Nutrients - Highest kilocalorie value

- Chemical substances necessary for - Sources: meats, milk, cream, butter,

life cheese, egg yolks, oils, nuts
- No nutrient can work alone.
- Essential nutrients: those found only Proteins
in foods - Build and repair body tissues
Functions - Provide energy
● Provide energy - Only one of the six nutrients that
● Build and repair tissue contain nitrogen
● Regulate body processes: - Sources: meats, fish, poultry, eggs,
circulation, respiration, digestion, milk, cheese, corn, grains, nuts, and
and elimination seeds 1-12

Six classes Vitamins

1. Carbohydrates (CHO) - Organic compounds
2. Fats (lipids) - Regulate body processes
3. Proteins - Examples: vitamins A, B, C, D, E,
4. Vitamins and K
5. Minerals
6. Water Minerals
- Inorganic compounds
Organic Nutrients - Regulate body processes
- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, - Examples: calcium, phosphorus,
vitamins potassium, sodium, chloride, iron,
- Must be broken down before use magnesium, and zinc 1-14
- Contains carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen Water
Function - Major constituent of all living cells
● provide energy, regulate body - Composed of hydrogen and oxygen
processes, and repair tissues
The Six Essential Nutrient Classes and
Inorganic Nutrients Their Functions
- water, minerals
- In simplest form when ingested
Organic nutrients Function
Function
● regulate body processes Carbohydrates Provide energy

Carbohydrates Fats Provide energy

- Provide major source of energy Proteins Build and repair
- Examples: cereal grains, vegetables, tissues and provide
fruits, nuts, and sugars 1-10 energy

Fats (Lipids) Vitamins Regulate body

processes
- Provide energy
 - Examples: iron deficiency, beriberi,
Inorganic Function
nutrients scurvy, osteomalacia, osteoporosis,
rickets, goiter
Minerals Regulate body Nutrient Deficiency
processes - Primary: inadequate dietary intake
- Secondary: due to causes other than
Water Regulate body
processes dietary intake
- Both can result in malnutrition

Characteristics of Nutritional Status

Deficiency Diseases

Malnutrition
1. Overnutrition Deficiency Nutrients lacking
- Excess energy or nutrient intake disease
2. Undernutrition Iron-deficiency Iron
- Deficient energy or nutrient intake anemia
3. Overnutrition is a larger problem
than undernutrition in the U.S. Beriberi Thiamin
4. The supersizing, fast food industry
Night blindness Vitamin A
contributes to overnutrition.
Goiter Iodine
Supersize USA: The Fattest Cities in the
U.S. Kwashiorkor Protein
1. Houston, TX
Marasmus All nutrients
2. Philadelphia, PA
3. Detroit, MI Osteomalacia Calcium, vitamin D,
4. Memphis, TN phosphorus,
5. Chicago, IL magnesium, and
6. Dallas, TX fluoride
7. New Orleans, LA Osteoporosis Calcium and
8. New York, NY vitamin D
9. Las Vegas, NV
10. San Antonio, TX Pellagra Niacin

Rickets Calcium and

Cumulative (Poor Nutrition) Effects of vitamin D
Nutrition
1. Excesses Scurvy Vitamin C
- Excess nutrients over time
- Examples: atherosclerosis, obesity, Xerophthalmia Vitamin A
hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder
disease, some cancers
2. Deficiencies Nutritional Assessment
- Nutrients lacking for extended period - Anthropometric measurements
- Clinical examination
- Biochemical tests
 - Dietary and social history
dermatitis, diarrhea
in same client
Anthropometric Measurements
- Height Tetany Calcium,
- Weight potassium, sodium
- Head, chest, and abdominal
Goiter Iodine
circumference (children)
- Upper arm measurement Eczema Fat
- Skinfold
Biochemical Tests
Clinical Examination 1. Serum albumin level
- Measures main protein in blood
Clinical signs Possible - Determines protein status
deficiencies 2. Serum transferrin level
- Indicates iron-carrying protein in
Pallor, blue half Iron, copper, zinc,
blood
circles beneath B12, B6 , biotin
eyes - Increase indicates iron stores low
- Decrease indicates body lacks
Edema Protein protein
3. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Bumpy Vitamin A
- May indicate renal failure,
“gooseflesh”
insufficient renal blood supply, or
Lesions at corner of Riboflavin (Vit. B2) blockage of the urinary tract
mouth 4. Serum creatinine
- Indicates amount of creatinine in
Glossitis Folic acid (Vit. B)
blood
Numerous “black Vitamin C - Used to evaluate renal function
and blue” spots and 5. Creatinine excretion
tiny, red “pinprick” - Indicates amount of creatinine
hemorrhages under excreted in urine over a 24-hour
the skin period
Emaciation Carbohydrates, - Used in estimating body muscle
proteins, calories mass
- Muscle mass depleted, as in
Poorly shaped Vitamin C malnutrition; level will be low
bones or teeth, or 6. Other tests
delayed - Hemoglobin (Hgb)
appearance of
teeth in children - Hematocrit (Hct)
- Red blood cells (RBCs)
Slow clotting time Vitamin K - White blood cells (WBCs)
of blood - Lipid profile (high- and low-density
lipoprotein, serum triglycerides)
Unusual Niacin
- Urinalysis
nervousness,
Dietary and Social History Dietary requirements
1. Evaluation of food habits = pounds 2.2 pounds/kg then kg x 0.8
- 24-hour recall: client interviewed by grams of protein
the dietitian and asked to give types,
amounts, and preparation of all
foods eaten in past 24 hours
- Food diary: written record of all food
and drink ingested in a specified
period
- Computer diet analysis to determine
nutrient deficiencies or toxicities
2. Social history
- Consideration of financial resources
to obtain needed food, and to
properly store and cook food
- Food-drug interactions that can lead
to malnutrition

BMR
- W = weight in kilograms (kg) (weight
in pounds ÷ 2.2 = kg)
- H = height in centimeters (cm)
(height in inches x 2.54 = cm)
- A = age in years

How do you know you eat a balanced diet?

Proportional height and weight. You have
good stamina even though you are exposed
to some events that might get you infected
with a virus. Lastly, you are eliminating
everyday or 4x a week.

Carbohydrates

grams= TER cal/day divide 2 then divide

again to 4

Proteins

grams=