changing Family Structure
 Lack of Social Support
 Social Inequality
 Economic Dependency
o Ethical Issues involved with
Children
 Inadequate Nutrition
 Bonded Child Labour
 Risks to Child Safety and
New Digital World
o Ethical Issues Involved with
Women: Several ethical issues are
faced by women in their daily life
and in their working environment.
Everyday women are dealing with
harassment from mild to extreme
forms on our streets workplaces,
public transportation, and even at
homes. It is evident that despite
significant progress in female
participation in industry in last many
years, pervasive and persistent
gender differences have been
documented in both developed and
developing countries.
 Organisational Subjugations
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 CHAPTER: 13 – QUOTATIONS & SAYINGS
INDIAN only temporary; the evil it does Is
permanent.
 Buddha
o Live as if you were to die
o Three things cannot be long
tomorrow. Learn as if you were to
hidden: the sun, the moon, and the
live forever.
truth.
o A nation's culture resides in the
o You will not be punished for your
hearts and in the soul of its people.
anger, you will be punished by
o Strength does not come from
your anger.
physical capacity. It comes from an
o What we think, we become.
indomitable will.
o A jug fills drop by drop.
o There is a higher court than courts
o Hatred does not cease by hatred,
of justice and that is the court of
but only by Love; this is the eternal
conscience. It supersedes all other
rule.
courts.
 Swami Vivekananda o Truth stands, even if there be no
o “Arise! Awake! and stop not until
public support. It is self-sustained.
the goal is reached.
o The greatness of a nation can be
o You cannot believe in God until
judged by the way 1S animals are
you believe in yourself.
treated.
 Mahatma Gandhi o A man is but the product of his
o Your beliefs become your thoughts what he thinks, he
thoughts, becomes.
 Your thoughts become your o Freedom is not worth having if it
words, does not connote freedom to err.
 Your words become your
 Jawaharlal Nehru
actions,
o Culture is the widening of the mind
 Your actions become your
and of the spirit.
habits,
o The only alternative to coexistence
 Your habits become your
is codestruction.
values,
o Failure comes only when we forget
 Your values become your
our ideals and objectives and
destiny.
principles.
o Corruption and hypocrisy ought
 Mother Teresa
not to be inevitable products of
o Loneliness and the feeling of being
democracy, as they undoubtedly
unwanted is the most terrible
are today.
poverty.
o "The best way to find yourself is to
o Peace begins with a smile.
lose yourself in service of others."
o The biggest disease today is not
o You must not lose faith in
leprosy or tuberculosis, but rather
humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if
the feeling of being unwanted.
a few drops of the ocean are dirty,
 Dr. B R Ambedkar
the ocean does not become dirty.
o I like the religion that teaches
o The weak can never forgive.
liberty, equality and fraternity.
Forgiveness is the attribute of the
o I measure the progress of a
strong.
community by the degree of
o I object to violence because when it
progress which woman have
appears to do good, the good is
achieved.

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